Chapter II Coprinus comatus
First, an overview?
Coprinus comatus, also known as Coprinus comatus, Coprinus comatus and Agaricus bisporus, belongs to Basidiomycetes of Coprinidae. ? Coprinus comatus is tender and delicious, and its color and flavor are no less than straw mushroom. ? Coprinus comatus is also a medicinal mushroom, which is sweet and flat, beneficial to the spleen and stomach, calming the heart and treating hemorrhoids. Regular consumption can help digestion, stimulate appetite and treat hemorrhoids. According to "Illustration of Medicinal Fungi in China" and other books, the inhibition rates of Coprinus comatus hot water extract on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich's cancer in mice were 100% and 90% respectively. It is also reported that Coprinus comatus contains effective ingredients for treating diabetes. The most obvious effect is to reduce the blood sugar concentration after giving mice 2 grams of Coprinus comatus concentrated solution 1.5 hours per kilogram of body weight. In recent years, Coprinus comatus has been successfully cultivated in the United States, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Italy and Japan, and its fresh mushrooms, dried mushrooms (sliced mushrooms) and canned mushrooms are very popular in the international market. ?
In order to develop this valuable edible and medicinal fungus resource, scientific and technical personnel from Sanming Fungi Institute of Fujian Province, Shanxi Institute of Biology, Yunnan Edible Fungi Science and Technology Development Center, Liaoyang Edible Fungi Institute and other units investigated, collected, isolated and cultivated Coprinus comatus, and did a lot of work for its commercial production. Hebei Province and Beijing have been planted successfully. At present, there is a small amount for the market, and the production and market potential are considerable. ?
Second, biological characteristics?
1. Morphological characteristics?
Fruiting bodies are clustered. In the germination stage, the mushroom cap is cylindrical, and together with the handle-shaped turkey leg, Coprinus comatus is named. In the later stage, the hat was bell-shaped, with a height of 9 ~ 15 cm, and finally spread flat. The surface of the cap body is smooth at the initial stage, and the epidermis cracks at the later stage, becoming flat scales, white at the initial stage, slightly rusted at the middle stage, and gradually deepened later; Mushroom meat is white and thin; The stalk is white, filiform and fibrous, with a length of 17 ~ 30cm and a thickness of1~ 2.5cm. It is fine on the upper part and thick on the lower part, with ivory ring, brittle and thin, and easy to fall off. The bacterial folds are dense, separated from the stalk, 5 ~ 10 mm wide, white, then black, and soon ink-like liquid appears. Spores are black, smooth, oval and have cysts. The cyst is colorless, rod-shaped, blunt and round at the top, slightly curved and sparse. ?
2. Ecological habits?
(1) The habit of being born in fields, gardens, roadsides and even thatched roofs after spring, summer and autumn rain. After the fruiting body matures, the folds turn black and the edges liquefy. The shelf life is short and edible, but a few people have slight poisoning reaction after eating, especially when eating with wine or beer. ?
(2) It is distributed all over the world. China is mainly produced in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Southwest China, and it has been reported in Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Gansu, Qinghai, Yunnan and Tibet. The author has also collected it in the mountainous area of Haidian District, Beijing. ?
3. living conditions?
Coprinus comatus is a soil-borne fungus with strong adaptability, and its living conditions are as follows:
(1) Nutritional Coprinus comatus can utilize a wide range of carbon sources. Glucose, xylose, galactose, maltose, raffinose, mannitol, starch, cellulose and paraffin can all be used. The utilization rate of xylose is worse than that of glucose, and the utilization rate of lactose is quite good, but not the best; Some strains utilize galactose and lactose better than mannitol, glucose and fructose. The ability to use soft paraffin is poor. ?
Peptone and yeast powder are the best nitrogen sources for Coprinus comatus. Coprinus comatus can utilize various ammonium salts and nitrate nitrogen, but inorganic nitrogen and urea are not the best nitrogen sources. Adding asparagine, peptone and urea to wort medium can make mycelium grow better. ? Thiamine deficiency will affect the growth of Coprinus comatus. Add vitamin B to the culture medium? 1 natural substrates, such as malt extract, corn, oats, peas, lentils, red beets, wild peas, red clover, alfalfa and other green leaves, have a great role in promoting the growth of Coprinus comatus mycelium. ?
Coprinus comatus can be deeply cultured. In wort culture solution, 25 ~ 28 grams of dry mycelium can be produced per liter. Coprinus comatus mycelium can also grow in a medium containing only sterile water, phosphate and carbon source. ?
(2) Temperature The temperature range of Coprinus comatus mycelium growth is 3 ~ 35℃, and the optimum growth temperature is 22 ~ 28℃. Coprinus comatus mycelium has strong cold resistance and can still survive the winter safely when the temperature is lower than 30℃ in winter. When the temperature is low, the mycelium grows slowly and is thin, thin and fluffy. When the temperature is high, hyphae grow fast, fluffy aerial hyphae develop, and matrix hyphae become thinner. When the temperature is higher than 35℃, the mycelium autolyses. The formation of fruiting body needs low temperature stimulation. When the temperature drops to 9 ~ 20℃, the mushroom buds of Coprinus comatus will break out one after another. When the temperature is lower than 8℃ or higher than 30℃, the fruiting body is not easy to form. In the range of 12 ~ 18℃, the temperature is low, the fruiting body develops slowly and is big, all like chicken legs or even grenades. Above 20℃, the stipe is easy to elongate and open the umbrella. Artificial cultivation, when the temperature is 16 ~ 24℃, the number of fruiting bodies is the largest and the yield is the highest. At low temperature, the fruiting body grows slowly, but the cap is large and thick, the stipe is short and firm, the quality is good and the storage period is long; When the temperature is high, it grows fast, the stem is elongated, the cap is smaller and thinner, the weight is reduced, and it is easy to open the umbrella and dissolve itself. ?
(3) Humidity The water content of Coprinus comatus culture medium should be 60% ~ 70%, and the relative humidity of the air during the spawning period is about 80%. When the fruiting body occurs, the relative humidity of the air should be 85% ~ 95%, and the scales on the surface of the mushroom cover roll back below 60%. When the humidity is above 95%, the mushroom cover is prone to spot disease. ?
(4) Illumination The growth of Coprinus comatus mycelium does not need illumination, but it needs illumination of 500 ~ 1 000 lux during the differentiation of mushroom buds and the growth of fruiting bodies. ?
(5) Air The growth of mycelium and fruiting body of Coprinus comatus needs fresh air. When cultivating in mushroom house, the fruiting body should be ventilated 4 ~ 8 times per hour during its formation. ?
(6) Coprinus comatus mycelium with pH value can grow in the medium with pH value of 2 ~ 10. The initial pH value of the culture medium is 3.7 or 8, and the mycelium of Coprinus comatus will be automatically adjusted to about pH7 after growth. Therefore, the pH value of 6 ~ 7 is the most suitable for both culture medium and soil covering material. ?
(7) It should be pointed out that the formation of Coprinus comatus fruiting body needs the stimulation of covering soil and microbial metabolites in soil. ?
Third, the cultivation method?
The cutting and cultivation methods of Coprinus comatus are basically the same as those of white mushrooms, but the strains used and the living conditions are different, so we can refer to the cultivation methods of white mushrooms.
1. Cultivation materials?
(1) The main materials are horse manure, cow dung, wheat straw, rice straw, cottonseed hull and sawdust. ?
(2) Accessories: bran, rice bran, corn flour, compound fertilizer, gypsum powder, lime powder and vitamin B? 1。 ?
2. Cultivation method?
Coprinus comatus can be cultivated indoors and outdoors. Clinker culture and raw material culture can be used. It can be planted in bags, boxes and bedsteads, and can be intercropped with vegetables and fruit trees. Cultivators can adopt the most favorable cultivation methods according to local environmental conditions.
3. Training season?
Coprinus comatus can be cultivated in Zhixia from early spring to autumn and then to spring. It can also be cultivated indoors and in greenhouses in summer, but it is difficult to keep fresh because of the hot climate. Without proper processing and preservation measures, it has little commercial significance. ?
4. Cultivation site?
Orchards, vegetable fields and leisure areas can be cultivated outdoors. Indoor cultivation can be managed by using the existing mushroom house and bedstead. ?
Fourth, strain production?
1. Mother seed production?
Coprinus comatus strains were mainly obtained by tissue isolation. Coprinus comatus mycelium was cultured in PDA medium (potato 200g, glucose 20g, agar 20g, adding water to? 1 000? Ml) looks good. Mycelium grows well on the following enrichment medium or wheat soup medium. ?
(1) potato 200g, glucose 20g, magnesium sulfate 1.5g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.5g, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 1.5g, vitamin B? 110mg, 20g agar, and add water to1000ml. ?
(2) 200 grams of wheat, soaked in 10 hour, boiled for 30 minutes, filtered, and added with 20 grams of glucose, 3 grams of peptone, 0.5 grams of magnesium sulfate, 0.0 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate/kloc-0, and vitamin B? 0.2g 1, 20g agar, add water to 1, 000ml. ?
(3) Soak 250g wheat for 10 hour, cook for 30min, filter the juice, and add150g potato, 20g glucose, 2g peptone,1.5g magnesium sulfate,1.5g potassium dihydrogen phosphate and/kloc-0. 110mg, 20g agar, add water to? 1 000? Milliliter. ? The mycelium was white at first, then turned gray, and the color of the culture medium deepened. In the incubator, mycelium can grow on the inclined plane at 25℃ for 7 ~ 10 days, and the fastest is 5 ~ 6 days. ?
2. Original seed production?
Rice straw, cottonseed hull and sawdust were used as main raw materials to make culture medium, and wheat grains were used to make culture medium. The results showed that Coprinus comatus mycelium could grow normally on these media, but it grew best on the media mainly composed of wheat grains and cottonseed hulls. The formulations of various stock media are as follows:
(1) Straw culture medium: straw (cut or crushed) 60%, bran 25%, corn flour 8%, compound fertilizer 5%, sugar 1%, lime 1%. ?
(2) cottonseed hull culture medium A: 90% cottonseed hull, 4.5% bran and corn flour? 4.5%? , lime 1%. ?
(3) The cottonseed hull culture medium B contains 87.5% cottonseed hull, 10% bran, 0.5% urea and 2% lime. ?
(4) Cottonseed shell culture medium C: Cottonseed shell 78%, bran 10%, corn flour 5%, compound fertilizer 5%, sugar 1%, gypsum 1%, vitamin B? 1 trace. ?
(5) The sawdust culture medium contains 75% sawdust, 15% bran, 8% corn flour, 1% sugar, 1% gypsum powder and vitamin B? 1 trace. ?
(6) adding water into the wheat grain culture medium, soaking for 10 ~ 15 hours, adding 1% lime powder, boiling for 30 minutes (until there is no white core and skin is not broken), slightly drying and bottling. ?
The water content of the above media is controlled at 60% ~ 65%, and all media keep natural pH value. Sterilization of bottles, tampons and steam is carried out according to the conventional method. After cooling, the mother seeds are inoculated in a sterile box or a sterile room and cultured in a greenhouse or an incubator at 24-26 DEG C.. After 30 ~ 35 days, the mycelium of Coprinus comatus can grow all over the bottle. Coprinus comatus original seed can be cultivated in liquid medium to make liquid original seed besides solid strain. Agar can be used as a liquid medium formula without agar in each mother medium formula. ?
The quality of Coprinus comatus strains has a great influence on the yield of fruiting bodies and should be paid attention to. The mycelium morphology of different strains is not completely the same. Some strains are linear at first, and then gradually produce aerial hyphae; Some strains are cotton-wool at first, and then gradually become linear, and the color is white or grayish white. Good strains have strong ability to use culture materials and fast mycelium growth. ?
3. Production of cultivated species?
(1) medium?
(1) is the same as the original seed medium. ?
② sawdust 78%, bran 20%, calcium carbonate 1%, sucrose 1%, and the ratio of material to water? 1∶ 1.5? The pH value is natural. ?
③ Mushroom culture material 28%, sawdust 60%, bran 12%, material-water ratio 1: 1.4 ~ 1.5, and the pH value is natural. ?
(2) Production method: the cultivation container for cultivating seeds adopts polypropylene plastic film bags (length 34-36 cm, width 14- 17 cm and thickness 0.05-0.06 cm). ?
① Specific operation. Select the above culture medium formula, prepare raw and auxiliary materials as required, add water and stir evenly, and then bag.
When bagging, grab 2-3 times to put the culture material into the bag, press the four corners of the bag bottom into the bag by hand, and press the culture material tightly to make it cylindrical, so that the bag bottom can stand upright on the ground stably. Insert a round stick or test tube with a diameter of 2 ~ 2.5cm into the bag, preferably to the end, but avoid puncturing the bag, then continue to compact it by hand while loading, fill it to 2/3 of the bag length (about 500g of dry material), level the table, and pull out the stick or test tube. In this way, the embedded pipe (rod) is installed obliquely again, and the hole left after being pulled out is firm and not easy to be blocked during transportation. During sterilization, steam can easily penetrate the culture material, and the sterilization is more thorough. Moreover, the original seeds fall into the bottom of the hole during inoculation, which accelerates the growth of mycelium and shortens the culture time of cultivated seeds. After the culture material is packed, clean the mouth and surface of the bag, put a hard plastic ring (3.5 cm in inner diameter and 3.5 cm in height) on the mouth of the bag, let the film at the mouth of the bag pass through the ring and turn down along the wall of the ring, then level the mouth of the bag, put on a cotton plug and put it in a pot for sterilization. In order to prevent the tampon from getting wet, each plastic bag should be covered with a layer of kraft paper after entering the pot. Sterilize with steam pressure 1.5kg/cm2 1.5h, or sterilize with normal pressure steam for 8- 10h, and take out and cool after sterilization. ?
② Inoculation and culture. The cultivated seeds should also be inoculated in a sterile box or room according to the requirements of aseptic operation, and then cultivated under the same conditions as the original seeds.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) cultivation technique?
1. Clinker cultivation?
The production of cultivated fungus sticks is the same as that of cultivated species. After taking out the cultivated fungus bags, discharge them horizontally or vertically into the border, with the distance between fungus sticks of 2-3cm, and fill them with fertile soil, and then discharge 30 fungus sticks per square meter, and then cover them with soil for about 3cm. If the soil is too dry, spray some water slightly, and then cover it with polyethylene plastic film soaked in 5% Lysol solution in advance. ?
Researchers in Jiangsu province have done comparative experiments on horizontal or vertical arrangement of mushroom sticks, and the results show that vertical arrangement of mushroom sticks is faster and has higher biological efficiency. Covering the soil is carried out in two steps: first, fill the soil between the mushroom sticks, and then cover the surface of the mushroom sticks with fine soil about 3 cm thick after watering to avoid soil hardening and facilitate the growth of mushrooms. The covering soil is mainly 0.5 ~ 1 cm thick, not more than 2 cm. ? Keep the relative humidity of air in the culture room at 85% ~ 90%, and adjust the temperature to 16 ~ 22℃. Outdoor or greenhouse should have shading measures to avoid strong light. A week later, the hyphae resumed growth and connected into blocks. Open the plastic film and spray water every day, increase ventilation, and stimulate the mycelium to produce mushroom buds. Ventilation and humidification are the main management methods after mushroom buds break ground. After careful management of 10 days, the fruiting body grows rapidly, and it is about seven ripe, so it should be harvested in time. ?
2. Raw material cultivation?
It is more practical to cultivate Coprinus comatus with raw materials than with clinker. Practice has proved that both north and south can be popularized. ?
(1) Preparation of culture medium?
(1) cottonseed hull or broken waste cotton100kg, 2-3kg of quicklime (part of it is added with 0. 1% carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl), and the water content is 60%-65%. ?
② cottonseed hull 100 kg, phosphate fertilizer 2 kg, urea 0.5 kg, lime 2 kg and water 160 kg. ?
③ corncob (broken) 100 kg, urea 1 kg, lime 2 kg, water 150 ~ 160 kg. ?
④ Straw (cut or crushed) 40kg, corn straw powder 40kg, horse manure (dried and crushed) 20kg, urea 1kg, phosphate fertilizer 2kg, lime 3kg and water 150kg. ?
⑤ Flammulina velutipes chaff 80kg, cow manure 20kg, urea 1kg, phosphate fertilizer 2kg, lime 4kg and water 150kg. ?
(2) Cultivation and management
Mix the culture materials evenly. The height 1m, width 1.2 ~ 1.5m and length are not limited. Cover with plastic film and keep warm at 60 ~ 70℃ for 10 hour, then turn over the pile. When the temperature reaches 60 ~ 70℃ again, keep 10 hour, and the fermentation is finished. Cool, spread on the prepared border with the material thickness of 10 ~ 20cm, and sow in three layers, and the seed dosage is 15% of the culture material. After sowing, level the material surface, slightly compact it, and finally cover it with 5 cm thick loam or plastic film for heat preservation and moisture retention. After the hyphae grow out, remove the plastic film covered with soil, first cover the coarse soil (pre-moistened with lime water in advance, the soil thickness is 0.8 ~ 1.2 cm), then cover the fine soil and spray water for moisture preservation. ?
When cultivating in the open air, the border should be protected with an arched plastic shed 30 ~ 40 cm high after covering the soil. ?
Outdoor cultivation in south China should pay attention to the changes of temperature, rainfall and wind power during the period from sowing in September to harvesting in May of the following year. In the north, plastic greenhouses should be used to keep warm and moisturize, which can be produced all year round except in hot summer. ?
The yield of Coprinus comatus varies greatly with different strains, culture materials and cultivation conditions. The yield per square meter is 4.5 ~ 18 kg, and the biological efficiency is mostly 20% ~ 70%, and the good one can exceed 100%. ?
Sixth, harvest?
The fruiting body of Coprinus comatus matures quickly, so it must be harvested when the mushroom ring is just loose and the inverted scales appear on the bell-shaped mushroom cover. If the fungus ring loosens or falls off and is harvested, the fruiting body will be oxidized and browned, the fungus will rot or even autolyse, and dark brown spore liquid will flow out, thus completely losing its commercial value. ?
Seven, sales and processing?
When the cultivation scale of Coprinus comatus is small, it is mainly sold fresh. Coprinus comatus is easily broken and has a short shelf life, so it should be sold as soon as possible. ? In order to supply the market far away from the cultivation field, the mushroom buds of Coprinus comatus can be cut into thin slices, and then quickly dehydrated and dried by an electric blower dryer. Sliced mushrooms are packed in plastic bags, 100 ~ 150g each. ?
In addition, it can also be processed into salted Coprinus comatus or canned Coprinus comatus. The processing method can be modeled after white mushrooms and straw mushrooms.