Evaluation of Qin Shihuang: How to evaluate the first feudal emperor in China history? Since the death of Qin, it is still a controversial issue. Some people praised him as "an emperor through the ages" (Li Zhi's Book Collection Volume II Catalogue); Some people say that Qin Shihuang "is not as good as the dragon, although he is the fourth or sixth emperor" (Zhang Taiyan's Qin Zhengji); Some people praised Qin Shihuang's reunification cause: "Qin is the master of sweeping Liuhe, and I want to see it!" They all spoke highly of Qin Shihuang's achievements and affirmed his role in history. He is a great historical figure. Others cursed Qin Shihuang for "being greedy for perfection" and "taking tyranny as the beginning of the world" (Jia Yi's New Works of Qin); "The first emperor was tyrannical until his son died" (Volume 8 of Zhenguan dignitaries); "The first emperor was resolute and willing to take punishment as a threat. He is a full-time jailer, and he is lucky to be bored and bored at home "(quoted from Chen's Old News of National History). They all denounced the cruelty of Qin Shihuang's rule and were tyrants. These viewpoints all have some truth, but they are also one-sided because of the different positions and starting points of commentators.
To look at the problem historically is to put Qin Shihuang under the historical conditions at that time, analyze his merits and demerits and study his merits and demerits. To study the historical environment of Qin Shihuang, we should not only pay attention to the general trend of historical development at the end of the Warring States period, but also pay special attention to the historical characteristics of Qin's formation since the founding of the People's Republic of China and its influence on Qin Shihuang. This latter point has been ignored by most people in the evaluation of Qin Shihuang so far. When we systematically study the history of Qin dynasty and then evaluate Qin Shihuang, it is expected to avoid the one-sidedness of the past and draw a conclusion that is more in line with historical reality.
According to this observation, it should be said that Qin Shihuang was an outstanding historical figure who made great contributions to the historical development of China, and was also a brutal tyrant. His achievements are the main aspects, but they can't cover up his sins; His sins are deep, but this should not erase his great historical achievements.
The most important historical achievement of Qin Shihuang was to complete the great cause of reunification and establish the first feudal centralized state in history.
Of course, the unification of Qin is an inevitable trend of historical development, and the objective situation has created conditions for reunification. Qin Shihuang came to the orchard when the unified fruit was ripe. But this historical inevitability does not mean that the role of individuals is insignificant. Why was reunification achieved by the State of Qin? Why should reunification be completed in 22 1 year BC? In these respects, it shows the personal role of Qin Shihuang.
Qin Shihuang's contribution to reunification, in addition to making decisions of great historical significance, also lies in making good use of people and being brave enough to make up for it. Some critics praised Qin Shihuang's "military command ability", and there is not much basis for this evaluation. Compared with his predecessors such as Qin Mugong and Qin Wugong, Qin Shihuang almost never directed the war directly; However, Qin Shihuang made more brilliant achievements than his predecessors, except for the luck caused by history, mainly because he was good at employing people and brave in change. On the eve of China's reunification, Qin gathered almost all the first-class military strategists and politicians in China. There are Wang Jian, Wang Ben, Liao Wei, Li Si, Yao Jia and Dunwei. Most of them are not from Qin, but they are all fighting for Qin. All military offensives and political strategic plans to defeat the enemy were formulated and realized by them. The role of Qin Shihuang is to give full play to their role, listen to their advice and be brave in correcting mistakes. For example, when Chu State was destroyed, it began to misuse Li Xin. After the failure, he immediately changed course, invited Wang Jian to go out and delivered all the soldiers in the country to Wang Jian. As a result, he won. This kind of situation, if compared with the situation that unbelief in Li Mu and disinformation led to national subjugation, can be seen that Qin Shihuang, as a monarch, was good at employing people and had the courage to make up for it, which had a great impact on historical development.
Qin Shihuang's contribution also lies in laying the foundation of a multi-ethnic feudal country. Some policies and measures implemented after Qin's reunification not only affected the feudal society in the next two thousand years, but also affected the present, such as the unification of characters. The unified measures and systems adopted by Qin Shihuang were bold innovations in the historical development at that time. He not only changed the political culture of the separatist regime, but also made the feudal society and economy develop smoothly. But also changed the inherent historical tradition of Qin in many ways. For example, the State of Qin has always been regarded as a backward area in the West by the Central Plains countries, and Qin Xiaogong is also troubled by this. Although the forces of Qin entered the Central Plains after the Prince of Zhao, the main ruling areas and base areas have not yet left the customs. By the time of Qin Shihuang, its territory had reached an unprecedented level. Faced with this situation, Qin Shihuang created various systems on the basis of the Qin system, but he was not confined to the inherent systems and traditions of Qin, which shows that his political vision was far-reaching. Most of the systems formulated by the Qin dynasty were inherited later, which can prove that these systems and measures were adapted to the historical situation at that time. Qin Shihuang, who created these systems, could not have done this if his political vision did not go beyond the limitations of Qin in the western frontier.
Erlaozi
Laozi belongs to China and the world. Laozi's influence on Chinese and foreign history is very far-reaching. His masterpiece Tao Te Ching has the largest circulation in the world except the Bible. There are more than 3,000 kinds of books about providing for the elderly at all times and in all countries. In the history of China, the famous "rule of Wenjing" in the Han Dynasty and "rule of Guan Zhen" in the Tang Dynasty are both brilliant models of governing the country by Laozi's way. Wei Zhi, a famous minister in the Tang Dynasty, was a Taoist priest. After Sean helped Liu Bang win the world, he retired and swam from Korean pine. And historical stories such as Qiu Chuji and Wan Li's advice to Genghis Khan, and now in the era of reform and opening up, some accomplished celebrities such as Haier Group, Wayne Group and Founder Group, as well as Annie, a stock expert, and Lao Tzu's philosophy and personality have been applied to real career and life, all of which show that Lao Tzu's theory is infinitely wonderful and beneficial to the world. What is feasible is that from the highest sky, looking at Guangyu, from small to subtle. Mr. Xiao Lan, a famous scholar who edited Sikuquanshu, gave an evaluation in eight words: comprehensive, broad and subtle! Mr. Hu Shi, a famous scholar in China, said: "Laozi is the originator of China's philosophy and the first real philosopher in the history of China's philosophy". Feng Jingzhi, a famous scholar in China, said: "Zhouyi has a special successor, and this is Laozi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period." Lu Xun said, "If you don't read Laozi, you don't understand the culture of China". Mao Zedong, a great man of the century, said, "The Tao Te Ching is a military book". Hegel said: "We have preserved the main works of Laozi, which I read with my own eyes in Vienna." . The philosopher Nietzsche said: "A book of Laozi, like an inexhaustible Jing Quan, is full of treasures. Put down the bucket and you can reach it." There are many versions of Laozi in Germany. When it comes to birthdays and weddings, people always copy a few words from Laozi and write them as banners or as mottoes. In Britain, some young people wear badges with the word "water" on their chests. When they meet China people, they always ask them to get a copy of the Tao Te Ching. They said, "Laozi is as great as Jesus". A German scientist has obtained a latest scientific achievement. He searched almost all philosophical books, and found no philosophical basis for the principles of his scientific achievements. Finally, I found it in Laozi's Tao Te Ching. He said with great excitement: "The cutting-edge of modern science is nothing more than a concrete example of the philosophical works written by Laozi thousands of years ago"! Former US President Ronald Reagan quoted Laozi in his State of the Union address, which led a publishing company to retranslate Laozi into English for120,000 US dollars. Sevic Reisui, a famous Russian sinologist, said: "Laozi is international and belongs to all mankind." The New York Times listed Laozi as one of the top ten writers in the world. Pu Keming, a famous American scholar, said, "Laozi's Tao Te Ching is a famous work in the world of Datong in the future"-there are many more, so I won't list them here.
Lin Sanze Xu
Lin Zexu was the first national hero who took the lead in resisting the western colonial aggression in modern China, and he was a patriot who matched his words with his deeds. The anti-smoking struggle led by him showed the world that the people of China hated opium and were determined to resist foreign aggression, and that the people of China were a nation that loved freedom and was not afraid of violence, which also opened the prelude to China's modern democratic revolution. 1858, Marx affirmed Lin Zexu's achievements in banning smoking in his monograph on opium trade. Lin Zexu is a politician who does not avoid risks and makes great contributions to the country. He not only showed fearless heroism in the face of invaders and bravely defended national sovereignty and national dignity, but also always adhered to the patriotic concept and never wavered when he was framed and attacked by domestic political enemies. He is honest, conscientious, beneficial and harmful, determined to reform, develop the economy and care about people's livelihood. The famous phrase "It is difficult to live and die for the country, but it is difficult for every cloud has a silver lining to escape" expresses his determination to serve the interests of the country and the nation at the expense of lofty thoughts and feelings. This noble patriotic feeling, regardless of personal gains and losses, is the spiritual source for the Chinese nation to survive through hardships and is still widely praised by people.
Lin Zexu is a thinker with a world vision and a pioneer of China's modern enlightenment thought. He paid great attention to the understanding and research of the external world, and first put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". Fan Wenlan, a famous historian in China, commented that Lin Zexu was "the first person who opened his eyes to see the world" in modern China. Modern China has always faced two major themes: one is to resist the aggression of foreign powers and defend national sovereignty; The second is to overthrow feudal rule and seek the road to prosperity in line with the world trend. Lin Zexu enjoys a lofty position and is respected and widely praised by later generations, largely because he is at the forefront of his contemporaries in understanding and handling the two major historical themes of modern China. We commemorate Lin Zexu today, that is, to inherit and carry forward Lin Zexu's patriotism, reform and enterprising spirit, and diligent work for the people. Lin Zexu was a great patriot in China's modern history. He defended the interests of the Chinese nation and showed the heroism of the people of China in the early days when the western capitalist forces invaded China, that is, the anti-smoking movement before the Opium War and the anti-aggression struggle after the Opium War. His patriotism and brilliant achievements reached the peak that his era and class could reach. Therefore, later generations revered and commemorated him, calling him the first national hero in China's modern history.