It includes opera, drama and opera, and is a traditional drama in China, in which the 20th century western drama forms were introduced.
As an important part of China's classical operas, China's national culture and her performances are full of artistic charm and are deeply loved by the masses. In addition, it occupies a unique position in the world's opera style, and it is called the world's three major ancient dramas together with ancient Greek tragicomedy and Brahma.
The origin and history of drama can be traced back to the Qin and Han Dynasties. The formation process is very long, forming the Song Dynasty. A mature drama from the Yuan Dynasty, mature experience, the continuous development of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the prosperity of the modern calendar 800 years unbeaten. There are more than 360 operas now. During its long development, China's classical operas have four basic vocal forms: Yuan Zaju, Ming and Qing legends, modern operas and local operas.
[Basic Forms of Classical Opera]
pay attention to
Melody came into being in Song Dynasty, and Wenzhou, Zhejiang, Quanzhou, Fujian, Fuzhou and other places formed a drama of an era.
Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty, also known as the Northern Quzaju of Yuan Dynasty, was first born in Calm, Hebei and Pingyang, Shanxi. It was popular in Yuan Dynasty, which was the golden age of China opera. It has reached a high literary level, and so has the single poem. The old sayings are Tang, Song and Yuan. Legend of Ming and Qing dynasties
Evolution of the musical form of legendary opera. It came into being at the end of Yuan Dynasty and spread to Jiajing in the early Ming Dynasty. Wanli was in its heyday, and the works that lasted until the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty were often called Ci Qu Shan Hai.
Local operas in Qing dynastybr/> Classical opera and local opera are the third stage of Qing Dynasty. Modern and modern drama have similar artistic forms. In the past few years in Kangxi, local operas known as "flowers" have mushroomed everywhere. Please enter the Qianlong era and start the competitiveness of Kunqu opera. In the past few years, the fragrance of flowers overwhelmed the dominant position of Ya Bu until the last years of the dynasty. 150 Qing Dynasty local opera era. 1840 and 19 19 are all modern operas, including those formed during Tongzhi and Guangxu periods, which appeared as a movement to improve costume dramas in the early 20th century.
During the May 4th New Culture Movement, China's traditional operas were severely criticized. Later, in the TV series, we introduced the era of modern opera. After the formation of operas and the development of Qing Dynasty, local operas and operas became the representative operas of the country, and the development of local operas did not appear depression. Judging from the local operas, traditional operas and Chinese operas in the Qing Dynasty, it was an extremely prosperous era.
Chinese drama
China's drama history is only a hundred years. Before it was introduced to China from the west, this early drama still had some characteristics of traditional drama in the early 20th century. After the May 4th Movement, Heavy Vehicle Registration is a realistic drama that introduced western drama. 1928 introduced drama and drama, which has been used ever since.
history
(A) the proliferation of family drama
Multiplied by the revolutionary wave and the rising drama of civilization, the revolution and gradual decline failed at 19 1 1. The warlords of the fruit revolution usurped and stole, and the social reality in China was as dark and corrupt as ever, and poor and weak. Revolution is to encourage people to engage in drama and face the cruel reality: from fanaticism to depression, some dramas are regarded as a means of survival, while others cater to people with low tastes.
Some businesses play a civilized role when they see that they are profitable. They lined up in the sky for a while around their new troupe and put out so-called new plays. By 19 14, according to the year of Jiayin in China, this kind of family drama was actually very prosperous, and it was called "the revival of Jiayin".
In fact, there is a profound crisis behind this false prosperity. What seems to increase the superficial growth of the team of drama practitioners is actually a mixed bag of fish and dragons, which reduces the quality. The civilized opera art that only pays attention to making money and kitsch has not gained a firm foothold, and has actually lost its audience in the final product quality.
Later today, family dramas, such as Bitch, Energy, and Lord's wives and concubines, which blindly show their dirty linen and play adultery, appeared one after another. Soon, the audience of this play got tired of the dead end of self-destruction.
(b) Restricting and screening tables
The reason for the decline of civilized drama is not only the lack of creativity, but also the shoddy performance. Many drama clubs often shoot screens for commercial performances. The so-called screen system, whether there is a script before the performance, the performance organizer is just a list of characters, the order of appearance is similar to the plot or the main line, and then the actors rehearse themselves, sometimes even necessary rehearsals or cartoons, or abbreviate a note and post it in the background for the actors to have a look. What you do for the stage depends on improvisation.
Obviously, at this stage, the practice of "watching" cannot guarantee the quality of art, or even protect the whole natural drama. "Improvised speeches are often free-spirited, and I gag with some clowns, gimmicks and short films to pursue the film effect." Ou Yangyuqian, an advocate of the new drama, once recalled the performance scene: once, he played a young lady in love and her husband's garden, and the marriage could not be independent. The young lady wept bitterly, and the clowns in the two scenes beat the ugly people on the sidelines, leaving the audience with more laughter than the love scenes of the young lady and her husband. The actor who played Mr. Wang inexplicably waved a big stick and became civilized. Two clowns went backstage.
The prevalence of tables made of curtains also reflects the weakness of drama literature, and the declining civilization failed to establish a close cooperative relationship with the same drama literature.
Although civilized drama declined, it also prepared for the birth of drama and created conditions for the May 4th Movement. Later, drama was put forward by 1928, the famous playwright Hong Xin, and the main technique of dramatic dialogue and action expression was named "drama". Since then, this kind of opera has been introduced into China from the west, and it has a recognized official name.
[drama]
Beijing
Hebei Yuxian Yangko is a four-strand string of Dingxian Yangko. Tang opera has four tones.
Shanxi province
Bangzi North Road, Bangzi Road, Zhou Pu, where the Shangdang Bangzi is mixed with gongs and drums, with Haier Qiu Ling, the Shangdang Pihuang Shangdang of Rolls-Royce Company, and the bereaved son Yongji, as well as the Daoqing Hongdong Daoqing Linxian Daoqing Sun Song, Daoqing Yangge Huguan Yangge Qinyuan Yangge Qi turns wet Yangge Shuoxian Yangge Xiaoyi Wan Wan Qiang Quwo Wan Wan Qiang Harp.
Fengtai Opera in Inner Mongolia: Mongolian Yangko duet at Manchu-Han Banquet in Inner Mongolia
In Haicheng, Liaoning Province, the southern Liaoning film plays the color of Mongolian opera, and the lotus drops.
Jilin province
Beijing Opera, Errenzhuan, Ji Opera and Xincheng Huanglong Opera.
Heilongjiang province
Longjiang opera
Shaanxi Shaanxi Qin Opera Agong Tuned Heyang Dance Drama * * * The same candle cavity Shaanxi Opera ended its performance in southern Shaanxi, and Shaanxi Daoqing Banqiang Ankang Harp Flower Drum Opera was performed in southern Shaanxi.
Gansu: Gannan Tibetan Opera, Gao Shanju Shadow Play and Dragon Opera.
Qinghai province
Qinghai Tibetan Opera Qinghai Pingxian Opera
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Song performance in Shandong and Xinjiang
Jujube exploded in Laiwu Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi and Donglu Bangzi. Liu Zitong plays traditional Chinese opera and Lu opera, and plays two strings and four tones in Liu Qiang's five-tone drama.
Jiangsu Province: Huaihai Opera, Dan Opera, Haimen Mountain, Tintin Opera House and Huaihong Opera in Su Ju during the Kunqu Opera and Yangju Opera Era.
Anhui province
Huangmei Opera, Qingyang Opera, Hui Opera Sha Hetiao Yuexi Gaoqiang, Anhui Mulian Opera, Anhui Nuo Opera Shanzhai Opera, Anhui Duangong Opera, Sizhou Opera, Pendant Playing, Wuhu beginning of spring Opera, Nanci Anhui Ancient Painting Opera, Huaibei Ancient Painting Opera and Xizi Opera, Hongshan Opera.
Shanghai
The farce and drama Fengxian Mountain Opera of Shanghai Opera House
Zhejiang provincial time.
Shaoxing Opera, Wu Opera, Shao Opera, Xinchang High-pitched Opera, Ninghai County, Pingyao Songyang High-pitched Opera, Jinhua Wenzhou Kunqu Opera, Huangyan Random Play, Zhuji District Hangzhou Opera, Yong Opera, Lake Opera, Yao Ju Wooden Opera/> Jiangxi province
Yiyang Opera plays Donghe Opera, Ninghe Opera, Ruihe Opera, Yihuang Opera, Nanchang Tea Picking Opera, Gannan Tea Picking Opera, Pingxiang Tea Picking Opera, Wanzai County Fuzhou Tea Picking Opera, Ji 'an Tea Picking Opera and Jiangxi Tea Picking Opera, Jiujiang Tea Picking Opera, Jingdezhen Tea Picking Opera, Wuning Tea Picking Opera and Gao 'an Tea Picking Opera.
Fujian(Province)
Puxian Opera, Liyuan Opera, Gaojia Opera, Flower Appraisal Opera, Fujian Opera, Folk Opera, Ming Opera, Big-cavity Opera, Hanju North Road Opera in West Fujian, Meilin Playing Right Characters, Nanjian Tune, Small-cavity Opera, Triangle Opera, Tea Picking Opera, Nanci Opera, Minxi Folk Opera, Zhuma Opera, Spring Opera and Shoulder Opera.
Guangdong Province, Taiwan Province Province
opera
Cantonese Opera Guangdong Han Opera Western Opera Orthographic Opera White Opera Flower Opera Northern Guangdong Tea Picking Opera Lechang Flower Drum Opera Lei Ju Western Guangdong White Opera.
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Guangxi Opera, Yong Opera, Sixian Opera, Guishigong Opera, Colorful Niuniang Opera, Tea Picking Opera in South Guangxi, Miao Opera of Zhuang Opera and Dong Opera.
Hainan Qiongju Pro-drama
Hunan province
Xiang opera Qi Opera Changde Han Opera Hengyang xiang opera Baling Opera Michael Chen Acting Changsha, Yueyang Opera Changde Opera Xiangxi Opera Xiangyang Opera Hengyang Opera Shaoyang Opera Lingling Opera Teacher Performing Xiangxi Opera Xinhuang Dong Nuo Opera
Hubei < BR/ Han Opera Jing Hexi South Opera Hubei Yuediao Mountain Erhuang Hubei Anchu Opera East Road Huagu Opera Xinghua Tea Picking Opera Yangxin Tea Picking Opera Yuan 'an Huagu Opera Xiangyang Hub Opera Jingzhou Center Opera Liang Shantiao Yunyang Hub Opera and County Center Theatre Opera Venturi Hubei West Liu Zi Opera.
Henan Province
Henan Opera House has Nanyang Bangzi, Daping pregnant tune, string opera and Henan Taoist role-playing drama, and performs music cavity in five music room hubs in southern Henan.
There is Sichuan province
Xiushan Lantern Opera in Deng Chuan, Sichuan, Sichuan
Yunnan province
There are yunnan art operas such as Yunnan Kunqu Opera, Guansuo Opera, Bai Opera and Dai Opera in Yunnan.
Guizhou drama Guizhou local bangzi Guizhou lantern Guizhou Guizhou Buyi and Dong drama
Miao Drama in Anshun, Qiandongnan Prefecture
a & gt
Tibetan Opera in Xizang Autonomous Region, Tibet
[The founder of China's drama-Guan Hanqing.
Guan Hanqing is the greatest writer in the history of China's drama, and his founder is a drama world leader in the early Yuan Dynasty. As a writer in Yuan Dynasty, his creation and early works had the greatest influence. His words and deeds, this character has been fasting for the elderly, the most general people, the birth and death of prostitutes in brothels, health and unknown main activities are mostly nearby. Guan Hanqing has a wide range of friends in the music officialdom. People who have books will learn slowly if they get in touch with them. He is also versatile, proficient in melody and good at singing and dancing, which is beneficial to his drama creation. The long-term removal of railings in the yard has cultivated his charming, rebellious and unruly character. He got the gold of the down-and-out literati in the lower class and the market, and several generations fell into the miserable situation of the oppressors in Yuan Yi. He also personally participated in the performance, "bow practice and ostentation, black powder on the face, so that his drama creation is rich."
Guan Hanqing created more than 60 plots that have been preserved to this day. 18. Themes can be roughly divided into three categories: the first category is to expose social darkness and praise the spirit of struggle opposed by the people; the second category is to reflect the tragic fate of women in social dramas Dou Eyuan, Luzhai Boy and Butterfly Dream, and to praise women's wisdom and courage in the struggle; and the third category is to use history.
Advantages and disadvantages of traditional opera culture in China, opera has its own unique style due to different regions.
Legend: This picture shows Shaanxi Opera in Gansu.
[Edit this paragraph] [Names of major plays in China]
Opera: Mei Lanfang
Mei Lanfang, whose real name is Lan, also known as Yunhua and Huanhua, is the owner and stage name of other decorative jade pavilions. Taizhou, Jiangsu, 1894 was born in Beijing. He was born into an opera family. He began to learn Chinese opera at the age of 8, and performed at the age of/kloc-0. In Guangfu, Hua Dan, a staff member of "Fairy Couple", is on duty at 19 1 1908. 19 13, the first time I went to Shanghai, I performed first. In the high-performance color building in Dangui, at the Daxin intersection of Sima Road, he performed "Yutangchun" and "Wooden Shell Zhaizi". The first time he came to Shanghai, he swept the whole Jiangnan Lane. Then one of them said, "Like Mei Lanfang's wife, his son should be like Zhou. He absorbed the elements of the new stage to improve civilized drama, such as lighting, makeup and costume design, and produced a new fashion drama, Nie Haibo returned to Beijing for a record performance, and the next year he came to Shanghai to perform "Wuhuadong". True or false Pan Pan, the champion of Drunk Imperial concubine, sang for 34 days in a row.
After returning to Beijing, Mei Lanfang continued to rehearse the new drama the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, Chun Xiang Xue Can, Dai Yu Buries Flowers. In the third session of Shanghai in 2006, he sang for 45 days, 65,438+0,965,438+08, and moved to Shanghai, which was the peak of his dramatic art. Combining the performances of Tsing Yi, Hua Dan and Beijing Opera blues, Tianchan created a mellow voice and formed a unique Mei school. 19 15, Mei Lanfang rehearsed many new dramas, sang Peking Opera, read classical Chinese, danced and composed music, and had unique artistic innovations, so he was called the master of Mei School.
Mei Lanfang, 19 19, was invited by Tokyo Imperial Theatre to perform "My maiden scattered flowers, Hosta" in Japan in April, and returned to China one month later. 192 1 There will be a new play Farewell My Concubine. Under the auspices of social order in China, the first female role in China was held in the Shuntian era on 1922 and 1927. The famous actor named "Mei Lanfang" has a strong voice and beautiful appearance, and is tied with Zheng He and Shang Xiaoyun as the four famous operas.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/930, Mei Lanfang led a delegation to the United States, and the Peking Opera stage was a great success in new york, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other cities. The newspaper commented that China's performance is really untrue, but the conventional performance method is more artistic and deep than the reality of life. During this period, he was awarded a doctorate in literature. Pomona University, University of Southern California
193 1 In the "September 18th Incident" in, Mei Lanfang stayed in Cangzhou guesthouse for the first time, then moved to Shanghai, and then moved to Mas Road 12 1. Rehearse the drama "Anti-Jin Bing" and "Life and Death Hate" to promote the spirit of patriotism. From 65438 to 0935, he led a delegation to study in the Soviet Union and Europe dramatically. Among Peking Opera artists, the foreign artist Mei Lanfang has undoubtedly visited and received the most in China. His Chinese Peking Opera performance art and the artist's excellent qualities of modesty and simplicity come from all over the world. People called him the cultural emissary of Chinese Peking Opera in 1950s.
After the war broke out, the Japanese puppet government wanted to win public support, and Mei Lanfang was refused to appear several times to decorate the peace. Mei Lanfang considered staying in Shanghai, so 1938 went to Hong Kong. His performances in Hongkong's Liang Hongyu and other plays inspired the Japanese people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 194 1 autumn, he arranged for two children to study in the home front, 1942 returned to Shanghai.
After the war, Mei Lanfang made a comeback in Shanghai. 1948 filmed the color film "Born Hate", which China made into a color opera film. Liberation of Shanghai, June 1949, was invited to attend the first National Congress of Literary and Art Workers in Beijing and was elected as the Standing Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. After returning to Beijing, 1950 served as the director of Peking University Opera Research Institute, Ministry of Culture and Opera Research Institute 195 1. 1952 was appointed president of Peking University Opera Academy, and was elected as a deputy to the National People's Congress. 1955 filmed Mei Lanfang's stage art, including his representative works "Cosmic Front" and "Broken Bridge", as well as his life clips in various periods. In the factory, it is very troublesome to stage spring fragrance on stage. 1956 led a delegation to Japan to perform Chinese Peking Opera. In May, 1959, Mu Guiying was performed in Beijing as a gift program for the 10th anniversary of the National Day. 196 1 passed away in Beijing on August 8th. The stage of Collected Works of Mei Lanfang, Selected Plays of Mei Lanfang and Forty Years. His masterpieces, Drunk Maids, Scattered Flowers in Heaven and Fisherman's Culture, have been taught by more than 100 students.