Camps, backpacks, sleeping bags, camping lights, cookers, chopsticks, fuel, food, whistles, Swiss knives, sunglasses, hammocks, binoculars, a good book, inflatable boats, plastic bags, slippers, sandals and toiletries.

Toilet paper, hat, rain gear. First aid kit, mosquito repellent, flashlight, headlight, map, compass: used in conjunction with the map, satellite locator: can guide you in the right direction without getting lost.

The camp near the water should be close to the water source, which can not only ensure the water for cooking and drinking, but also provide the water for washing. However, in the deep mountains and forests, you will encounter wild animals near the water source, so be extra careful.

The leeward is best in the leeward of the mountain, in the clearing at the edge of the forest or forest, in caves, on the side of the ridge and under rocks, and so on.

There should be no rolling stones and rolling logs above the refuge camp. Do not camp in places with frequent mudslides. Do not camp at the top of the mountain or in open areas in thunderstorm weather to avoid being struck by lightning.

When building an animal prevention camp, carefully observe whether there are footprints, feces and nests of wild animals around the camp. Don't build it in a place where there are many snakes, so as not to hurt people or damage equipment and facilities. There should be drugs and protective measures to repel mosquitoes, insects and scorpions. Scattering some plant ash around the camp will be very effective in preventing the invasion of snakes, scorpions and poisonous insects.

Try to choose the Rizhao camp in a place with long sunshine time, which will make the camp warmer, drier and cleaner. It is convenient to dry clothes, articles and equipment.

Level the camp. The ground should be flat, without roots, roots, sharp stones, bumps or slopes, which will damage the equipment or stab people, and also affect people's rest quality.

Finally, please note: to protect the natural environment in the wild, the fire must be completely extinguished when withdrawing from the camp. Garbage and waste should be taken out as far as possible and put in the designated place. Under special circumstances, when it is impossible to take it away, the garbage can be dug up and buried.

Ignition of fire and its practical application

First of all, we need to find flammable attractions, such as hay, dried leaves, birch bark, pine needles, turpentine, twigs, paper, cotton and so on.

Secondly, pick it up and hold it on the firewood: dry and uncorrupted trunks or branches should be selected for dry firewood. Try to choose hardwood such as pine, oak, oak, birch, locust, wild cherry and wild apricot. Burning for a long time, big fire, more charcoal. Don't pick up firewood near the ground. The firewood near the ground is wet, not easy to burn and full of smoke.

The next step is to clear a flat clearing away from the wind, away from hay and firewood. Put the faucet in the middle, gently put the fine pine branches, fine dry wood, etc. On it, put up a bigger and longer firewood, and then light the tap. According to local conditions, the setting of the fire can be designed as cone, star, parallel, side by side, roof, pasture and so on. You can also use stones to support dry wood or lean against the rock wall under the falling stone wall, and then place a leader below and light it. Generally, a pit with a diameter of about 1 m and a depth of about 30 cm is dug in the air-raid shelter. If the ground is hard enough to dig a hole, you can also find some stones to form a circle, and the size of the circle depends on the size of the fire. Then put the team leader in the middle of the circle, put some dry wood on it, and light the team leader to light the dry wood to form a bonfire. If the fire is about to burn out before the dry wood is ignited, people should continue to add fire from the gap of the dry wood until the dry wood is burned out, instead of re-igniting the wood.

It is best to light a bonfire at the water's edge, or prepare some dirt, sand, moss, etc. By the campfire, so as to put out the fire in time.

Lost and lost

Getting lost and getting lost are two different things.

Lost direction (loss of sense of direction): I don't know how to determine the direction of travel or I can't identify the geomagnetic direction (that is, I can't see the southeast and northwest).

Don't know which way to go or can't find the original way.

Getting lost can lead to getting lost, but getting lost doesn't necessarily lead to getting lost.

How to correctly identify the direction, the basic method is as follows:

Compass A high-quality compass is a must for outdoor travel. But remember: the compass pointer points to "north" or "n", which is the magnetic north direction and has a deviation angle from the true north direction. In order to get the accurate compass direction, we need to calculate the digital difference of magnetic declination.

A watch with hands is used to put the watch flat with the dial facing up, turn the watch and point the hour hand on the case to the sun. At this time, the hour hand of the watch forms an angle with the 12 point on the dial, and the extension line of the bisector of this angle is in the south.

Polaris Polaris the best compass, and the direction of Polaris is due north.

The Big Dipper Ursa is like a huge spoon, which is easy to find in the clear night sky. From the direction of the extension line of the two stars next to the spoon, there is a brighter star, the Polaris, which is about five times apart.

Immediate effect On a sunny day, use a straight skewer to make it perpendicular to the ground, insert it on the ground, and form a shadow in the sun. Put a stone at the vertex of the shadow. After about 15 minutes, when the vertex of the direct shadow moves to another place, put another stone and then connect the two stones into a straight line. The side facing the sun is south, and the opposite direction is north. The higher, thinner and more perpendicular to the ground, the longer the shadow moves, and the more accurate the measured direction is.

The dense side of the tree and moss crown should be the south, and the sparse side should be the north. The truth of moss alternates with it. In addition, you can also determine the direction by observing the tree rings. The sparse side of tree rings faces south and the dense side faces north.

The melting snow must be facing south.

If you get lost, you will not only lose your way, but also lose your way. More often, I walk on the lonely forest path without leaving any road signs, and constantly appreciate the pride of "infinite scenery on the dangerous peak" and "I am the peak when the mountain reaches the extreme". When I began to realize that it was wrong, I was already in danger and didn't know the original road was waiting for me. Anxious, I went up with a knife and cut a "bloody road", only to find that there were mountains and peaks in front of me, with no end in sight. I didn't know the way clearly when I came, but I was afraid of getting lost. I hesitate whether to go or stay.

In fact, when you find yourself lost, your path on the plateau will generally not exceed 20 minutes. At this time, not to mention not worrying at all, I ran around shouting. You should calm down, carefully recall the reference objects such as springs, rocks, trees, streams, caves, peaks, forks, etc. that you just passed, and then look for your footprints by your own memory and return to the original route.

There is a feasible way to analyze the mountain situation and geographical environment immediately, then judge whether there are wild animals and find their traces, and walk out of danger along the "animal road", but you must be very vigilant to avoid being attacked by wild animals or being hurt by traps and traps set by hunters. Generally speaking, there will be animal paths on saddles or ridges.

Whether in a forest covered with trees or on a grassy hillside, you can't find a way out by looking down. Only when you look from a distance and see dozens of meters away can you vaguely see a trace of grass branches, leaves and leaves turning slightly, and you can distinguish the way out from far and near, from near and far, from far and near.

How to find water in the wild

Listen with sensitive hearing organs, and pay more attention to whether there are streams, waterfalls, frogs and waterfowl at the foot of the mountain, cliffs, basins and valleys. If you can hear these sounds, it means that you are not far from the place where there is water, which can prove that these water sources are running tap water and can be directly drunk. But we should pay special attention not to take the sound of the wind blowing leaves as the sound of running water.

Sniff your nose and try to smell the damp, or the smell of soil and water plants brought by the wind. Then follow the direction of the smell to find water. Of course, this requires some experience.

Observation is based on rich experience and knowledge. You can also find water by observing animals, plants, meteorology, climate and geographical environment.

Judging the groundwater level according to the terrain (geographical environment).

There is often groundwater at the foot of the mountain, and the groundwater level in low-lying areas, rainwater-concentrated areas and downstream reservoirs is high. Besides, under the dry river bed. At the lowest point outside the river bend, there will be water if you dig down a few meters or so. But there is a lot of mud, which needs to be purified before drinking.

Look for water sources according to the climate and the dry and wet conditions on the ground.

For example, in hot summer, the ground is always wet. Under this climatic condition, where the ground is dry and not hot for a long time, the groundwater level is higher; In autumn, water vapor rises on the surface, and yarn-like mist often appears in the morning. At night, the dew is heavy and the ground is wet, indicating that the groundwater level is high and the water quantity is sufficient. In the cold winter, when there is frost in the surface cracks, the groundwater level is also relatively high; The groundwater level is high in places where it thaws early in spring, freezes late in winter and melts quickly after snowfall.

Look for water sources according to plant growth.

Typha, Salix, Ma Lian, Lily (also known as yellow flower) and mustard grow in places where the water level is relatively high and the water quality is good; Where there are grey vegetables, awns and pears, there is also groundwater, but the water quality is not good, or bitter or astringent, or rusty; In early spring. When other branches germinate, only one branch germinates, and there is groundwater here; In autumn, all other trees in the same place are yellow, only one leaf is not yellow, and there is groundwater here; In addition, there are Populus deltoides, Platanus acerifolia, willow and salt cedar. These plants only grow where there is water, and underground water can be dug under them.

Look for water according to the activities of animals and insects.

In summer, there must be water in the place where mosquitoes gather and fly into a cylinder; Where frogs, big ants and snails live, there is also water; In addition, the routes that swallows fly over and the places where they nest with mud are all places with water and high groundwater level. Moreover, quails fly to the water at night and fly on their backs in the morning; The turtledove flies to the water source sooner or later, which is also the basis for judging the water source.

Looking for water source according to weather survey

Where there is a rainbow in the sky, there must be rain; There must be rain or hail under the dark cumulonimbus cloud with lightning; In the valley where there is always fog, there must be water; Exposing dew can also alleviate some urgent needs.

Water directly from plants

In the southern jungle, there are wild plantains everywhere, also called fairy plantains. The core of this plant contains a lot of water. As long as it is quickly cut from the bottom with a knife, clean liquid will drip from the stem, and the tender core of wild banana can also be eaten, which can satisfy hunger in the case of food shortage. If you can find vines such as kudzu vine, grapevine, kiwi vine and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, you can also get drinking water from them. In addition, when trees are about to sprout in spring, they can also get drinking water from leaves and trunks and branches of trees such as Shan Yu. Note: Never drink the juice of vines, shrubs and trees with emulsion, which is toxic. In addition, drinking water can be obtained from reed moss, cactus and their fruits.

Tip: Drinking "water" from plants is easy to deteriorate, so it's best to pick it up and drink it immediately, instead of storing it for a long time.

The above water intake method is effective when there is water shortage in the field. However, relying solely on the above methods to find water sources is not a long-term solution, and it is very complicated and hard. Only a few people (3-7) and a short time (3-5 days). Not suitable for many people or too long. As far as safety is concerned, I hope friends had better stay away from water for a day or two and not enter the jungle alone.

When you find water when you are extremely tired and thirsty, you'd better not binge drink immediately. You should purify and disinfect the water source according to the environmental conditions at that time to avoid drinking water poisoning or illness.

Purification of wild drinking water

Generally speaking, in addition to spring water and well water (underground deep wells), whether it is river water, lake water, stream water, snow water, rain water, dew, or water obtained through infiltration, filtration and precipitation, it is best to disinfect it before drinking. So, how to disinfect? The method is as follows:

1. Put the water purification tablet into a water container, stir and shake it, let it stand for a few minutes before drinking, or pour it into a pot for preservation. Generally speaking, a piece of water purification tablet can disinfect 1 liter of water. If the water is turbid, it can be disinfected with water purification tablets. Before mouth, the army even used this method to disinfect the water in the wild.

2. If there is no water purification tablet, you can disinfect the water with medical iodine instead of water purification tablet. In pure water, 3-4 drops of iodine per liter of water. If the water is turbid, double the iodine for the patient in every liter of water. After stirring and shaking, let it stand for a long time. It can be drunk or kept after 20-30 minutes.

3. the use of chlorite, that is, bleach, can also play a role in disinfection. In purified water, adding 3 or 4 drops of bleach to each liter of water will double the turbidity of water. Shake well and let stand for 30 minutes, then drink or set aside. It's just that some bleach in the water tastes a little bit, so be careful not to drink the precipitated turbidity together.

4. If none of the above disinfectants are available, and you happen to bring vinegar for the picnic (white vinegar will do), you can also disinfect the water. Pour some vinegar juice into pure water, stir well, and let it stand for 30 minutes before drinking. It's just the sour taste of vinegar in water.

It is also a good way to disinfect water when the altitude is not too high (below 3000 meters above sea level) and there is kindling.

6. If the water you find is salt water, cook it with pepper grass and water. Although the original salty sound cannot be removed, it can prevent abdominal pain, abdominal distension and diarrhea. If there are heavy metal salts or toxic minerals in the water, it should be boiled between strong tea and water, and the final precipitate is not suitable for drinking.

At present, there is a drinking water purification straw, which is very practical in the field. It is shaped like a thick pen. The purified water is sterile, non-toxic, tasteless and does not contain any impurities. You can drink it without boiling. It's very light.

In addition, it should be noted that in the case of water shortage, it is necessary to arrange drinking water reasonably, and do not drink too much water for temporary thirst. In addition, drinking water should be scientific in field work or exploration. If you drink enough at one time, the body will excrete excess water after absorption, which will waste a lot of water. If you only drink one or two cups at a time, put it in your mouth and swallow it slowly. When you feel thirsty, drink another cup and swallow it slowly, so that you can fully absorb the water you drink and solve the problem of dry mouth and throat. The amount of water in a standard kettle (0.9- 1. 1 liter) can make a single soldier keep exercising for 6-8 hours or even longer by using the correct drinking method.