Mongolia is a typical landlocked country, and there is no international waterway transportation. However, railway transportation or air transportation, which should be vigorously carried out, has not received corresponding attention and has become a major obstacle to its foreign trade.
The only two railways and highways in Mongolia cannot form a fast and convenient transportation network, and when Mongolia established railways, the railway width specifications were different from those of international standard railways, so it could not be connected with China. This led to the train from Mongolia, which had to change at Erenhot and Manzhouli.
In addition, Mongolia's railways are far from meeting the requirements of modern transportation technology and cannot travel at high speed.
In terms of water transport, Mongolia's domestic water transport cargo volume has been declining year after year, while foreign trade international water transport must be transported to China port by rail and then sold abroad.
We often say "If you want to be rich, build roads first". In Mongolia, outdated transportation equipment, low efficiency, slow development and lack of quantity are undoubtedly one of the important reasons for its stagnant economic development.
Animal husbandry is a traditional economic industry in Mongolia, but due to global climate change, the minimum temperature in some pastoral areas has dropped to MINUS 45℃, which is no longer suitable for livestock to spend the winter.
Secondly, due to global warming, some rivers in Mongolia dried up, and the vegetation structure was destroyed after the surface soil lost moisture, leading to grassland degradation and desertification. In addition, the excessive and disorderly exploitation of mineral resources has also aggravated the speed of grassland destruction.
Moreover, due to the backward domestic reprocessing technology and equipment, it is difficult for Mongolia to achieve high added value of raw materials, and most of them can only be exported at the price of primary raw materials. However, a few reprocessed products are not competitive in the market due to technical limitations and talent problems.
In addition, because the consumption of animal husbandry in Mongolia is still dominated by natural stocking, it is difficult to complete large-scale and modern consumption, which is greatly influenced by climate and livestock itself, and there is no standard system for the purchase, transportation and testing of livestock meat in China.
Therefore, although the quality of livestock meat in Mongolia is high, there is still no stable and high-quality income guarantee.
To tell the truth, the level of science and technology in Mongolia is really amazing.
Most of Mongolia's light industrial products are imported from China. From large-scale mechanical equipment to toothbrushes and towels, Mongolia can't stop mass consumption.
The "Journey to the Frontier" broadcast by CCTV International Channel made a program about Erenhot. There is a trade city in Erenhot, which is specially for merchants from Mongolia to purchase. Mongolian businessmen need the most imported goods within a limited entry time.
We can get a glimpse of how backward Mongolia's scientific and technological development is.
Mongolia's own weak industrial base cannot support its manufacturing of animal husbandry or agricultural machinery. Therefore, it has no ability to exploit resources and no conditions to stop using resources.
In 2006, the assessment by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Mongolia on the cessation of scientific and technological strength showed that 45% of all export products had no technical content, 52% were low-tech products and 3% were low-tech products.
The development of industry must follow the law of social development step by step, and it is impossible to change from very traditional agriculture and animal husbandry to heavy industry at once. This change is undoubtedly the development and promotion of light industry.
However, for the sake of economic development, Mongolia has neglected the necessary conditions for the industrialization process, allowing herders with no assembly line experience to operate heavy machinery in the mining industry, which may be damaged or even killed. As a result, it not only failed to promote the economy, but also lost his wife and soldiers, reducing the industrial enthusiasm of the people.
From this point of view, Mongolia is undoubtedly another typical example of ignoring industrial and technological innovation, relying only on mineral resources and holding the idea of "relying on mountains to eat mountains" and waiting for prosperity.
2/kloc-at the beginning of the 20th century, Mongolia made a fortune by mining, and China was the main exporter of its mineral products.
However, after minerals became less popular, Mongolia did not change its economic policy of relying on mining and traditional animal husbandry.
20 12 in may, Mongolia passed the law on the coordination of strategic categories of foreign investment. According to the Harmony Law revised in April 19, the strategic categories of foreign private enterprises' investment in Mongolia will no longer be bound by this law, but all strategic categories of foreign state-owned enterprises need to be approved by the government, and more than 49% of the shares need to be approved by the Mongolian Parliament.
This has caused foreign investors to worry about the growth of Mongolian resource nationalism, and partly led to a year-on-year decrease of 65,438+07% in foreign investment in 2065,438+02 to US$ 3.9 billion. In February 2065,438+03, foreign investment was the lowest in 2065,438+00.
20 14 The "shale oil reaction" in the United States caused the international oil price to fall, which put many countries selling oil and mineral resources like Mongolia in a dilemma.
As of the first quarter of 20 15, Mongolia's foreign direct investment plummeted by 85%, which seriously hit Mongolia's economic growth and the Mongolian economy collapsed in 20 16.
At the same time, Mongolia is also facing the dilemma of fiscal deficit and high debt. The Mongolian people donated their own gold, jewelry, cattle, sheep and horses. Reduce the impact of economic difficulties with "national debt repayment"
Later, in order to stabilize the economy, Mongolia implemented a new monetary policy. In the state of financial panic, the excessive currency unexpectedly led to a sharp depreciation of the currency. Deflation has caused great panic among the people at home.
From this step-by-step process, we can find that Mongolia's economic crisis is traceable. Over-dependence on resources, over-dependence on foreign economy, backward development of domestic science and technology, single economic structure, and unreasonable and abnormal New Deal after falling into a difficult situation have pushed Mongolia to a more difficult situation bit by bit.
Mongolia has a large number of students studying in Europe and America every year, but many young Mongolians who come back from overseas universities still choose to be nomads or tour guides instead of giving back their knowledge to the society and the motherland.
This situation is completely incomprehensible in China, which emphasizes education. Mongolians seem to lack the idea of founding a country, or from the perspective of private will, Mongolians have no idea of making money in their own country.
Many Mongolians prefer to go to South Korea, Japan or Russia and Europe to prevent easier and cheaper jobs.
Although the Mongolian government has corresponding policies to support science and technology, they are rarely implemented. Without perfect infrastructure, people naturally lack cognition and enthusiasm. However, due to the shortage of research funds, it is often difficult for Mongolia and the Academy of Sciences to stop their research.
From this map of Mongolian scientific papers, we can easily see that scientific research activities in Mongolia are fundamentally intertwined with key areas of the national economy: energy, animal husbandry, medicine and so on.
The purpose of applied research should be to industrialize scientific research results and turn them into considerable wealth, but the actual operation in practice is not ideal.
Mongolia lacks government policy support for scientific research and innovation, and there is no corresponding infrastructure. However, the laws and methods of knowledge and technology transfer are not perfect, and enterprises and scientific research cannot meet the standards, so they are hindered.
To sum up, these problems come together and the effect is more serious than simple addition. Mongolia's economy can't develop, the government has no spare capacity to develop the country, and the people's life and death level is not guaranteed. Therefore, the life of the Mongolian people is very poor.
And very few people control more than 70% of the country's wealth. It also led to what we saw-Mongolia with a huge gap between the rich and the poor.
In Ulaanbaatar, the life of the rich is warm and happy; And the poor, wearing torn clothes, earn a meager salary.
Facing the well-fed people and the declining economic situation, Mongolia once reached the point of no way back. It had no choice but to turn to China, the Russian Federation and the United States for help.
In fact, the relationship between Mongolia and Russia has always been very good, but the resources Mongolia has are all in Russia, so the economic and trade between Mongolia and Russia is not as good as that between China and Russia.
Although Mongolia and China and Russia continue to adhere to important and close relations in diplomacy. However, in order to develop better, 1989, Mongolia began to put forward the term "third neighbor" and actively carried out diplomacy with other countries except China and Russia, especially with the United States, Japan, India and the European Union.
It is incomprehensible that Mongolia is closer to these distant countries.
The "third neighbors" can't help Mongolia, but due to the influence of traffic conditions, they can't directly cross China and Russia to stop effective assistance to Mongolia. In the end, Mongolia's economic development still depends on China and Russia.
Since then, Mongolia has actively participated in and contributed to the Belt and Road Initiative initiated by China, which has improved Mongolia-China relations and made them more and more rigorous. Mongolia has also successfully benefited from this friendly exchange.
In 20 18, the trade volume between Mongolia and China once reached 8 billion US dollars.
In 2020, the trade volume between the two countries will reach 654.38+00 billion US dollars.
On April 28th, 20021year, Mongolian ETT Company, a large state-owned coal enterprise, signed a memorandum of cooperation with China Caofeidian Port Logistics Park. Caofeidian Port, as a cargo port in Mongolia, will transport coal100000 tons within 202 1 year. Mongolia's rich minerals will have a new way out.
As can be seen from the above data, Mongolia has been pursuing changes and opportunities. China is undoubtedly one of the great influencers of Mongolia's economic transformation.
To sum up, the imbalance of Mongolia's economic development cannot be simply attributed to one party or the other. However, it is foreseeable that if Mongolia continues to adhere to the current economic policy of relying only on foreign countries, does not seek new changes and outlets, and does not want to change domestic consumption patterns and conditions, then its economy will not get real development, and people's lives will only become more and more peaceful and happy.