1. Folk life
Diet Hefei urban and rural residents mainly eat rice and other miscellaneous grains. In the old society, it was often the case that "fruits and vegetables were harvested for half a year, and food was harvested for half a year". Coarse cereals mainly include barley, wheat, corn, sweet potato, pumpkin and beans. After the reform and opening up, the living standards of residents have improved, and pasta and beans are fashionable, such as noodles, fried dough sticks, steamed stuffed buns, soybean milk, bean powder and thousands of pieces. And nutrition and taste have become the new standards of eating. Hefei is known as the custom of "three meals a day", which is usually sparse and dry. Before liberation, there were often two meals a day. Now besides three meals, I also eat "snacks", such as buns, biscuits, milk, fruit and so on. Hefei's cooking is mainly braised, fried, fried, stewed and fried. The dishes are heavy in color and taste. Vegetable oil is the main seasoning, supplemented by soy sauce, salt, ginger, monosodium glutamate, vinegar and sesame oil. Vegetarian dishes and tofu are the main products, as well as fish, meat and eggs. On holidays, weddings and funerals are prepared with chicken, eggs, meat, fish and other meat dishes. Meat includes braised pork, fried shredded pork and fried pork liver; Fish are braised crucian carp and braised Monopterus albus, and poultry are boiled chicken, red-cooked chicken and red-roasted goose (duck); Eggs include scrambled eggs, salted eggs and steamed eggs, and vegetables include fried vegetables, spinach, eggplant, leeks, green pepper pumpkins, lentils and green peppers. The specialties are shredded pork with cabbage and stew (stewed goose's feet, ribs and head). There is a folk custom of eating breakfast, Sanhe zongzi and Fengle dry sauce. There are steamed bread, frying pan, spring rolls, twist and so on. In the early years, people had the custom of drinking tea. In recent years, soda, sprite and coke are the main drinks. Wine is an important drink in life, and it is essential for holidays. In the past, people mainly used bulk wine, such as "old shochu", but now they all drink bottled wine of various brands and grades. Gu Jing, Kouzi, Shahe, Wen Wanggong, blast furnace manufacturers, Lao Mingguang, Admiralty, xuan wine and other brands "you can sing and I will appear" in the market.
Before the liberation of clothing, men wore gowns and double-breasted dresses, while women wore cheongsam. After liberation, men wore tunic suit and Lenin suit, while women wore medium suit and youth suit. Mix old and new, wear short-sleeved shorts in summer. In the middle and late 1960s, green military uniforms prevailed, followed by zippered shirts and jackets. After the reform and opening up, it became fashionable for young men and women to wear bell-bottoms and straight pants, and suits began to be popular in urban and rural areas. Casual clothes, down jackets and sweaters have gradually become popular, and the clothing style has broken through the standard of "men don't show their navel and women don't show their skin". In the past, men were mostly navy blue, iron gray, grass green and black and white, while women were mainly colored. After the 1980s, there were many colors in clothes. The popular fabrics are chemical fiber, cashmere and wool.
Most houses in Hefei face south. In the old society, most of them were earth walls and grass roofs. After liberation, with the improvement of living conditions, the structure of earth wall with tile roof and alternating bricks and tiles appeared. There is a clearing in front of the house for threshing, and a pigsty, cowshed and toilet are built behind the house. In the past, residents were very particular about building houses, and there was a set of procedures from the choice of building foundation, groundbreaking to the completion of beams. Before building the house, please ask Mr. Yin and Yang Feng Shui to look at the foundation of the house. Wealthy families pay more attention to choosing foundation, looking for Long Mai and observing water and acupoints. Most homeowners choose land with mountains and water. Backed by the hill, it symbolizes that the owner has the strength to rely on, facing the pond and the river, symbolizing that the owner's family has a steady stream of financial resources. It is very lively when climbing the beam, but it must be before sunrise, which symbolizes that life is getting brighter and brighter with the rising of the sun. On this day, relatives and friends also brought cigarettes, wine, cakes, red cloth and other gifts to drink and congratulate. Qing Ji's couplets and congratulations will also be posted in the new house. After the 1980s, cement brick tile houses gradually replaced the earth walls of thatched houses, paying attention to integrity, unity and decoration. In recent years, it has gradually become a fashion to build multi-storey and small high-rise buildings in rural areas, and there are many high-rise buildings in cities.
When the householder moves, relatives and friends will come to congratulate him. Neighbors and relatives write auspicious words such as "Congratulations on your housewarming" when giving gifts, and need help moving furniture. Under normal circumstances, the house is mainly decorated the night before and moved in the morning or the next morning, which is auspicious and symbolizes the rise of life in the new home. Old neighbors set off firecrackers to send each other, and new neighbors set off firecrackers to greet each other. When hosting a banquet, invite old neighbors to drink "moving wine" and invite new neighbors to drink "home wine" (commonly known as "companion wine").
Household utensils In the old society, farmers used earthen stoves, and some of them were equipped with bellows. One or three pots are arranged side by side on the stove, and a round iron can is placed next to the stove between the two pots to heat water by using waste heat. There is a shrine to the kitchen god on the stove. Modern gas stoves, gas stoves and electric stoves. Besides iron pots and aluminum pot, there are pressure cookers, woks and rice cookers. Old pits and wooden beds have been eliminated, and stem beds are mostly used in urban and rural areas, which can be unloaded by themselves, which is simple and convenient. There are many square tables and round tables in front of the hall, as well as benches. There is an incense table in front of the table with nave's paintings hanging on it. People use bedside tables and wardrobes, but now they use wall cabinets and TV cabinets. There are paddles, bathtubs, insoles, washbasins, etc. , mainly made of wood. Now it is made of plastic and stainless steel. Household appliances have developed rapidly, from simple to multifunctional, including tape recorders, televisions, electric fans, air conditioners, refrigerators and so on. Lighting tools used to be kerosene lamps and candles, in cities and rural areas; Incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps and ceiling lamps are widely used in cities and rural areas. The streets are full of neon lights, which become charming scenery.
2. Etiquette and folklore
Pregnant women eat a bowl of brown sugar eggs before giving birth, which is called laying eggs. Walking back and forth after eating, commonly known as catching up with life, means fast and smooth production. Three days after the baby is born, there are usually midwives or grandmothers who use wormwood or honeysuckle vines to boil water to bathe the baby, commonly known as "washing three". Artemisia argyi water or honeysuckle vine water has the function of sterilization and disinfection. On the third day after washing, the midwife is usually given a happy egg. Now most of them are born in hospitals, which arrange showers and nursing. In the old custom, three days after the baby was born, the son-in-law reported good news to his parents-in-law. The man brought a rooster or goose as a gift, and the woman used a hen as a gift. Now, with the development of communication and transportation, this custom has been eliminated. Before giving birth to a child, the son-in-law will usually accompany her mother-in-law to nurse in the hospital, and will not report good news unless she is in a different place. Grandma's family prepared baby clothes and utensils, which were delivered on the ninth day of the baby's landing to congratulate her grandson on his birth. The baby's four seasons clothes and home appliances from landing to one year old, from diapers to baskets, are all provided by grandma's family. Banquets must be prepared to entertain relatives and friends that day. Now this custom is gradually being eliminated, but the nine-day wedding banquet is more and more grand, and more banquets are held in hotels to treat relatives and friends. When a child reaches the age of one, it is commonly known as grasping the week or doing the week. On this day, grandma's family brought gifts (mostly clothes and cars for children). ) for her grandchildren. When grasping Zhou, put a big dustpan on the ground, and the child sits in the middle, surrounded by various utensils and cakes, and predict the child's future with what the child catches for the first time. This custom is fading, but at the age of one, the custom of friends and relatives coming to congratulate remains the same. Gifts are mostly cash, and the amount varies.
Marriage matchmaking, also known as "passing on the family line" and "matchmaking". The man first asked the matchmaker to go to the woman's house as a matchmaker. After the woman agrees, the man asks someone to write a proposal sticker, and the words "Gongqiu" are posted on the man's birthday, and the matchmaker sends it to the woman's house together with the bride price. If the woman agrees, write the date of birth of the woman according to the above contents, and write the word "jingyun" on the sticker and send it back to the man's home. Since the 1950s, this custom has gradually disappeared. Except for a few remote and isolated villages, men and women can fall in love freely without the consent of the matchmaker. Even if there is a matchmaker, it is still a form. After the exchange year, the woman will take her brother's sister-in-law or relatives' children to the man's house to "see the gatehouse", that is, to see the family income and housing situation. If the woman intends to stay for dinner, she will agree. At this time, the man will give money to meet, and the amount of money should be "half", which means "companionship". Don't stay unless you agree. Men and women are free to fall in love. When the man takes the woman home for the first time, his parents will still give her a "gift", which can be even or integer.
Engagement, commonly known as "the next day", "the next day" and "placing an order", is the date when both men and women agree to get married. Now some villages still have this custom, but there is no such custom in urban areas.
Get married. In the old society, on this day, the man invited relatives and friends to hold a breakfast banquet for the matchmaker and arranged everything for the wedding. After the banquet, the matchmaker took the man's wedding staff to the woman's house to celebrate the wedding, rain or shine. When going to the woman's house, the woman's house must be closed to show that her daughter is not married casually. The matchmaker must pay the money for opening the door first, commonly known as "money for combing hair" and "money for opening face". Before getting on the sedan chair, the woman's brother carried her out. Before going out, he had to "cry and marry" and take a shower the day before. When I arrived at the man's house, the man's house was closed, commonly known as "temper control." After getting off the sedan chair, they will be driven into the house to pay homage, then attend a banquet, toast after the banquet and have sex. At this time, there is a custom of "getting married for three days, big or small", that is, you can't get angry or quarrel during sex. This custom is fading, and most of the new houses are colleagues. Nowadays, wedding banquets are mostly held in hotels in urban and rural areas. On that day, the groom wore a suit and red flowers, and the woman wore a wedding dress to meet the guests in the hotel lobby. After the banquet, accompanied by the host, we will toast at all tables and accept the blessings of relatives and friends. There are other forms, such as tourist wedding, group wedding, church wedding and so on. In recent years, under the hype of wedding companies, there are also old-fashioned wedding customs, wearing red flowers and welcoming the bride with a sedan chair. But many cars are second-hand, the number of cars is doubled, and professional photography is available.
Huimen, commonly known as "seeing three", means that after three days of marriage, the bride will be taken home by her parents' brothers to visit her parents. On this day, the bride's family will hold a banquet to entertain her daughter-in-law, and will also invite elders and relatives to accompany her, which is called accompanying relatives. With the development of society, men and women can fall in love freely and return to their parents' home on the first day after the wedding in the hotel.
Birthday Hefei custom people celebrate their birthdays at the age of 60. On your birthday, we should celebrate. Birthday gifts generally include birthday noodles, birthday cakes, fish, old chickens, alcohol and tobacco, gifts and so on. The birthday girl should prepare a banquet and entertain warmly. With the improvement of living conditions, the custom of celebrating birthdays not only continues to this day, but also becomes more and more grand. Those who live long and have status choose to celebrate their birthdays in hotels. In recent years, some families also celebrate the New Year for their children when they are 10 years old.
Before the death of a funeral patient, the children must come back after receiving the news, listen to the dying instructions or announce the long-drawn will, and bid farewell to the deceased (most folks will rest their father or mother in the arms of their eldest son when they die), commonly known as "dying". People all over the world are sorry that they didn't send it to the old man. Therefore, the farewell custom still exists in Hefei. Children must entrust relatives and neighbors to hold funerals for their relatives and six relatives, commonly known as "mourning". Nowadays, the dead units often publish funeral news by posting obituaries or publishing newspapers. When his parents died, his son had to wear a linen Dai Xiao, a white robe, a straw rope around his waist and a three-mausoleum crown. When her husband died, his wife was all white, with hemp on the cloth, a white headscarf on her head and white shoes on her feet. The wife is dead, but the husband is not Dai Xiao. Relatives hang obliquely or wear white cloth belts and hats around their waists; If the elders don't wear them, the grandchildren will use white cloth with red hats, red hats and green hats to separate the grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-grandchildren It's good to be filial when you're bereaved. Filial piety shoes are wrapped in white cloth or linen. Solatium of relatives and friends is generally in the form of toilet paper, dutiful son account, dutiful son (i.e. blanket, quilt and space quilt), wreath (mostly flowers) and cash. Children's parents-in-law often prepare pig's head meat, fish, geese, tobacco and alcohol, and set up a "three lifts", followed by the band until the funeral. Of all the mourners, the eldest son bowed outside in the chapel. Generally, a mourning hall is set up in the town, and the remains will mourn 1 to 3 days. There is a portrait in front of the mourning hall, and elegiac couplets are hung on both sides. Incense is burned and the offerings are placed in front of the portrait. Children who have lost their loved ones wear mourning clothes or black sleeves to show their respect and play funeral music. Wearing a black veil, the mourners first offer a filial account, a filial essay, a wreath made of flowers, cash, etc. And pay tribute to the remains in silence in the sound of sadness. At the funeral, relatives were all dressed in mourning, and the eldest son was dressed in hemp Dai Xiao, holding the portrait of the deceased in front, and others followed in turn. Articles sent by undertaker are carried by special personnel with long bamboo poles, and firecrackers and bands play music at every village entrance or fork in the road. The mourners cried all the way to the cemetery. After the funeral, undertaker had to walk through the lit straw pile to drive away bad luck. In recent years, with the process of urban-rural integration, most urns have been sent to places designated by the government for burial.
Communicative appellation. In the new era, the appellation between family and relatives has changed. For example, some parents are called "Dad, Mom" or "Dad, Mom". Social appellations are usually based on status and position, such as director, secretary, section chief, director, expert Wang, scholar Zhang, professor Li and so on. Most young people take "buddies" and "sisters" as the fashion. Banquets are often called bosses and leaders, while teachers and comrades are less and less called. There is also a fashion called leadership "head", "somewhere", "bureau", "seat" and "bureau seat"
Shake hands. When relatives and friends meet or say goodbye, the two sides shake hands with their right hands; When meeting an elder (leader) for the first time, it is advisable for the other party to reach out and shake hands. If you wear gloves, you must take them off and put them back on as a sign of politeness. In public places, leaders generally wave their hands instead of shaking hands, while in rural areas, they mainly nod their heads and rarely shake hands.
I propose a toast to cigarettes. When toasting at the banquet, the younger generation or subordinates should stand up actively, hold the cup in both hands to show respect, and do it first, and at the same time signal the other party to drink slowly or casually. Avoid toasting when the other person is talking or serving food, and also measure your capacity for drinking to avoid missing respect or disrespect. It is the same custom to offer a cigarette in one hand and make gestures in the other.
speak When speaking, pay attention to the other person, listen attentively, don't look around, and sometimes make a "yes" or "good" sound.
Believe in folk customs
There are "six reds" and "six evils" in the zodiac. When dating young men and women in rural areas, it is forbidden to open an umbrella. Because "umbrella" and "scattered" are homophonic, with free love in urban areas, there is no such taboo. Choosing a wedding date is a double taboo, but major festivals such as 1 1 month and May Day are also good days for modern weddings. When holding a wedding, the clothes are mainly colorful and avoid white, but in modern urban areas, white wedding dresses are the mainstream. Avoid the animal year
Get married. Folk newlyweds generally do not spend the night outside, such as staying at relatives and friends' homes to avoid sexual intercourse. Women's skirts and trousers should not be exposed from high places, and women should not smoke. Before people die, carry them to the grass shop (temporary bunk) to avoid dying in bed. Dress the dead in old clothes and avoid wearing wool and leather.
Leather, avoid buttons. The baby's afterbirth should not be thrown about, but buried in a crock. Maternal avoid eating soup and porridge cooked with mung beans. Avoid sweeping the floor and pouring water on the first day of the first month. Avoid seven eighths. Avoid water on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month. Don't put chopsticks in the rice bowl when eating, don't sit on the "turtle cushion", and children don't eat fish. Clothing "men don't show their umbilicus, women don't show their skin". Avoid wearing clothes, pillows, quilts and so on. Under your ass, avoid underwear for men and women. Avoid asking for debts on the first day of the first month. Don't give gifts, don't give clocks as gifts, and don't touch other people's heads with your hands. People who cling to it are called "old", "gone" and "dead". Generally speaking, you should say "disharmony" when you are sick, "happiness" when you are pregnant and avoid saying "pregnancy" to avoid homophonic "unlucky". When eating, don't say "don't want rice" or "with or without rice".
People worship Hefei, and people are proud of worshipping Bao Gong. Bao Gong, a native of Luzhou, is famous for his strict law enforcement and honesty. There is a Baogong Temple in Hefei, which has been consecrated by people throughout the ages. In recent years, activities to pray for Bao Gong have become more and more popular, such as holding seminars and papers on Bao Gong culture. At the same time, there are also historical figures who worship Guan Gong.
4. At the age of? festival
Off-year folk twelfth lunar month (December of the lunar calendar) is off-year, and that night is called off-year. Off-year means that the year is coming to an end. From this day on, people began to prepare for the arrival of the New Year. There are folk customs of offering sacrifices to stoves, sweeping dust and buying new year's goods. Folk song "Twenty-three, off-year; Twenty-four, sweeping the house; Twenty-five, grinding bean curd; Twenty-six, slaughtering pork; 27. Wash it; 28. stick grilles; Twenty-nine, go to play wine; New Year's Eve is a vivid portrayal of Hefei's old customs. "On the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, the house was swept by dust". On this day, every household should clean the room and tidy up all kinds of things at home. Sacrificing a kitchen stove is the custom of sending the kitchen god to heaven.
Spring Festival The first day of the first lunar month is the Spring Festival, commonly known as "Chinese New Year" and "the first day of the first lunar month". In the twelfth lunar month, people in rural Hefei slaughter livestock and bacon, cook sugar water to make fried rice sugar, process rice cakes and tofu, and buy incense sticks, ghost tickets, firecrackers, tobacco and alcohol, tea, cakes, couplets (also handwritten) and lanterns. Commonly known as "playing new year's goods." Post Spring Festival couplets and New Year pictures on New Year's Eve. In the new era, young people often post film and television stills and star images. In urban areas, people often use landscape paintings instead of New Year pictures. Most couplets praise reform and opening up. Doing business is often labeled as "business is booming all over the world, and financial resources are flourishing up to three rivers"; Teachers often post that "there is a road in the mountains, but there is no limit in the sea" and so on. Most businesses set up neon lights to increase the festive atmosphere. Housewives are the main organizers of the New Year's Eve dinner, with the help of the whole family. Cooking techniques such as steaming, boiling, frying and frying are all used. The variety and quality of dishes and the level of alcohol and tobacco depend on their family circumstances, but chicken, fish, meat and jiaozi are indispensable traditional dishes. After eating the "New Year's Eve", the elders put their wallets in red paper and distributed them to the younger generation, which is called "lucky money". In recent years, there are many ways of entertainment and leisure, such as playing mahjong and playing cards on New Year's Eve, but most of them are mainly watching CCTV Spring Festival Evening, and hotels and restaurants also provide entertainment facilities for people who eat New Year's Eve. Eat longevity noodles for breakfast on New Year's Day. After dinner, neighbors visit each other. When the guests arrive, the host treats them with tea, cigarettes, cakes, sweets, gold ingots and eggs. Friends and relatives come to the door and wrap the money in red paper for the children of the host family. Relatives and friends from different places exchange greetings by phone, SMS and WeChat, and some people in urban areas pay New Year greetings by online email. Don't sweep the floor, splash water, move scissors or hang clothes on the first day of the lunar new year. From the first day to the third day, children are forbidden to say unlucky things, and it is forbidden to beat and scold. Some parents use toilet paper to wipe their children's mouths, indicating that their children are "butt-mouthed" and their words don't count. There is a folk song in Hefei: "Don't go out on the first day, worship your ancestors on the second day, worship your husband on the third day, worship your mother on the fourth day, worship casually on the fifth and sixth day, don't go out for seven days, don't go back for eight days, and go home on the ninth and tenth day." But in recent years, due to the accelerated pace of life, they began to pay New Year greetings to each other on the first day of junior high school, and distant relatives and friends greeted each other by calling and texting. New Year greetings are becoming more and more diversified, and the grades and tastes are also improving year by year. Many years later, because there are more young and middle-aged migrant workers, there are few traditional programs such as lion dancing and playing with lights. Some urban literary and art groups use the Spring Festival to organize cultural performances, performances, drumming and other activities to enrich holiday life. Spring Festival is a legal holiday, with 7 days off. Before and after the Spring Festival, government agencies, enterprises and institutions, in different forms, carried out mass worship, condolences to the families of martyrs, send warm, condolences to the elderly, condolences to retirees and other activities.
Lantern Festival The fifteenth day of the first lunar month in Hefei is the Lantern Festival, also known as Shangyuan Festival. Rural areas are also commonly known as "off-year". There is a custom of eating New Year's Eve and setting off firecrackers. Eating Yuanxiao is very popular. Playing with lanterns and lions is becoming more and more popular in cities, and government cultural departments often hold solve riddles on the lanterns, ball games, chess games and temple fairs.
Tomb-Sweeping Day, also known as "Walking Festival", takes place in March of the lunar calendar, that is, around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar. In ancient times, Tomb-Sweeping Day's main customs were: inserting willows, planting trees, sweeping graves and hiking. On that day, men, women and children broke willow branches, carried firecrackers, paper money, mingbi and offerings to the grave to pay homage to their ancestors, and raised soil and hung money in front of the grave to show their memory. People with the same surname take turns to be hosts and have dinner after going to the grave, which is called "doing Qingming". In recent years, many Hefei people who live in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and work far away, regardless of the fatigue of horses and chariots, went to the grave to pay homage with their clansmen on this day. It has become fashionable to plant pines and cypresses in Tomb-Sweeping Day. On this day, students are often organized to go to Dashushan Martyrs Cemetery to sweep graves, offer wreaths, remember the martyrs and receive traditional education.
Dragon Boat Festival The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the Dragon Boat Festival, commonly known as "Dragon Boat Festival" and "Duanyang". There are also folk customs such as eating zongzi, drinking realgar wine and rowing dragon boats. Dumplings are very particular, including red bean dumplings and ham dumplings. Most of the food in the city is bought in the market, and many rural farmers have become specialized households selling jiaozi. People put calamus and wormwood upside down on doors and windows. Acorus calamus looks like a sword to ward off evil spirits, and wormwood can be used as medicine to get rid of diseases. Smoked in the dark with moxa sticks can avoid plague and detoxify. Dried mugwort leaves can be used to bathe children. Row a dragon boat in memory of Qu Yuan. In recent years, some places often hold dragon boat races in order to improve their popularity or attract investment. During the Games, the government was busy holding investment promotion meetings, and the news media were busy taking photos, videos, interviews and other activities.
Mid-Autumn Festival The 15th day of August in the lunar calendar is the Mid-Autumn Festival, commonly known as "Mid-Autumn Festival" and "August and a half". That night, the family sat together, shared moon cakes and enjoyed the freshness of lotus roots. Mid-Autumn Festival is also an important festival for family reunion. Since the reform and opening up, people living abroad often call, send text messages, send emails and other forms to bless and greet their families. Daughters and sons-in-law have the habit of feeding moon cakes to their parents-in-law, and government agencies often buy moon cakes and send them to employees. The packaging box has changed from paper bag to iron box bag and vacuum bag, and the packaging tends to be luxurious. Folk customs include "touching autumn" and playing with fire.
Winter solstice 1 1 The 22nd of the month is the winter solstice, which is the ninth day. There is a saying in the farmer's proverb that "eating noodles on the solstice in winter makes the day longer" (that is, the day becomes longer and the night becomes shorter from this day). There are also some folk customs, such as winter sacrifice, relocation and burial, accepting colonies, offering sacrifices to ancestors, and eating pumpkin Baba and dog meat.
Laba is the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, commonly known as Laba Festival. Folk use glutinous rice, beans and other grains and dried fruits such as dates, longan and lotus seeds to cook porridge, which is called "Laba porridge". The whole family will have good luck when they eat it. There is a habit of gathering in the temple to eat Laba porridge.
Words? |? Yuan Guiyuan
No one expected that the Spring Festival in China in 2020 would be hastily opened in this way, with people w