Ma Chao's cemetery is now known in three places: one is near Dingjun Mountain in Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province; Second, Sichuan Xindu; Third, Gansu is a county.
I. Structure of Ma Chao Tomb in Mianxian County
Ma Chao Tomb in Mianxian County is located in Jiguang Village, Wuhou Town, about 1 km away from Wuhou Temple. Used as a primary school in Magong Temple a few years ago.
Ma Chao was a famous soldier in the Three Kingdoms period, ranking behind Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. He is good at martial arts, both civil and military. It is also called cloth and super, so it is called Ma Chao, a hero of the Three Kingdoms. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms called them Shenwei Tianhe and General Jin.
In 222 AD, Ma Chao died in Yangpingguan, Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province, and was buried here, which is the old city of Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province today. So this place should be Ma Chao's real tomb. Then Zhuge Liang died in AD 234 and was buried at the foot of Dingjun Mountain in the south of Mianxian County, facing Ma Chao's tomb 70 miles west of the city across the Han River.
Ma Chao's Tomb is located in Magongci Village, west of Mianxian County. From Mianxian county to the west, walk 4 kilometers along the Sichuan-Shaanxi highway, and you can see a large monument standing on the south side of the highway, which is 2.9 meters high, 0.98 meters wide and 0.24 meters thick. The tomb of Ma, the general of the Western Expedition in the Han Dynasty, was written by Bi Yuan, the governor of Shaanxi Province, in the forty-first year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1776). There is a big yard about 60 meters north of the stone tablet. Because Liu Bei named Ma Chao as a grain of rice, the ancestral hall was named Han Liangduo, commonly known as Magong Temple. Built in the Qing Dynasty, it is now the school building of Ji Guang Primary School.
scenery
There are still three main halls in the temple. There is a clay statue of Ma Chao in the temple, and the door of the temple has five squares, five monuments and five couplets. There is a sitting statue of Ma Chao in the temple, which is magnificent. To the north of the temple, about 100 meters across the Han Hui Canal, is Ma Chao's tomb. The tomb is rectangular in the north-south direction and strong after fighting. The circumference of the tomb base is 56 meters and the height of the tomb is about 3 meters. A stone tablet stands in front of the tomb, with the same content as the previous one, carved at the same time, shorter, narrower and thinner. According to historical records, in the Qing Dynasty, pine and cypress were planted around Ma Chao's tomb, leaving only a bare tomb. When the Han Hui Canal was built around 1935, the tunnel of Ma Chao's tomb was opened and an iron knife was found. Afraid that there were weapons hidden in the tomb and no one dared to enter, it was closed immediately. "The Tomb of Guanzhong" contains: In the fifth year of Han Jianxing (AD 227), Zhuge Liang, the marquis of Wu, went to Mianyang to pay homage to the tomb and ordered his brother Ma Dai to pay his respects. This place used to be called Majiaying, and Ma Chao was probably stationed here that year. Now Dingjun Mountain is a granary in southern Shaanxi, with beautiful scenery, criss-crossing ditches and fragrant rice and wheat in the fields.
history
According to the Records of Scenic Spots in Guanzhong, Mausoleum in Guanzhong and Chronicle of Zhuge Liang compiled by Guo Qinghua, an expert on cultural studies in the Three Kingdoms, in 22 1 year, after Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, he promoted Ma Chao as a general of generals in ancient times and led Liangzhou to shepherd Yangpingguan (now the old town of Mianxian). He died in 222 AD at the age of 47 and was buried here.
In 227 AD, Zhuge Liang made a northern expedition to Cao Wei, passed by Ma Chao's tomb, made his brother Ma Weixiao, and lit the sacrificial tomb to inspire the soldiers of the three armies to turn grief into strength. Liu Bei praised Ma Chao: he believed in the northern soil and was brilliant, and Zhuge Liang commented on Ma Chao: he was both civil and military, and he was heroic and outstanding.
Before 1990s, the cemetery was eroded by the surrounding crops, and it was just a mound. Today, Ma Chao's tomb and shrine cover an area of more than 20 mu and are divided into two houses by the Han Hui Canal. The tomb is in the north and the shrine is in the south, which are connected by a bridge. The tomb imitates the Han Dynasty, with a circumference of 90 meters and a height of 8 meters. There are two tombstones, one in front of the tomb and the other in front of the shrine 108 National Road. The content is the same. The official script is engraved on the tomb of the general horse in the Western Han Dynasty, which was written by Bi Shen, assistant minister and deputy capital of the Ministry of War and governor of Shaanxi during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
In the seventeenth year of the Republic of China (A.D. 1928), General Feng Yuxiang erected a monument in front of Machao Temple, and wrote: The name of a hero through the ages is based on the Han Dynasty, and an article is miserable.
The Ma Chao Tomb Temple, Wuhou Temple, Guyang Guanping, Zhuge Yuetai and Dingjun Mountain Xiawuhou Tomb across the Han River constitute a group of cultural relics of the Three Kingdoms, which enriches the contents of the cultural relics of the Three Kingdoms in Hanzhong.
Second, the structure of Ma Chao's tomb in Xindu
Located in Machao Village, Guilin Township, Nansanli, Xindu District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province (65438+ 1, Xindu County was removed from the county in 2002 and was under the jurisdiction of Chengdu). This used to be a county cultural relics protection site.
In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Shan, Sichuan provincial judge, Wang Jiude, Chengdu magistrate, Shao Nianqi, Xindu magistrate, etc. A monument was erected in front of Ma Chao's tomb, and a China table was erected on the side of the road. In the twelfth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, Chen Ming, a magistrate of a county, erected boundary markers around Ma Chao's tomb, and it was forbidden to cut wood, plow fields and invade burial. In the seventeenth year of Daoguang, Zhang Fengshu, a magistrate of a county, re-measured the cemetery with a score of 740 points per mu. Cypress trees were planted around the tomb, walls were built, tenants were recruited to guard it, sacrifices were made in the Spring and Autumn Period, and a new monument was erected to commemorate the tomb of Meng Qi, a general of the Western Han Dynasty, in order to look spectacular.
Ma Weiqi, the magistrate of Sichuan, was the most important figure to protect Ma Chao's tomb in Qing Dynasty. He has repeatedly made meritorious military service in the French-Vietnamese War and the counter-insurgency in Sichuan. In Xuantongyuan, Ma Weiqi inspected the military affairs in northern Sichuan. Seeing Ma Chao's grave, the inscription was scattered all over the place, and he was deeply hurt. He generously donated money, rebuilt three memorial halls in front of the tomb, personally inscribed the plaque welcoming Feng Changzhen, and wrote a book "Ma Lingyuan Zhi" to carve stones for preservation, which made Ma Chao's tomb take on a new scale.
scenery
Ma Chao's tomb faces south, with a height of about 6 meters and a diameter of about 12 meters. There is a dome behind the tomb, dense Cooper. The tomb is about 3m wide and10m deep. It includes stone gates, stone boxes and sarcophagus platforms. It is beautifully carved. Ma Chao's early tomb was stolen.
Xindu is the first post station passing through Chengdu in ancient times and the key to the north gate of Chengdu. Two miles south of the city is the famous tomb of Ma Chao. This tomb is magnificent, facing south, with a height of about 6 meters and a diameter of about 12 meters. There is a dome behind the tomb, a dense forest of Cooper. The tomb is about 3m wide and10m deep. It includes stone gates, stone boxes and sarcophagus platforms. It is beautifully carved. In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Shan, Sichuan provincial judge, Wang Jiude, Chengdu magistrate, Shao Nianqi, Xindu magistrate, etc. Due to the age of the tomb, the original appearance has disappeared. In order to prevent Ma Chao's tomb from being annihilated, a monument was erected in front of the tomb and a China table was set up by the road.
Ma Weiqi attaches so much importance to Ma Chao's tomb, not only because they are all surnamed Ma, but also because of ethnic minorities. They are all warriors in Sichuan in history. The most fundamental reason, as Ma Weiqi said, is to worship the sages and inspire the later sages. During the Republic of China, a pair of Youjun, who were famous for thousands of years, wrote two expressions of gratitude and three considerations at Wuhou Temple in Chengdu, and left a pair of couplets in Xindu that they would never meet Ma (called Ma Chao after his death), expressing their sentimental feelings about the theft of Ma Chao's tomb.
history
After the liberation of Guihu Park in Xindu District of Chengdu, Machao Village Primary School was established here. During the Cultural Revolution, Ma Chao's tomb was completely destroyed, and all the tombstones were emptied, leaving only the dome and inscription behind the tomb.
1985, the people of Xindu County listed Ma Chao's tomb as an important cultural relic site in the county and erected a monument to protect it. 1987 carried out a general survey of the county's cultural relics, and moved two stone tablets to Gui Hu, Sheng 'an, now located in the forest of steles in Gui Hu. A monument is 194 cm high and 88 cm wide, with 24 words in regular script 10, and contains a collection of Ma Chao's short stories. Most of the words are full of troubles, and the screenwriter failed the exam. Another monument is written by Ma Weiqi, "Record of Houma Cemetery in Houqiao Wei, Muju Township, Liangzhou", with a height of 170cm and a width of 88cm, with a figure of ***3 1 line and a word of 13.
Some netizens said that in 2005, the cemetery was destroyed and high-rise residential areas were being built. On August 14, 2006, Ma Xiao 828, a Sina netizen, confirmed this point after a field trip. Now the tombstone of Ma Chao's tomb is in the forest of steles in Guihu Park, Xindu District, Chengdu.
Third, the tomb of Ma Chao in Chengxian County, Gansu Province Chengxian County, Gansu Province, is said to be located in the northwest of Chengxian County, Gansu Province, and it is the next issue where Ma Chao once stationed troops. But the details are unknown, and the more famous are the above two places.