The period of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties is an important stage of national integration in China. Noble families in Hebei went south to Jianghuai, while nomadic people in the north went south to the Central Plains to accept Chinese culture and establish a country. Baoding area is in the transitional zone where farming culture and nomadic culture are combined, and it is most affected. From the Sixteen Countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Baoding was successively subordinate to the countries established by Wei Ran, Houzhao, Yan Qian, Qianqin, Houyan, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, among which Houyan made Zhongshan its capital (now Dingzhou). Years of war have affected the economic development of Baoding area; As a result of a large number of gentry moving south, the local culture was impacted. But at the same time, the activities of several ethnic minorities here have injected diverse elements into the culture here, making the folk customs simple and full of vitality and distinctive cultural characteristics. "Geography of Sui Shu" said: "Since ancient times, brave people advocated the combination of seclusion, but since the previous generation, there have been many elegant people in Zhuo Jun."
During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Baoding experienced the stable development stages in the early Sui and the prosperous Tang Dynasties, as well as the turmoil in the late Sui Dynasty, the Anshi rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the separatist regime in the buffer regions and the wars in the Five Dynasties. From the early Sui Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Baoding's economy and culture developed in an all-round way, and Baoding belonged to Hebei Road in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty, the accumulation of stones in Zhengcang 1.82 million stones and that in Yicang 1.754 million stones in Hebei ranked first in China, and their economic status was very important. Therefore, general manager office was established in Dingzhou in the Tang Dynasty. The development of economy has promoted the prosperity of culture, and a large number of cultural celebrities have appeared. At the end of Sui Dynasty, peasant uprisings surged, and Baoding was a very active place for peasant uprisings. The Anshi Rebellion bears the brunt here; The number of buffer regions here is the strongest, enough to compete with the Tang court. No wonder some failed literati in the Tang Dynasty came here to find a way out. Dong Shaonan in Han Yu's Preface to Send Dong Shaonan to Hebei Province is one of them. In the Five Dynasties, Baoding successively belonged to the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty, the later Zhou Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty (Qidan), and the rulers of each dynasty fought against each other. Although Baoding is not the focus of political and military struggle, it is always in the whirlpool of war. Important wars include the battle of Quyang between the late Tang Dynasty and Qidan, the invasion of Liao troops to the south and the northern expedition of Zhou Shizong. In the late Jin Dynasty, Shi Jingtang cut sixteen states to Qidan (Liao), and Zhuozhou, north of Baoding, entered Liao. After years of war, the people have no peace and the economy has been greatly damaged.
During the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Baoding was on the border of Song and Liao Dynasties, and there were frequent wars between Song and Liao Dynasties, and the main battlefield was mostly in Baoding area. The famous battles are Yang Jiajiang Anti-Liao, Mancheng, Waqiao Pass and Qigou Pass. Most wars between Song and Liao ended in failure in Song Dynasty, and the Liao army plundered after winning. It was not until December of the first year of Song Jingde (65438+65438+October 2005) that Song and Liao entered into the "Alliance of Zen Institutes", and the two countries ended the large-scale war that lasted for more than 30 years. With Yishui and Baigou as the boundaries, the two sides opened their markets to each other for bilateral trade. Most of these markets are in Baoding. In the Song Dynasty, in order to prevent Liao soldiers from invading south, in addition to stationing troops at the border pass, they also meandered for 900 miles along the border areas, from Mancheng, Baoding, Xu Shui, Qingyuan, Anxin and Levin to Gu Ni Haikou (now Tanggu), to stop Liao cavalry from going south, and also built brick towers as high as 80 meters in Dingzhou to check the enemy's situation. At this time, the defensive role of Baoding area is becoming more and more prominent. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Baosai Army was built first, and then it was promoted to Baozhou and built a city. Set up a road in Dingzhou to unify the eight States. The long-term war edification has cultivated the martial spirit of Baoding people. Wang Yucheng, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote a collection of essays, Biography of Tanghedian, which described an old woman who killed Liao soldiers with her bare hands in a market town on the bank of Tanghe River. The article also lists the local armed forces that bravely killed the enemy and defended the country, such as "Jingsai" in Shanggu and "Noisy Street" in Xiongzhou. The fundamental reason for the failure of the Song Dynasty in the Liao War lies in the improper military measures and political corruption in the Song Dynasty.
After Jin destroyed Liao destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty and unified the North, many Han people in Hebei were moved outside the customs. At the same time, nuzhen went south in large numbers and implemented the system of fierce security. Jurchen nobles became feudal landlords and gradually sinicized. Jin has its capital in Beijing today, with Zhongshan House in Dingzhou and Shuntian Army in Baozhou. When Mongolian soldiers came, Jurchen was unable to resist, and a large number of landlords armed themselves to protect themselves. The rulers of the Jin Dynasty engaged in the "Nine Lords", that is, they recognized these armed forces and used them to resist Mongolian soldiers, and several of them were in Baoding. But this did not save its fate of failure. In December of the first year of Jin Zhenyou (12 13), the Mongolian army captured Baozhou and the city was destroyed. The Han armed forces in Baoding played a great role in the unified war of Mongolia to destroy the gold and the Southern Song Dynasty. Famous military generals include Zhang Rou, Zhang Hongfan, Ding Xing and his son, Bo Ye Shi, etc. Among them, Zhang Rou repeatedly defeated Jinbing, moved to Baozhou and rebuilt Baozhou, which laid the foundation for Baoding. Zhang Hongfan captured Wen Tianxiang, the prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, led an army to attack the cliff mountain, and won the title of marquis of the Southern Song Dynasty. The capital of Yuan Dynasty was Dadu (now Beijing), and Baoding was the southern barrier, so Shuntian Army was changed to Shuntian Road, which was changed to Baoding Road in the 12th year of Yuan Dynasty (1275), and it governed 7 states and 8 counties, hence the name Baoding.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Baoding was still a land of aiding Korea. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Baoding Road was changed to Baoding House. After the founding emperor Judy of the Ming Dynasty moved to Beijing, in order to enrich the population around Gyeonggi, she immigrated to Hebei from Shaanxi and beyond the Great Wall, and a large number of immigrants settled in Baoding. In the Ming Dynasty, the headquarters of Daning was moved to Baoding, where a general headquarters was set up, with more than 65,438+100,000 troops stationed all the year round, responsible for public security near Gyeonggi. After the "Civil Rebellion", the Mongolian Wala Department broke through Zijingguan, surrounded Beijing, and then retreated from Zijingguan. Baoding's strategic defensive position is becoming more and more important. So Baoding City was rebuilt, and Tucheng became a brick city, which was completed in five years. At the same time, the Inner Great Wall was built in Taihang Mountain area in the west of Baoding, and Guancheng was built in Bauhinia, Daoma and Longquan Pass, and a pier was built. Most of the Great Wall and Guancheng in Baoding were left by the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing army attacked Baoding, and because of the concerted efforts of Baoding military and civilian Qi Xin, they moved to attack Levin. Sun Chengzong, a former minister of the Ministry of War in the Ming Dynasty, led his family to resist, and the city was broken, killing more than 20 people. The Li Zicheng Rebel Army went north and fought fiercely with the Ming Army in Baoding. After five days and nights of attack and defense, the insurgents defeated Baoding. After the failure of the rebel army, the Qing soldiers entered the customs again, and Baoding belonged to the Qing Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), an "enclosure order" was issued, which was 300 miles near Beijing (later expanded to 500 miles), mainly occupying a large amount of land near Fu Ba and the Great Wall in Zhili as a "flag land". Most counties in Baoding are surrounded by land, and some counties account for 80% to 90% of the land. Farmers have almost no land to farm, or flee, or become the guests of Manchu nobles and Eight Banners, or become slaves of the land. Economic development is slow and people live in poverty. But Baoding's military and political status is increasing day by day. In the eighth year of Kangxi (1669), the governor of Zhili moved to Baoding and became the provincial capital of Zhili and the regional political center. Some government officials and dignitaries in the Qing Dynasty performed lanterns on this stage.
1840 After the Opium War, the great powers invaded China one after another, forcing the decadent Qing Dynasty to sign a series of unequal treaties, making China a semi-feudal and semi-colonial social club. However, the people of China are inviolable, and they spontaneously organized themselves to resist the aggression of foreign powers. /kloc-in the spring of 0/900, the Boxer Rebellion rose, and the anti-imperialist and patriotic enthusiasm of Baoding people rose, almost because every village learned boxing and welcomed teachers. 1900 In April, Laishui Boxer attacked Christianity and killed Yang Futong, vice president of the Qing army who came to suppress the Boxer. In May, the Boxer Rebellion conquered Zhuozhou City and demolished the railway from Liu Lihe to Zhuozhou. Zhang Decheng, Zhou and Li Laizhong, leaders of Baoding Boxer, also led a group of people to take part in the fight against Eight-Nation Alliance's aggression and defend Beijing and Tianjin. After the fall of Beijing, the Boxers in Baoding and the western mountainous areas were still fighting against the encirclement and suppression of foreign invaders and the Qing army. Although the Boxer Rebellion failed in the end, the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion fully reflected Baoding people's generous elegy, heroic and unyielding will and spirit. After Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, he went south to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and massacred the people of China. The allied forces of Britain, France, Germany and Italy invaded Baoding, wantonly burning, killing and looting, and committed numerous crimes.
Because the Qing dynasty bowed its knees and surrendered to the outside world and brutally suppressed the pro-democracy movement at home, it has lost the hearts of the people. People of insight in China actively explore ways to save the country and the people. Baoding, the capital of Zhili, has become one of the important sources of the Revolution of 1911 in the north. Revolutionary thoughts first spread among schools, and wuyue, a student of Zhili Higher Education College, founded Zhili vernacular newspaper to publicize new ideas. Chen Youyun promoted revolutionary ideas among students and developed league members in Baoding. Hu Egong and others organized the "* * * Peace Conference" in Baoding. For a time, progressive groups emerged like clouds and became an important revolutionary force against imperialism and Qing Dynasty in the north. They planned many revolutionary actions, which were suppressed and failed in the end, but they also dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty and warlords and strongly supported the revolutionary struggle throughout the country. At the same time, Baoding new school rose. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, many schools and schools for military education, higher education and primary and secondary education were established, and Baoding was awarded the title of "Student City". Among them, Baoding Military Academy education was the first of its kind in modern military academy education in China, which played an important role in the history of modern military academy education in China and trained a number of senior military commanders. Baoding is also the birthplace of work-study programs in France, and a number of revolutionaries have embarked on the journey of the new-democratic revolution.
During the period of Beiyang government, Baoding was the base camp of direct warlords. After the first direct war, the direct warlords controlled the situation in most parts of China and the Beiyang government. Military and political affairs involving the whole country are all subject to the direct warlord Cao Kun. The direct Anhui war, the first and second direct Anhui wars, and the Jinfeng war were all related to Baoding, or the main battlefield was in Baoding.
With Deng Zhongxia and others spreading Marxism in Baoding, Baoding local organization was established, and Baoding became the center of revolutionary movement in central Hebei. The Baoding Party Organization led revolutionary struggles from all walks of life, set off anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movements, and led and launched revolutionary struggles such as the two women teachers' student movement, the Wuligang riots in Wanxian County, the student movement in Baoding Normal School, and the Korean riots, which had important influence in the north.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese army invaded Baoding, built turrets and bunkers, and carried out the inhuman "Three Lights" policy, resulting in numerous tragedies. The Eighth Route Army led by China Producer Party went deep behind enemy lines, and established the first anti-Japanese base area in Fuping-Jinchaji Anti-Japanese base area, which became the head of the party, government and army in Jinchaji. Under the leadership of China Producers' Party, the people of Baoding quickly launched a national war of resistance, igniting the bonfire in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. In cooperation with the Eighth Route Army regular army, it has successively carried out Hundred Regiments War, Huangtuling Campaign, fairy mountain Defence Campaign and Lianzikou Campaign. , annihilated a large number of Japanese puppet troops, shattered the Japanese "three light" policy, "cage" policy and many crazy "mopping up" and "strengthening public security" movements, and created guerrilla warfare, tunnel warfare, curtain-picking warfare, mine warfare, sabotage warfare, sparrow warfare and courtyard warfare. During the eight years of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of Baoding made great sacrifices, and many epic anti-Japanese heroes appeared, including the explosion heroes Li Yong and Li Dianbing, the five strong men of Langya Mountain, and the martial arts team, railway workers' guerrillas, goose head and so on, which frightened the Japanese army. During the hard war years, various undertakings in the anti-Japanese base areas, including democratic constitutional movement, mass production movement, cultural education and publicity activities, were vigorously carried out, which consolidated the anti-Japanese national United front and promoted the construction of the anti-Japanese base areas.
During the War of Liberation, Kuomintang troops captured Youyou and took Baoding as the military stronghold in North China, built a city for defense and stationed heavy troops. Under the leadership of local organizations in Baoding, the soldiers and civilians in Baoding, on the one hand, carried out enemy spy work in the city, carried out intelligence and rebellion work, and mobilized the masses to resolutely oppose the dark rule of the Kuomintang and cooperate with outside operations. On the battlefield, the people of Baoding fought bravely and cooperated with the People's Liberation Army to successfully carry out the battles of Baonan, Bao Bei, Qingfengdian, Pinghan Line, Bao Bei besieged city and Daqing Hebei, and liberated Baoding on June 5438+0948+065438+1October 22, annihilating a large number of effective forces of the Kuomintang army, making an important contribution to national liberation. At the same time, the land reform movement was carried out, the feudal land ownership was abolished, the farmers' enthusiasm for production was fully mobilized, the war of liberation was strongly supported, and the establishment of new China was ushered in.