There are "Dragon King Products" in Taishang Cave's Divine Mantra Classic, which lists "Five Emperors Dragon King" by orientation, "Four Seas Dragon King" by ocean, 54 dragon king names and 62 dragon king names by everything in the world. In Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, an altar official was set up to offer sacrifices to the Dragon King. Song Taizu followed the Five Dragon Sacrifice System in Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Song Huizong Daguan (1 108), all the five dragons in the world were crowned kings. Seal Qinglong God as King of Ren Guang, Red Dragon God as King Jiaze, Huanglong God as King Fu Ying, White Dragon God as King Yiji, and Black Dragon God as King Lingze. In the second year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1863), the dragon god of the canal was named "the god of the dragon king who should divide the water", so that the river chief could pay homage at the right time. The dragon kings in The Journey to the West are Ao Guang in the East China Sea, Aoqin in the South China Sea, Aorun in the West Sea and Aoshun in the North Sea, which are collectively called the Four Seas Dragon Kings.
history
Fu Shi, there are dragons, so there is a dragon chronicle, creating words.
"Hao Tao Ink": "I want to see the image of the ancients, the moon, the stars, the dragon and the horse, and the insect paintings of China."
The seventeenth year of Zuo: "The Tethys family was named Dragon Master because of its dragon discipline".
According to the Chronicle of Bamboo Slips, Fuxi Shi has clans such as Qianlong, Julong, Longjiang, Longtu, Shuilong, Qinglong, Chilong, Bailong, Black Dragon and Huanglong.
"Twenty-nine Years Left": "The public gave the public a lamb and a robe, so that the dragon was offered to assist Qi Hou";
"Notes" also said: Shun Dynasty "Nanxun country presented Mao Long, a woman and a man, and set up the Dragon Palace. In Zhixia's generation, dragons were controlled because they were ordered by their families. ". It shows that the custom of raising dragons and taking them as family names prevailed in Xia Dynasty. Some ancient books recorded that the ruler of Xia Dynasty raised dragons named Liu, which is impossible to test!
"Nineteen Years Left": "Zheng Dashui, the dragon battle is far away from the time."
Li Liyun: "Scale phoenix ichthyosaur, named four spirits".
"Zhuangzi Lieyukou": "The pearl of a thousand dollars must be in the nine depths, under the dragon's chin."
"Zhouyi" dry: the ninth day-don't use the hidden dragon; 92- See the dragon in the field, and meet the adults; 94-still jumping deep, not strange; Ninth Five-Year Plan-flying dragons to heaven, benefiting adults; On the ninth day-Kang Long has feelings; Using Nine-headed Dragons, Ji Kun: On Six Dragons Fighting Wild, the blood is mysterious and yellow.
The dragon in Shuowen is a scaly worm, which can be quiet and bright, fine and huge, short and long, reaching the sky at the vernal equinox and diving deep at the autumnal equinox.
Guangya is known as the dragon with scales, Ingrid with wings, the dragon with horns, the dragon without horns, and the dragon that does not ascend to heaven.
"On the Twelve Zodiacs" says that dragons have weak ears, so they are called dragons.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms": Cao Cao said: "The dragon can be big or small, and it can be raised or hidden; It's cloudy and foggy when it's big, and it's hidden when it's small; Rise and fly in the universe, hide and lurk in the waves. This spring is deep, dragons change with time, Jews succeed and travel all over the world. The dragon is a thing, comparable to the world hero ... "
Classification of dragons
A poisonous snake can fly without feet (see Xunzi's "Persuasion"); Those who have scales are called dragons, those who have no horns are called dragons, and those who have horns are called dragons (Hong Bu quoted Sao and Guangya). The one with wings is called (Wang Note). Xiaolong, Keelung, Qiu, are not dragons, and dragons are called black dragons. We can see these different kinds of dragons on the bronzes of Shang, Zhou and Warring States in China. Lun Heng said: "The image of a dragon is the tail of a horse." It is also said that the shape of the dragon is the horn of a deer, the ear of a cow, the head of a camel, the eyes of a rabbit, the neck of a snake, the belly of a stork, the scales of a fish, the soles of a deer's feet and the claws of an eagle. Compendium of Materia Medica says that "dragons have nine similarities", which is a heterogeneous animal with the advantages of all kinds of animals. Legend has it that it can be hidden, detailed and huge, short and long. The vernal equinox ascends to the sky, and the autumnal equinox dives into the deep, omnipotent. After the later development, the images of these dragons are more and more complex than the original dragons, and more and more totems are incorporated, which shows that they are constantly enriching and developing.
Classification by claw
Before the Yuan Dynasty, the dragon spine had three claws, sometimes the first two feet had three claws, and the last two feet had four claws. Examples can be found in porcelain ornamentation in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties. Four-claw dragon was popular in Ming dynasty, and five-claw dragon was the most popular in Qing dynasty. The folk saying of "Emperor with Five Claws, Emperor with Four Claws, and Doctor with Three Claws" in Zhou Dynasty was formed in Qing Dynasty, mainly because of the differences between emperors and ministers in dress decoration. The emperor wears the "dragon robe", while other royal families and ministers wear the "embroidered robe", but this is only the difference in name. From the shape of dragons, dragons and pythons are quadrupeds, and there is no difference in appearance. The dragon didn't have five claws from the beginning, but from three claws to five claws (toes)
From four claws to five claws. The evolution of dragon modeling in the history of China can be roughly divided into four periods: First, the period of Solanum nigrum, starting from Yangshao culture, Daxi culture, Qujialing culture, Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture, and continuing to Qin and Han Dynasties, with Solanum nigrum in Shang and Zhou Dynasties as the representative. The prototype of Solanum nigrum is a Gulf crocodile or monitor lizard, which has a bird (phoenix) foot and four claws. It has one foot, two or four claws. In the middle and late Shang Dynasty, dragons and winds met, resulting in six symbols of dragons and winds, indicating that they are the same ancestor. The Western Zhou Dynasty continued to be used, and the dragon was integrated into a new form. At this time, one foot is full, and most of them are crescent-shaped claws. Second, the concept of Ying Long in Ying Long period was very early, which was first seen in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Ying Long, as an art stage, may have started in the Qin Dynasty, flourished in the Han Dynasty and continued into the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Third, the Huanglong period began in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties laid an image foundation and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In Song Dynasty, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it was mostly three-toed, and in Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was mostly four-toed and five-toed. Since the Yuan Dynasty, only the royal family can use the dragon with five claws, and the folk can only use the dragon with three claws or four claws. Modern and contemporary after Qing dynasty. Because dragons are divorced from feudal rulers, they can be painted or shaped into three toes, four toes and five toes according to people's preferences. Of course, the five-claw dragon has a special position in history, so people generally prefer the five-claw shape. During the Tang Dynasty, Japan had frequent contacts with China. At that time, dragons in China were all three-clawed dragons, so the Japanese could only introduce three-clawed dragons from China. After the four-claw dragon appeared in China, it had already closed its doors and cut off its ties with Japan. Korea was called Koryo in ancient times, and it was a dependency of China until the end of Qing Dynasty. When the rulers of China began to use the dragon pattern with five claws, the subordinate country could not be equal to itself, so the Korean dragon could only have four claws. In the final analysis, dragons in Japan and South Korea reflect the development and evolution of dragons.
Classification by function
Tianlong, Shenlong, and Lumbricus, Long Fu's Yuan Jian Han Lei, Volume 438, quoted Neidian: "There are four kinds of dragons: one is Tianlong, and the palace keeper keeps the order; 2. Dragon, who pushes clouds and brings rain to benefit the world; Three earthworms, who decide to talk; Four volts hides the dragon, guarding the Tibetans in Wang Dafu. "
Classification by birth form
Divided into four categories: fetal egg wetting. "Yuan Jian Han Lei" Volume 438 quotes the classic: "Dragons have four kinds of wet eggs."
Other classifications
Hu (?): The early dragons were imagined based on the reptile-snake model, often in the water. "It takes five hundred years to become a jiaozi, and it takes a thousand years to become a dragon." It is the embryonic form of the dragon, which once appeared on the bronze decoration in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, but not much. Qiu: Generally speaking, a little dragon without horns is called Qiu Long, which is a growing dragon. Therefore, ancient literature records: "Those without horns are called autumn, and those with horns are called dragons." The other is that the young dragon is called autumn after it has horns. Although there are differences between the two statements. Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem called "Talking about Qingyun", in which he said, "I want to play for thousands of years". Panguo: It is a snake-shaped monster of the genus Dragon, an early dragon with no horns. There is a description of "killing dragons without horns" in Guangya. There are also two views on dragons, one refers to the yellow horned dragon and the other refers to the female dragon. There is a note in Han Zhuan that "the red dragon is also a female dragon", so the unearthed Warring States period is decorated with dragons and dragons, which means that men and women mate. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, bronzes, jade carvings, bronze mirrors or buildings were often decorated in the shape of flat flies, including single flies, double flies, three flies, five flies and even swarms of flies. Or as a title card, or as a ring, or as a book. In addition, there are Bo Gu beetles, ring beetles and other changes. Jiao: Generally speaking, it refers to a scaly dragon that can cause floods. According to legend, the water of the dragon can make clouds and fog and soar in space. In ancient Chinese, it is often used to mean that talented people get the opportunity to display their talents. There are different opinions about the origin and shape of jiaozi in classical literature, some say that "dragons have no horns and are called jiaozi", while others say that "scales are called Xiaolong". The third volume of Mo Ke Dao Rhinoceros is more specific: Jiao is shaped like a snake, with a head like a tiger and an elder of dozens of feet. Most of them live under the caves in Xitan, and their voices are like cattle. There is a story in Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu in the Southern Song Dynasty, saying that he went into the water for three days and three nights at the beginning of the week to chop jiaozi back. People often say "dragon", but in fact "jiao" and "dragon" are the names of 1 mythical creatures of different ages: jiao when he was young and dragon when he grew up. Although they all have great power, they are different in essence. There are two prototypes of Xiaolong: one is crocodile, and the English name is Alligator. There are only a few species in the world, such as the Chinese alligator in China; The other is the saltwater crocodile, the scientific name of which is Bay Crocodile. Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty wrote an article offering sacrifices to crocodiles in order to drive away the bay crocodiles that endangered the people in Chaozhou, Guangdong at that time. At present, this crocodile is the largest crocodile in existence, with a maximum length of seven meters. Ceratosaurus: refers to a horned dragon. According to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, "A Thousand-year-old Dragon, a Hundred-year-old dragon five Horned Dragon", Horned Dragon is an old man among dragons. Ying Long: The winged dragon is called Ying Long. According to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, "dragon five has been a Ceratosaurus for a hundred years, and Ying Long for a thousand years", Ying Long is the essence of the dragon, so he has wings. According to legend, Ying Long was the dragon of the ancient Yellow Emperor. It was ordered by the Yellow Emperor to crusade against Chiyou and kill Chiyou to become a hero. In Yu's flood control, the dragon swept the floor with its tail and diverted the flood. This dragon is also called Huanglong, and Huanglong is it, so it is the hero of Yu. Ying Long is characterized by wings, prickly scales, long head, small nose, eyes and ears, big eyes, high eyebrow arch, sharp teeth, protruding forehead, thin neck, long tail tip and strong limbs, just like a Chinese alligator with wings. The image of Ying Long often appears in jade carvings, stone carvings, silk paintings and lacquerware in the Han Dynasty during the Warring States Period. Fire dragon: Fire dragon appeared at the beginning of the world, surrounded by red flames. The recorded fire dragon brought light and the flame of human existence to the chaotic world. Panlong: refers to the dragon that crouches on the ground and does not ascend to heaven. The shape of a dragon is coiled. In ancient buildings in China, dragons coiled on pillars and dragons on decorative beams and ceilings are customarily called Panlong. There is another explanation for Panlong in "Taiping Magnolia": "Panlong is four feet long, blue-black, with a brocade-like red belt, and often goes down with the water and into the sea. Toxic, it hurts. " I mix dragons with jiaozi, snakes and things like that. Qinglong is one of the "four spirits" or "four gods", also known as the black dragon. Ancient astronomers in China divided some stars in the sky into twenty-eight star zones, that is, twenty-eight nights, to observe the movement of the moon and divide the seasons, and divided the twenty-eight nights into four groups, with seven nights in each group, four colors of blue, red, white and black, and four animals, namely dragons, birds, tigers and basalts (where turtles and snakes intersect), called "four elephants". Dragon means the east, blue, the so-called "East Palace Qinglong". In the Qin and Han dynasties, these four images became "four spirits" or "four gods" (dragon, phoenix, turtle and forest), and their mystery became more and more intense. The existing stone relief of the Eastern Palace Black Dragon Constellation in Nanyang Han Painting Museum consists of a dragon, eighteen stars and the moon, with jade toad engraved on it. This dragon is the symbol of the whole black dragon constellation. In the bricks, stones and tiles of the Han Dynasty, there are many images of "four spirits". Black Dragon: ① The name of the dragon. "Songs of Chu Xi Poetry": "The larva of the black dragon is on the left and the white tiger is on the right." 2 horse names. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order: "Meng Chunzhi, ... took a trip to the black dragon." Note: "A horse over eight feet is a dragon." (3) the ecliptic Oriental seven nights collectively, namely, tsing lung. Book Yao Dian: "The sun always has sparks, so it is midsummer." Legend: "Fire is the star of the Black Dragon. If you lift it, you will see seven stars." (4) refers to the Tai Sui star. In ancient times, ancient astrologers regarded Tai Sui as a fierce side, so they also referred to ferocious people. Dragon: The dragon lives on the coast or in the estuary. It looks like jiaozi, or it may be one of them. Storks have an incredible ability to see all kinds of visions from the air exhaled by their mouths. Most of these phantoms are pavilions, luxury goods that no one has ever seen. From the window, you can see the well-dressed nobles walking around. This is often called a mirage. Yunlong: A dragon entangled in clouds. Wang Long: A dragon with a side head.
The dragon has nine sons, each with his own unique temperament ―― brothers and sisters may be different in many ways.
The son of one of the dragons, whose name is Bi 'an, is a good prison with a long face. He often waits in prison and leads the war.
The dragon's second son, named Yu Ya, has a beak and iris, a fish horn and a unicorn. He is also known as a unicorn. He is an auspicious animal.
Dragon's third son, named Suanni, also named Jin Xian, looks like a lion and likes fireworks. Generally decorated with incense burners. The fourth son of the dragon, Xie Zhi, looks like a unicorn and is a symbol of good luck, so he is regarded as a symbol of justice and good luck. Dragon's fifth son, Tuochi, is a good swimmer and often swims around the Yangtze River.
The sixth son of the dragon, named Mojie, is a fish with a sheep's head, which was believed by ancient Indians. He is a good climber and a good beast.
The seventh son of the dragon, also known as Jin, is said to be a fierce beast with a fierce temperament, and loves to fight and kill people. The eighth son of the dragon, whose name is Zhengning, is a ferocious beast with wolf claws. He is good at intimidating others and is a fierce beast. Dragon's nine sons, named the brave and brave, auspicious and auspicious beast, Yi Long, a phoenix tail, a cow's hoof and a scale, are all good treasures, and like gold and silver jewelry, they are mascots. All descendants of the Chinese people are descendants of the dragon, which is the most popular slogan in recent years, but what does the descendants of the dragon mean? In terms of structure and meaning, the descendants of dragons have two meanings: one is human-to-human, that is, China people believe in the dragon custom with dragon patterns. In a word, the dragon culture has been handed down, so the so-called descendants of dragons are descendants; Second, the descendants of the dragon, that is, people in China are dragons, their sons and grandchildren. This legend has been handed down from generation to generation. People inherit the dragon, and China people inherit the dragon (patterns, beliefs, customs). According to the literature records of past dynasties, the Dragon gave birth to the royal family series, but not to the ordinary Li nationality in China. On the theory of evolution, people are descendants of apes and have no DNA connection with dragons, let alone dragons. In this way, a safe understanding of the word "descendants of the dragon" should refer to those who inherit the dragon culture. But now the reality is that even experts and scholars who study dragon culture say with one voice that China people are descendants of the dragon, and the so-called descendants of the dragon are the people handed down by the dragon. This misplacement in understanding is as absurd as understanding the descendants of Su embroidery or bronze craft as the descendants of Su embroidery and bronze craft.