Huang Chao was born in a family of salt merchants, good at riding and shooting, good at writing and painting [1], a scholar, once organized a salt gang, and had many armed conflicts with the imperial court to investigate and deal with illegal salt. In the second year of Ganfu (875), Wang Xianzhi, Jean Shang and others set out for Changyuan (now northeast of Henan Changyuan). Huang Chao and his nephews Huang Yan and Huang Enye set out from Ju Yuan (now southwest of Heze City) to respond to Wang Xianzhi.
Huang Chao Army initially attacked Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong Province) eastward. Captured Yangzhai (now Yuxian, Henan) and Tancheng (now jia county, Henan). March into Ruzhou (governing Linru, now Henan Province). In September of the third year of Ganfu, he conquered Ruzhou, killed Dong, the general of the Tang Dynasty, captured the shackles of King Ruzhou, and pointed to Luoyang, the eastern capital. Wang Tie is the cousin of Prime Minister Wang Duo. Wang Tie wrote to Pei Mao, the secretariat of Wang Xianzhi, expressing his willingness to accept "harness". At the end of the year, Pei Mao lured him into detaining his teeth and supervising the empire for the left army. Huang Chao resolutely opposed it and cursed Xian Zhi, "I made a big oath with you to sweep the world." Now that you have taken the official position alone, where will these more than 5 thousand people go? "[2] Afterwards, Xian Zhi was injured in the head with a stick, and her head was broken, which caused a great uproar. Failing to win over, Pei Luo and qi zhou, the secretariat, fled to Ezhou. Soon, the two armies split, more than 3,000 people plundered qi zhou from Xianzhi, and Huang Chao led 2,000 soldiers north. In February of the fourth year of Ganfu (877), Huang Chao led an army to capture Yunzhou (now Yuncheng, Shandong Province) and killed our time Xue Chong. In March, Yizhou broke again. Kenji once attacked Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei), and Wang and Huang joined forces to attack Songzhou (now Shangqiu South, Henan). Soon, Kenji split his troops and turned to Yunzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, Yang, the deputy governor, was lured to surrender. The Kenzhi merchants negotiated with Chu to surrender, but they were hijacked halfway. Misreporting for greed is still waiting to be transferred. On the grounds of Wei Song's "long-term killing", the imperial court put down "reactive power", relieved him of his military power, promoted Zeng to be the ambassador to surrender, and transferred Gao Pian to be my ambassador to Jingnan. At the beginning of the fifth year of Ganfu, Zhang Xianzhi led an army to capture Luocheng, Jingnan (now Jiangling, Hubei). Due to the arrival of Shatuo reinforcements, Jiangling was burned and went to China. In February of the fifth year of Ganfu (877), he was defeated in Huangmei (now northwest of Huangmei, Hubei) and was beheaded. The rest went to Bozhou (now Bo County, Anhui Province) to take refuge in Huang Chao, promoted Huang Chao to Huang Wang, and called himself "General Tian", and moved to Huanghuai Valley and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
The eve of jintian uprising is just ten years after the Opium War. The main contradiction in China society is the contradiction between the peasant class and the landlord class. The intensification of this contradiction can be traced back to a century ago. It turned out that after the peasant uprising in the early Qing dynasty and the war after entering the customs, the social economy was gradually restored at the end of the seventeenth century after suffering serious damage. The landlord class greedily accumulated wealth by taking advantage of the relatively stable social and economic life, so there appeared the phenomenon of land annexation, commercial development and usury. The invasion of western capitalism into the East has aroused an era of resistance everywhere. Feudal China, in the Opium War of 1840, began to be involved in the whirlpool of western capitalism. Just as the western capitalist invaders just invaded China, the seeds of revolution are everywhere in the country. British opium corrupted the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and British artillery awakened the broad masses of people in China. China society is undergoing unprecedented changes, whether in the north or the south, cities or villages are in turmoil. Uprising peasants lit the revolutionary torch in Guangxi, south of China, and the bonfire has burned all over Guangxi. Jintian uprising finally broke out.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Jiao led an organized and prepared national peasant uprising. Because the uprising army is marked by the yellow turban insurrectionary, it is called the yellow turban insurrectionary in history. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the social crisis became more and more serious, and the contradiction between farmers and powerful landlords and feudal countries intensified. The Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out on the basis of vigorous peasant struggle.
Zhang Jiao, the leader of the Yellow Scarf Uprising, was born in Julu, Jizhou (now southwest of Pingxiang, Hebei) and the leader of Taiping Road. He called himself a "great moral teacher" and preached and taught among farmers in the name of preaching and treating diseases. During 10, the number of disciples reached 65,438+10,000, covering eight countries: Qing, Xu, You, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yan and Yu. They are divided into 36 parties, with more than 10,000 senior officials and six or seven thousand small parties, and each party has a commander-in-chief under his unified command. Zhang Jiao's prophecy that "Heaven dies and Huang Tianli stands, and he will be prosperous at the age of 60" is widely circulated. In addition, the words "Jia Zi" were scrawled on the doors of various government offices as a signal to launch an uprising. On March 5th, the first year of Zhong Ping (184, Jiazi year), Zhang Jiao was ordered to rebel at the same time. However, in 1 month before the scheduled date, due to the traitor's informer, Zhang Jiao sent someone to inform all parties of the early uprising. So 36 parties "suddenly", the number reached several hundred thousand. Zhang Jiao called himself "General Heaven", his younger brother Zhang Bao "General Earth" and Sean "General Man". In ten days, the world responded and the capital shook. Emperor Ling quickly mobilized elite soldiers from all over the country to suppress the Yellow Scarf Army. Local strongmen and landlords also rose up in succession, cooperating with loyalists to suppress the uprising, among which Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Gongsun Zan, Cao Cao, Sun Jian and Liu Bei were famous.
Chen Sheng and Guangwu are famous leaders of China peasant uprising army. The uprising led by them was the first large-scale peasant uprising that broke out in the late Qin Dynasty (3rd century BC) in China history.
In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died of illness, and his youngest son, Hu Hai, acceded to the throne. This is Qin Ershi.
Qin Ershi was a fatuous and cruel emperor. Under his rule, the corvee tax burden of ordinary people became heavier and heavier, and the criminal law became more and more severe. Working people are struggling with hunger and death.
In 209 BC, Qin Ershi ordered the recruitment of 900 poor farmers in the Huaihe River basin to defend Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing).
Chen Sheng from a peasant family and Guangwu from a poor peasant family were appointed as captains. When they arrived in osawa Township, Qixian County (southwest of Suxian County, Anhui Province), the continuous rain stopped them here, and they could not reach Yuyang garrison as scheduled. According to the provisions of the Qin law, anyone who misses the deadline will be put to death.
The two military commanders who escorted them were very violent, so Chen Sheng and Guangwu took the opportunity to kill them, and then said to everyone: You are late for the heavy rain, and you will be beheaded if you are late. Even if they don't kill us, 67 people in 10 will die defending the frontier. What's more, the strong man's broken wrist is not dead yet. Since you are going to die, do something vigorous! Their words inspired the soldiers to fight. Everyone elected Chen Sheng as a general and Guangwu as a surname, and put forward the slogan of "No way to attack Qin" to form a peasant uprising army. The first peasant uprising broke out in the history of China.
After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang came to power, he adopted some policies to stabilize the society and restore the economy. By the time of Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han, the so-called "rule of Wenjing" flourished. However, the good times did not last long. When Emperor Wudi was in power, social contradictions began to intensify. In the late Western Han Dynasty, the Yuan and Cheng emperors were dissolute and corrupt, and the people lived in dire straits again.
Wang Mang replaced the Han Dynasty and became emperor on his own. Under the guise of retro political reform, the country fell into internal and external difficulties. The broad masses of working people can't live any longer, so they have to rise up and rally to resist.
At that time, there was a great famine in South County of Jingzhou (now Jingmen and Honghu in Hubei) and Jiangxia County (now Anlu and Zhongyang in Hubei). In order to survive, ordinary people come to the wilderness to dig wild water chestnuts to satisfy their hunger. However, there are many people in the wild and few water chestnuts. There was a dispute over food. Wang Kuang and Feng Wang from Xinshi (now the northeast of Jingshan, Hubei) came forward to mediate and were deeply supported by the hungry. This group of desperate poor middle peasants elected Wang Kuang and Wang Feng as leaders and raised flags to rebel.
In A.D. 17, the number of insurgents suddenly increased from several hundred to seven or eight thousand. Wang Kuang and Feng Wang led the peasant army, occupied the Green Forest Mountain (now Hubei Dahongshan), and used it as a base area to continue to develop the army against the imperial court. This is the famous outlaw in history.
In 2 1 a.d., Wang Mang saw that the rebel forces were getting stronger and stronger, and quickly sent Jingzhou Army to lead 20,000 officers and men to encircle the outlaws. As a result, the outlaw hero fled. The greenwood hero who won the war gained a higher momentum. They seized Jingling (now Tianmen, Hubei), Anlu and other counties, opened prisons, released prisoners, took food out of official warehouses and distributed it to the hungry and the poor. At that time, the military strength of Greenwood heroes was greatly enhanced, and countless victims fled to Greenwood Mountain one after another, and the team increased to more than 50,000 people.
Due to poor medical and health conditions, in the second year, a plague unfortunately occurred in Lvlin Mountain, and nearly half of more than 50,000 people died. The rebels had to leave Greenwood Mountain and split up to find a new base. One route led by Wang Chang and Cheng Dan entered Nanjun in the west, which was called "Xiajiang Bing" in history; On the other hand, the main force, led by Wang Kuang and, marched northward into Nanyang, known as the "new army" in history. At this time, Mu Chen and Liao Zhan rallied troops from Lin Ping (now Anlu North, Hubei Province) to revolt, which was called "Qian Linbing" in history. The peasant uprising army suddenly changed from one to three, each occupying a piece of territory, and the team gradually grew.
Echoing the peasant uprising army in Jingchu, the Red Eyebrow Army led by Shandong Fan Chong is also in full swing. They defeated the repressive troops sent by Wang Mang, and in the struggle with the officers and men, the team grew to100000.
Under the influence of the massive peasant uprising, landlords and gentry also took the opportunity to rise. Two brothers, Liu Bin and Liu Xiu, the imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanyang, instigated seven or eight imperial clan cadres and guests to rise up in Fuling (now Zaoyang, Hubei), which was called "Fuling soldiers" in history. Together with the Third Team of Greenwood, they successively repelled the attacks of several generals of Wang Mang, and the team developed rapidly. More than100000 people.
Who will be in charge of the merged greenwood hero? This is of course a problem that must be solved. The tyrannical landlord took advantage of the orthodoxy still existing in the minds of the rebel soldiers at that time and elected the ruined aristocrat Liu Xuan. In 23 AD, Liu Xuan, an outlaw hero, proclaimed himself emperor in Qingyang, restored the Han Dynasty, and changed his name to "Start over". Wang Kuang and Wang were appointed as public servants, fu and partial generals. From then on, outlaws were also called the Han army.
When Liu Xuan became emperor, he sent troops to attack follwed's army one after another, and soon occupied some towns. Seeing that the rebels were so fierce, Wang Mang heard that Liu Xuan had become emperor, and he was as anxious as a cat on hot bricks, fidgeting all day. He urgently recruited 420,000 troops, claiming to be millions, and appointed Wang Yi and Wang Xun as generals. I don't know where I found a giant named Ju, appointed him as the captain of the base, led a large number of wild animals he domesticated, and sent troops to besiege Kunyang (now Yexian County, Henan Province) where the rebels were stationed. Wang Feng and others led eight or nine thousand rebels guarding the city, and sent Liu Xiu with a group of troops to break through for help. Rebels from all over the country came to the rescue one after another, attacked from inside and outside, and the soldiers were brave, and finally drove the follwed army back step by step. The rebels pursued the victory, and Wang Mang's army fled in defeat. Back in Luoyang, there are only a few thousand people left out of more than 400 thousand people.
In September of AD 23, the rebels invaded Chang 'an, Wang Mang was killed, and the "new" dynasty he founded also perished.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the Greenwood Uprising, which rose in Jingchu, completely overthrew the cruel rule of Ding Xin Dynasty. In the history of China, its great achievements are indelible. However, due to the participation and destruction of landlords, the outlaw hero finally closed down.
In this storm, Liu Xiu continued to grow her strength. In AD 25, I finally seized the opportunity to find a place in Hao. Today, Baixiang County in Hebei Province stands on its own as the emperor, and this is Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Fang La Uprising was around 1 120.
Huang Chao, Late Tang Dynasty, 875-888.
Jintian uprising, 185 1 year 1 month1day.
Zhang Jiao Uprising, Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty, 184- 185, was actually completely put down until 195.
Chen Guang Uprising, the first year-209 BC.
Wang Feng Uprising, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, AD 17.