Description of landscape road greening design I. Design basis:
1. Regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Urban Road Greening
2. Code for Park Design
3. Ministry of Communications Highway Contract (1995)No. 1036 "Preparation Method of Design Documents for Highway Engineering Capital Construction Projects".
4. The Ministry of Communications issued JTJ/T006-98 Code for Design of Highway Environmental Protection.
5. Measures for the administration of environmental protection of traffic construction projects
6. Relevant regulations on landscaping in Hebei Province
7. Construction drawing of this section of China Communications First Highway Survey and Design Institute 107 National Highway.
8, field survey and surveying and mapping data
Second, the design concept:
1. Improve the difference of highway greening grades and form a multi-level and high-drop greening pattern from tall trees, small trees and shrubs, small colored shrubs and ground cover plants.
2, a variety of trees, less or even no grass, to achieve from? There is greening on the roadside, and the road passes through the forest collar? The leap of design concept has realized the long-term and sustainability of highway green belt.
3. Improve the planting density of greening (it can be transplanted after three years), greatly increase the green amount of road greening land, and strive for good results when the important road sections are completed.
4. According to the management difficulty of road greening, this design focuses on the urban periphery, green island and traffic turntable, and depicts it with heavy colors.
Three, landscaping tree species selection:
The success of landscaping project largely depends on whether the selection of plant varieties is scientific and reasonable. The natural conditions in this section are harsh, so corresponding measures must be taken to ensure the survival of green seedlings and the necessary conditions for plant growth.
To this end, we continue to follow up? Suitable places and trees? The basic principle of greening construction is to strengthen the investigation and study on the ecological characteristics of trees and flowers, pay attention to the adaptability to the local environment and the coordination and complementarity of interspecific relations in the selection and configuration of plants, give priority to the selection of local tree species, and appropriately apply the introduced trees that have been tested and adapted to local conditions.
107 the overall goal of national highway greening is to give priority to greening, pay attention to environmental protection, reduce soil erosion and increase coordination with surrounding landscapes on the premise of meeting traffic functions. Plant selection should consider biological characteristics, highway structure characteristics, site conditions, management and maintenance conditions and other factors, and should pay attention to the following aspects:
1, strong stress resistance, drought resistance, sewage resistance, less pests and diseases and easy management.
2. It will not cause other environmental pollution, will not affect traffic, and will not become an intermediate medium for nearby crops to spread pests and diseases.
3, the tree root system is good, strong germination, suitable for survival, pruning resistance.
4, conservation-oriented tree species, drought resistance, cold resistance, strong adaptability, low maintenance costs.
5. Give priority to native tree species and use seedlings that can achieve beautification effect in a short time.
In view of this, in line with? According to local conditions, the right time, the right place and the right people? Based on our experience in similar highway greening design, combined with the geographical location and natural environment of Baoding-Shijiazhuang section of National Highway 107, after various comparative considerations, more than 60 kinds of absolutely optimized plant materials were selected.
Four, greening and beautifying construction technical measures
(1) Clean up the site
Clean up the domestic garbage and construction garbage in the greening site, and then dig deep and clean up to reach the standard suitable for planting trees.
(2) Fixed-point pay-off
1. Fixed-point setting-out: determine the positions of plant communities and individual plants by using flat-plate instrument or grid method according to the scale requirements of drawings, mark them with wooden stakes, and indicate the specifications of tree species and pits. Trees should be spread out with white ash, and stakes should be nailed in the range line, indicating the specification, quantity and pit position of tree species, and then visually measuring individual plant points. Pay attention to the following points in fixed-point pay-off:
(1) Tree species, quantity and location shall be consistent with the design drawings. (2) The arrangement of trees should be natural, and fixed points should be made according to the principle of organization and coordination of trees, so as not to be dull and avoid queuing or equidistant planting.
2, inspection and acceptance: after the completion of fixed-point pay-off, inspection and acceptance, the requirements are accurate.
(3) Digging a pit
The quality of digging holes has a great influence on the future growth and development of plants. The size of the pit depends on the size and soil quality of seedlings and soil balls of different specifications, and generally it should be 20? Larger than the specified root system and soil ball diameter. 30 cm, at the same time
Tree species root system category, determine the depth of the pit, the pit should be cylindrical, to ensure that the root system stretches during planting to facilitate survival.
When digging a pit, the topsoil and subsoil should be stacked separately. Because of the high content of organic matter in topsoil, the pit bottom is filled first and the upper part is filled with subsoil for cofferdam. When the local soil quality is not good, the pit diameter should be increased by one to two times, and harmful wastes should be removed and replaced with good soil.
(4) raising seedlings
1, prepare before digging seedlings
(1) select seedlings; Seedling quality is one of the important factors affecting survival. In order to improve the survival rate and future effect of planting, strict seedling selection must be carried out before transplanting. When selecting seedlings, we should not only design the special requirements of seedling size and tree shape, but also pay attention to selecting seedlings with developed roots, strong growth, no pests and diseases and correct tree shape.
(2) If the soil where the seedlings grow is too dry, water them a few days in advance; On the contrary, when the soil is too wet, it is necessary to drain water as early as possible to facilitate the operation when digging seedlings.
(5) transportation of seedlings
The quality of transportation and follow-up of seedlings is also an important link that affects the survival of tree planting. Practice has proved? Use it to grow? It is the most secure for planting trees.
1, check before loading, and carefully check the species, varieties, specifications and quality of seedlings before loading; If it does not meet the specification requirements, it should be replaced by the nursery.
2, shipment with soil ball seedlings
(1) The seedlings below 2m can stand upright; 2 meters above the seedlings must be placed obliquely or horizontally. The earth ball faces the front treetop and the back treetop, and the crown is stabilized with a wooden frame.
(2) Seedlings with a diameter of 20 cm are only packed with one layer; Small soil balls can be packed in 2-3 layers, and the soil balls must be packed tightly to prevent shaking.
(3) People are not allowed to stand or place heavy objects on the clay ball.
Step 3 transport
On the way, the escort should cooperate with the driver, always check whether the tarpaulin is lifted, transport the seedlings in a short distance, and don't rest halfway. Long-distance driving, to adapt to watering and soaking roots, rest and choose a shady place to stop, to prevent wind and sun.
4. Unloading
Take good care of the seedlings when unloading, and handle them with care. Bare-rooted seedlings should be taken and placed neatly, and no random pumping is allowed, and the whole vehicle is not allowed to shirk. When unloading with clay balls, don't lift the trunk, but put the clay balls down gently with both hands. When unloading the big soil ball, you can put it on the ground obliquely with a strong long wooden board from the carriage, push the soil ball onto the wooden board and slide down slowly. Never roll a clay ball.
(6) Pruning of transplanted trees
1, the purpose of pruning
(1) Maintain water metabolism balance.
When transplanting trees, some roots will inevitably be damaged. In order to make the newly planted seedlings survive and grow quickly, some branches and leaves on the ground must be cut off properly to reduce water transpiration and maintain the balance of water metabolism.
(2) Cultivating tree type: Pruning should also pay attention to making trees grow into the expected shape to meet the design requirements.
(3) Harm reduction: Cutting off branches with pests and diseases can reduce the harm of pests and diseases. In addition, thinning some branches can reduce the weight of the crown and prevent trees from lodging. This is especially important for greening and planting trees in windy and sandy areas in spring.
2. Pruning principle. Tree pruning generally follows the basic characteristics of the original tree and cannot violate its natural growth law.
(1) Deciduous trees
(1) All trees with obvious central leadership should try their best to protect or maintain the advantages of the central leadership branch.
(2) For tree species whose central trunk is not obvious, more upright branches should be selected to replace the main branches for upright growth, but the side branches competing with the fish upright branches must be controlled by pruning. And the branch height should be reasonably determined, generally requiring more than 2-2.5m. ..
(2) There are generally two methods for shrubs. One is thinning branches, that is, cutting off branches at the base of insertion; The other is short cutting, which cuts off a part of the tip of the branch.
(1) For the pruning of short shrubs, the crown should generally be kept high inside and low outside in a semicircle.
(2) Thinning and pruning of shrubs should be dense on the outside and thin on the inside to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.
(3) Cluster trees with well-developed roots and tillers should be thinned with more old branches, so that they can be constantly updated and grow vigorously.
④ Evergreen trees are generally not cut.
(7) Planting
1, scattered seedlings. What is it called to spread seedlings in planting holes (pits) according to regulations (design drawings or fixed-point stakes)? Scattered seedlings? .
(1) Take good care of the seedlings, handle them with care, and don't damage the roots, bark, branches or soil balls.
(2) The seedling laying speed is suitable for the seedling planting speed. Scattered planting. Minimize root exposure time after planting.
(3) The exposed roots of the remaining seedlings at the bottom of the ditch shall be buried with soil at any time.
(4) For evergreen trees, the best side of the tree should face the main ornamental surface.
(5) After seeding, it should be checked in detail with the design drawings in time, and the errors should be corrected immediately to ensure the correct planting position.
Principles of landscape road greening 1. The greening design of urban landscape roads must adhere to the ecological principle.
Urban ecosystem is a special kind of ecosystem. The biggest difference from natural ecosystem lies in the different proportion of its components. In the natural ecosystem, plants account for the largest proportion, while in the urban ecosystem, human beings occupy the most important position, accounting for the largest proportion, which makes the ecological structure change from the positive pyramid to the inverted pyramid, and the urban ecosystem becomes artificial, incomplete, open, complex, fragile and high-quality. It also depends entirely on it. Urban landscape road greening is an important part of urban ecosystem. In the process of urban landscape road greening design, we should make full use of the basic principles of ecology and strive to make the urban ecosystem close to the natural ecosystem and make the urban ecosystem close to the natural ecosystem.
An important way to improve the urban ecological environment is to increase the amount of greening. To increase the amount of green, first of all, it is necessary to reasonably match the trees, shrubs, grasses and vines so that the green loess will not be exposed to the open air. The second is to have all kinds of crowns, big seedlings and big trees. Third, adhere to the diversification of plant species, strive to plant as many compatible plants as possible, and increase the complexity and stability of the ecosystem.
2. Urban landscape road greening design must adhere to the landscape principle.
Adhering to the principle of landscape means having a sense of quality products. On the premise of green quantity, green space should have aesthetic feeling and pleasing feeling. Only in this way can people feel comfortable and achieve the purpose of promoting people's mental health. This requires us to have not only green quantity but also quality in the process of urban landscape road greening design, give full play to the artistic techniques of landscaping, and create an artistic garden landscape through plant configuration.
China is the mother of world gardens. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, it was able to build platforms, dig ponds and build buildings? Hey? ; Qin and Han dynasties built palaces, mountains and rivers; By the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, artificial landscape gardens and water control techniques had become quite sophisticated. Influenced by landscape painting, the gardening art in Tang and Song Dynasties developed into a poetic stage, which enhanced the expression of artistic conception, and was called the Tang and Song freehand brushwork landscape garden. Some bureaucrats, landlords and literati live in a bustling city, longing for rural life and looking for a secluded place, so they opened a velvet garden next to their houses. The pond was dug very low, the mountains were built very high, pavilions and pavilions were connected, buildings were numerous, bamboo forests were shaded, vines hung, and the gardening level was quite good. Classical gardens in China are characterized by flowing bridges, winding paths leading to secluded places, changeable scenery, seeing the big from the small, twists and turns, pavilions, poems and paintings. , echoing the classical architecture in China, or the Forbidden City or mansion compound. Today, China's urban architectural style has long been in line with the world, and the city has been composed of high-rise buildings, skyscrapers, worry-free roads, city squares, residential quarters and so on. Applying the gardening techniques of China classical gardens to the greening design of modern urban landscape roads can not only highlight the historical connotation and cultural essence of China gardens, but also reflect the rapid development of modern landscape in China. Selective introduction and absorption of foreign gardening technology, grafting sparse forest, grassland, lawn and other landscapes into urban landscape road greening design, greatly enriching the urban landscape road greening design content.
China's gardening art has paid attention to artistic conception since ancient times. The essence of China gardens originates from nature, which is higher than nature, imitates and transcends nature, and gives people endless aftertaste with the word artistic conception. Bonsai art is a unique art in China, which can condense nature, simulate nature and create ideal nature. You can create many associations on a tree without feet, so bonsai art is called silent poetry and three-dimensional painting, and it is called shrinking thousands of miles and shrinking dragons into inches. In the road greening design of urban landscape, we can learn from the production methods of combined bonsai and landscape bonsai, and create a variety of artistic landscapes through plant planting and plant configuration, such as grassland landscape, forest landscape, shrub landscape, swamp landscape and water landscape. Enriching the urban environment with diverse ecological landscapes and creating landscapes with China characteristics are also the goals pursued by contemporary landscape workers.
3. Urban landscape road greening design must adhere to the economic principle.
Economic principle can also be said to be the principle of sustainable development. Sustainable development strategy is a global concern in 2 1 century. In the design of urban landscape road greening, sustainable development is the key issue we should consider in the design, especially not only the construction cost, but also the maintenance and management cost after the completion of urban landscape road greening. On the one hand, conservation management is the direct management cost, on the other hand, it is the future development and utilization of planted trees, which are the sustainable development problems of landscape architecture. Therefore, in the urban landscape road greening design, talk about the following views:
3. 1 Reasonable collocation of arbor, shrub, grass and vine.
The effect of urban landscape road greening in the early stage, the cost of maintenance and management in the later stage, and whether plant resources can be recycled during renovation and renewal are issues that must be fully considered in urban landscape road greening design. In order to solve this problem, we must choose arbor, shrub, grass and vine plants with good greening effect, low construction and maintenance cost and long life according to the natural growth law of plants and the reasonable space for underground plants, and make a reasonable collocation of large, medium, small, high, medium and low.
3.2 grass flowers
Decorating urban landscape roads with grass flowers is the most effective means to enhance the image and taste of the city. However, in urban landscape road greening design, a large number of grass flowers are used to decorate the landscape, and its operating cost is quite high. According to Hangzhou's greening maintenance standard, the annual cost of grass flowers per square meter is 270 yuan, which is about 50 times that of general green space. Such a high maintenance cost is obviously not conducive to the sustainable development of greening. In the process of urban landscape road greening design, perennial flowers and self-sown flowers, such as chrysanthemum, impatiens, a bunch of red flowers, cockscomb, iris, day lily, morning glory and so on, should be used as much as possible.
3.3 Suit measures to local conditions, and be in harmony with people at the right time.
In the process of urban landscape road greening design, trees should be planted according to local geographical environment, climatic conditions and economic conditions. As long as it is a living plant, it has ecological benefits. As for whether it looks good or not, it depends on how we plant and maintain it. We should strongly advocate the use of local tree species and introduce exotic tree species appropriately.
3.4 Soil
Soil is the foundation of plant growth. Without good soil, no good plants can grow. In the process of urban landscape road greening design, in view of the difficult source of planting soil, on the one hand, try to use excellent planting soil that meets the requirements; On the other hand, the construction waste and waste soil produced by urban construction are used to improve the soil, so as to meet the soil requirements required by the technical regulations for planting garden trees as much as possible.
3.5 Lawn
Reasonable selection of grass species according to the climatic conditions in this area. The climate of Weiyuan County belongs to subtropical monsoon warm and humid climate zone, with annual average temperature 18℃ and annual rainfall of about 1 1,000mm. The frost-free period is 329 days, and it is hot and dry in summer, especially in the rainy season in June, followed by hot and dry days, which is extremely unfavorable to the growth of various lawns. We have tried to plant too many kinds of grass, but due to their respective shortcomings, it is difficult to meet the dual needs of ecological benefits and landscape benefits of urban greening. After years of exploration, our conclusion is that the No.2 lawn in Taiwan Province Province should be planted if it is not required to be evergreen all the year round. If it is to be green in winter, ryegrass can be replanted on the No.2 lawn in Taiwan Province Province. The maintenance cost of this lawn is relatively low.