Manchu costumes have a long history and developed culture. Its elegant and gorgeous costumes are unique in China's national costume culture, which has a great influence on the development of China's costume culture. In the past, Manchu men wore robes in winter, some wore jackets and jackets, leather, cotton and felt with a single-sided platform shoes, a felt hat, a three-tile fox fur or sheepskin fur hat, and a gown, jacket and jacket in spring, summer and autumn, with sweat and vest inside. Women wear cotton cheongsam in winter and double cheongsam in spring and autumn. Generally, a ribbon (right lapel) is added to the front, and colorful double ribbons are sleeved on the cuffs. Comb flags, wear earmuffs, wear cotton, hook clouds on one side and embroider platform shoes. Manchu girls embroidered door curtains and pillowcases before getting married and made many embroidered shoes.
Early Manchu people lived by mountains and rivers to facilitate and adapt to their production and living habits. The main rooms of Manchu farmhouses are generally three or five rooms, which face south and are convenient for lighting, and they are all at the east end and south, shaped like pockets, commonly known as "pocket rooms", which are convenient for gathering warmth. The east and west have their own wing rooms, equipped with concierges, which constitute the so-called quadrangles. Most houses are ridged brick houses, commonly known as "Christina House". The column is inserted into the ground, the door faces south, and it is tall and spacious. Opposite the room is a hall, also called an outhouse, with a kitchen stove, a pot and a water tank. The stove is connected with the fire resistance in the west room, and it is called "tile" in Manchu. Opening the door from the west wall of the hall is the back room, and the south, north and west sides form a "word line" or "full health" Manchu is still on the right, and the western wall is for ancestral tablets. People can't live there and pass through the flue. Kang faces north and south. Shop kang mat, or paste kang paper to brush oil. There is a wardrobe on the kang, with clothes in it and bedding and toiletries stacked on it. At night, the elders live in the south kang of Westinghouse, and the north kang is separated from their brothers and children. In order to keep out the cold in the north, some have built fire sites. There is a circular chimney (called Hulan in Manchu) on the wall of Xishan outside the house, which is several feet higher than the eaves. There is a wind nest at the bottom of the chimney, which can block the headwind. There are windows on the north and south walls, and paper is pasted on the outside of the window lattice. The window lattice and the Liangzi window lattice on the door form various patterns. Windows are divided into upper and lower windows, and the upper window can be ventilated with wooden sticks.
Etiquette Manchu is a nation that pays great attention to etiquette. Manchu people have various manners when meeting or visiting guests, including saluting with a thousand hands, touching temples, holding hands, holding hands, kneeling down, kowtowing and so on. Among them, thousands of gifts, hugs and kowtows are mainly used by men, while others are used by women. Thousands of gifts are used for younger generations to elders, subordinates to officers, and greetings are used for peers. The younger generation can also be used for the elder, but the younger generation should hold the elder's waist, the elder should caress the younger generation's back, and so on. Now, some complicated manners have been simplified. The Manchu tradition of respecting the elderly is more obvious. The younger generation should greet their parents and ancestors every morning and evening, and make way for their elders on the way. When eating, the elders should sit first and eat first. Manchu attaches great importance to feelings and righteousness, treats people sincerely, holds banquets for guests, and keeps his word.
The traditional wedding ceremony of Manchu marriage is complicated, which generally goes through the procedures of media, release, drawing lots, delivering boxes, welcoming relatives, visiting the church, offering sacrifices to ancestors, dividing the size and returning to the door. Through the media, the man's family asked the matchmaker to propose marriage to the woman's family. After the families of both parties agree, they will make a small decision, that is, the man's family will send Ruyi or hairpin as a gift. Then there is engagement, that is, choosing an auspicious day. The man's family and their relatives asked the name of the woman's family, and the woman's family hosted a banquet. The man's parents made a speech to propose marriage, and the woman's family agreed to make a marriage. At this time, the man should worship the woman's family and her elders. It is also a good day for wedding gifts, such as clothes, silks, satins, sheep and geese. The man's family will also give money. It's time to set a wedding date. At the wedding reception stage, the bride's family will accompany the dowry on the day before the wedding, commonly known as "passing the box", and the groom will thank her family. When welcoming the bride, the groom, accompanied by the wedding team, drives a float to welcome the bride. On the way, the two cars were not right. The bride's brother took the bride to the groom's float, commonly known as "plugging in". When the bride arrives at the groom's house, she changes cars and takes a sedan chair. When the sedan chair lands, the groom will shoot three arrows for nothing. The bride got off the sedan chair with a red hijab, stood with the groom in front of the heaven and earth table placed in the yard in advance, and bowed to the north three times, commonly known as worshipping Beidou, that is, worshiping heaven and earth. After the worship, the bride retreated to the table of heaven and earth and entered the makeshift tent. This is called paying the bill. When sitting on the bill, "open your face" and change your head. After sitting the bill, the bride stepped over the saddle and entered the bridal chamber. The groom took off the hijab with a scale and threw it on the eaves. Couples toast, eat happy noodles and children's cakes, and everyone makes trouble in the bridal chamber. On the night of the wedding day, the bride and groom will worship their ancestors. On the first day after marriage, the bride gives cigarettes and tea to relatives in her husband's family, worships the clan and recognizes the generation, which is called size. Generally, after three days of marriage, the husband and wife go back to the woman's house to visit their parents and worship their ancestors. A month after marriage, the bride went back to her parents' home to live for a month, and stopped for a month. By this time, the wedding was over.
The parenting customs of Manchu are quite special. Boys hang bows and arrows on the left side of the door, girls hang colored strips on the right side of the door, and parents send recreational vehicles. Three days after giving birth, relatives and friends send gifts, commonly known as "milk delivery". And held a baptism, called "washing three." At the full moon, please "make a full moon", take down the bow and arrow or cloth and hang it on the "descendants rope". In one hundred days, we should weave a lock with colored strips of cloth from each family, which is called a padlock. At the age of one, a more solemn ceremony should be held to let the children "catch up with the week". Up to now, some Manchu settlements still retain some traditional customs such as "giving milk", "washing three", "making a full moon" and "grasping the week".
Manchu burial is mainly burial and cremation, with a long history. Before Manchu entered the customs, cremation was the main reason, mainly because they migrated frequently. Coupled with the death of soldiers in the Eight Banners in the early Qing Dynasty, it was inconvenient to send the bones back to their hometown, so cremation was adopted. After the Manchu entered the customs, it gradually changed, from cremation to burial. The funeral ceremony is the shroud worn by the deceased before his death, mostly robes and jackets, which are single. The spirit stays in the house, usually within 7 days. Make a Zhang Ling bed with wooden boards, with the head facing west and feet facing east. The coffin was made of red cloth about 3 feet long, decorated with black spikes, and hung on a high pole in the yard. The coffin used by Manchu people has a special shape, which is upturned, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and is called "flag material". During the mourning period, the family members observed a moment of silence and held a memorial service. At the time of burial, gold and silver were put in the coffin, and the poor people used gold and silver foil ingots instead, with copper coins or jade articles in their mouths, and the coffin was placed in the Peng Ling in the courtyard. There are 16 bars, 32 bars, and 64 bars in the lunar funeral. After the funeral, thank the people who helped and invite them to dinner. After burial, burn paper in front of the grave every 7 days for 7 times in a row. Burn for a hundred days, burn for the anniversary. Manchu burning paper is to fold paper into pockets, commonly known as burning pockets. Tomb-Sweeping Day wants to go to the grave, burn his pocket and stick a Buddha in it. In the past 30 years, the funeral of Manchu has been changed to cremation. However, many ancient traditions still remain in the ceremony of paying homage to relatives.
It is forbidden for Manchu to blaspheme against gods and ancestors. For example, in Xigui of Manchu, ancestors' boxes are placed on Xikang, and people and sundries are not allowed to live there, and there can be no disrespect. It is forbidden to beat dogs, kill dogs, eat dog meat and wear dog fur hats, and foreigners are not allowed to wear dog fur hats into their homes. In addition, Manchu people not only don't eat the meat of crows, but also feed crows and offer sacrifices to crows.
Manchu surname
the Manchus
Qi Jiashi:
Clans are also called strange names, which can be found in Chronicle of the Imperial Dynasty, A Brief History of Clans and Manchu Eight Banners' Surnames. There were only two in the early Qing Dynasty. Living in Yehe, Qijiaying and other places, taking the land as the surname. Later, he changed his Chinese surname to Qi and Qi. Qijia is a particularly noble family in Manchu, with a small population. Famous figures are: Busehe Manchu Zhenghongqi, a native of Yehe, who lived for three years and was named Batulu, riding the captain's Chongde. After entering the customs to attack Li Zicheng, he was promoted to a first-class captain without pomp. First-class coach, one captain, three sets.
Tong Jiashi:
Liaodong giants also. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, Toarey Yang lived in Tongjiadi, because he thought he was a surname, so he moved to Fushun. Those who stayed in Shengjing and were stationed in the garrison have been handed down from generation to generation.
Uradir Jardin:
Living in Ura, I thought it was my family name. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Huerhazi's wife and Empress Xiaocigao were sisters, which was the national prestige. Sitku, the son of Huerhaqi, attacked Liu Frequency Officer in the third year of Yongzheng, spread to the fifteenth, and now lives in Dongying House.
Ma Jiashi:
I live in Maga, Kriikku, because I thought my family name was. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Hedong led 50 families back to Manchuria and moved to Manchuria with a yellow flag. Tired of the meritorious military service, he was awarded the first class merit. Kuja also awarded the Baron the meritorious military service. And enter Dingding to stay and rest, in case of war damage. At the age of twelve, he was promoted to Yin and awarded seven small Beijing officials. The official of the Ministry of Industry of Jiaqing Dynasty, Geng Shen, is yellow and inlaid with Manchu orchids. It has been passed down to the sixteenth session.
Hersery Hala:
I live in a place in England. At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic; The color is back, and Manchu is the yellow flag. Tongman, Han nationality, Mongolian, his son Sony also knows Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian. From the very beginning, he waited for Wei Li to write the meritorious military service, and was appointed as the minister of Fuzheng by Emperor Sejo Zhang, and was awarded the first-class public and Manyi Wenzhong. His ancestral grave is in Zhaoling. "
Hitala:
Live in a place like Tara, because the place is a surname. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was placed under Manchuria in Zhengbai Banner, and the world was Fuling Zhangjing. It has been passed down to the seventeenth century.
Fu Cha:
Because the place is a surname. Live in Changbai Mountain. It belongs to Manchuria, Zhengbai Banner, and has been spread to14th century.
Yenara:
Because the place is a surname. Zhaoling, the guardian of the world, originally belonged to Zhenglan Banner Manchuria, and was later changed to Huangzheng Banner Manchuria by Empress Dowager Cixi. It has been passed down for more than ten generations.
Urana:
Because the country is a surname. Shishou Zhaoling. It has been handed down for more than ten generations.
Hadanara's:
Because the land is the surname, it lived in Hada until the thirteenth century.
Mediller's:
Because the land is a surname and lives in the northeast, it has been passed down for more than ten generations.
The road to cattle:
Those who lived in Changbai Mountain were particularly famous, and later they were scattered in England. When sai-jo entered the customs, there were many followers. Those who stayed in Fengtian were stationed in Manchuria with yellow flags. Its family is very complicated and has been handed down for more than ten generations.
Ilgen think Roche:
There are many clans living in different places. He lived in Yehe and returned to Huangzhengqi in Manchuria at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Pass it on for more than ten generations.
Mailer's:
Lives in Yehe. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, I returned to Manchuria in Huang Zheng under the banner. Pass it on for more than ten generations.
Yan hong:
Living in a beautiful place, because I think I am a surname. Pass it on to the rest of your life today. Jue Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha: Those who used to have teeth have spread to the eleventh.