2. Zu Chongzhi (AD 429- AD 500) was an outstanding mathematician, astronomer, writer, geologist, geographer and scientist in China. People in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Han nationality, the word Wen Yuan. Born in Yuanjia for six years, he died in Hou Yongyuan and Qi Hun for two years. His ancestral home was in Kuai County, Fanyang County (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). In order to escape the war, Zu Chongzhi's grandfather, Zuchang, moved from Hebei to Jiangnan. Zuchang is a "great craftsman" in Liu Song, in charge of civil engineering, and Zu Chongzhi's father is also an official in North Korea.
Zu Chongzhi calculated the value of pi to seven decimal places for the first time in the history of mathematics in the world, that is, between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. He put forward the agreement rate of 22/7 and the secret rate of 355/ 1 13, which were the earliest in the world, more than 1000 years earlier than in Europe, so some people advocated calling them "the ancestor of pi". He compiled his mathematics research results into a book called Seal Characters, which was once regarded as a mathematics textbook by Chinese studies in the Tang Dynasty. His Da Ming Li introduced precession into the calendar for the first time. It is suggested that 39 1 year set 144 leap month. The length of a tropical year is 365.338+04438+0 days, and the error is only about 50 seconds. He is not only an outstanding mathematician and astronomer, but also an outstanding mechanic expert. Rebuild all kinds of exquisite machinery, such as South Guide Car and Thousand-mile Ship, which have long been lost. Besides, he also studies music. His works include Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius, Interpretation of Filial Piety, Yi, Lao, Zhuang and Yi Shu Ji, but they have long been lost.
3. Li Daoyuan (about 470-527) is good at writing. Han nationality, Fanyang Zhuolu (now Zhuolu County, Hebei Province). Northern Wei geographer and essayist. My career was bumpy, but I didn't do my best. He has read many rare books. When I was young, I went to Shandong with my father to seek waterways. Later, he traveled the Qinling Mountains, north of Huaihe River and south of the Great Wall, inspected rivers and ditches, collected relevant customs, historical stories and myths and legends, and wrote 40 volumes of notes about water mirrors. The writing style is meaningful and vivid, which is not only a colorful geographical work, but also a collection of beautiful landscape prose. It can be regarded as the pioneering work of China's tourism literature, which has a great influence on the development of later tourism prose. In addition 13 local chronicles and 7 appointments have been lost.
4. Jia Sixie (Ji γ s γ xié) was born in Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 386 ~ 543), Han nationality, and Yidu (now southwest of Shouguang City, Shandong Province). He lived in the late Northern Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty (6th century A.D.) and worked as a satrap in Levin County (now Linzi, Shandong Province). He was an outstanding agronomist in ancient China. Author of Qi Yaomin's Book, 92 books * * *, divided into ten volumes, with about 70,000 words in text, 40,000 words in notes and 110,000 words in * *; In addition, there is a preface and a miscellaneous statement in front of the book. There are more than one forgotten and fifty works cited by predecessors, and there are more than 30 agricultural proverbs recorded. The book introduces the cultivation methods of crops, vegetables and fruit trees, the production of various economic trees, the utilization of wild plants, the breeding of livestock, poultry, fish and silkworms and the prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as the processing, brewing and food processing of agricultural and sideline products and livestock products, and even the production of stationery and daily necessities. Almost all agricultural production activities are discussed in detail. It is of great significance in agriculture.
5. Fan Zhen (about 450 ~ about 5 15) was a thinker and atheist in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in China. This word is true. Nanyang Wuyin (now northwest of Biyang County, Henan Province) was born. He used to be Ningman's master book, Shangshutang's doctor, Yidu's satrap and Jinan's satrap. He had two public debates with Buddhist theists. Fan Zhen opposed Buddhist karma, saying that life is like a flower on the same tree, some petals are blown to the hall, and some petals fall into the cesspit. This is a natural phenomenon, there is no cause and effect at all. Regarding the debate between form and spirit, he believes that form and spirit are integrated and inseparable. Without form, spirit cannot exist alone. He is the author of Theory of Immortal Extinction and Answering Cao Nan's Immortal Extinction (namely Answering Cao Sheren). Deism adheres to the principle of material first, systematically expounds atheism, and points out that human spirit and form are the unity of mutual integration.
6. Ge Hong (284 ~ 364) was a Taoist scholar, a famous alchemist and a medical doctor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The word Chuan, named Bao Puzi, was born in Jurong, Danyang County, Jin (now Jurong County, Jiangsu Province). The grandnephew of Ge Xuan, the alchemist of the Three Kingdoms, was called Little Fairy Weng. He was once named as the Hou of Guannei, and then lived in seclusion in Luofushan for alchemy. He is the author of Biography of Immortals, Bao Puzi, Elbow Reserve Emergency Prescription, Miscellanies of Xijing, etc. Ge Hong inherited and reformed the early Taoist immortal theory. In Bao Puzi, he not only comprehensively summarized the immortal theory and immortal magic before the Jin Dynasty, but also combined the immortal magic with Confucianism, emphasizing that "those who want to become immortals should be loyal, filial and benevolent." If you don't practice virtue, you can't live forever. "Ge Hong observed and treated some acute infectious diseases earlier, such as tuberculosis, rabies, smallpox and scrub typhus. The drugs refined by Ge Hong include Lithargyrum (lead oxide) and Sanxiandan (mercury oxide), all of which are raw materials for external use. Ge Hong discovered the reversibility of chemical reaction in the process of smelting mercury, and also recorded the phenomenon that orpiment (arsenic trioxide) and realgar (arsenic pentasulfide) sublimate directly into crystals after heating.
7. Ma Jun, born in Deheng and Fufeng (now Xingping, Shaanxi), is one of the most famous mechanical inventors in the ancient history of science and technology in China. When Ma Jun was a child, his family was poor, he stuttered, and he was not good at talking but quick-thinking. Later, he became an official in Wei. After the compass was made, he was ordered to make a hundred puppets and said, "Hydrate hundreds of plays." Then Ma Jun reformed the twill loom, which improved the work efficiency by four or five times. Ma Jun also developed a keel waterwheel (rollover) for agricultural irrigation. Since then, Ma Jun has also modified Zhuge Liang's crossbow, which has contributed to scientific development and technological progress.
8. Pei Xiu (224—27 1) was born in Wenxi, Hedong (now wenxi county, Shanxi) in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and was a minister and scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Wei San rode as a constant servant, Shang Shu as a servant, Jin Guanglu as a doctor, Sikong and Feng Julu as county magistrates, and made a map of Gong Yu, which initiated the study of ancient map drawing in China. Pei Xiu clearly put forward six basic principles of surveying and mapping for the first time, which laid the theoretical foundation of ancient cartography in China. Needham called him "the father of scientific cartography in China", and Ptolemy Claudius (about 90- 168), a famous cartographer in ancient Europe. He is two brilliant stars in the history of ancient cartography in the world.
9. Tao Hongjing (456 ~ 536) was born in Liling, Danyang (formerly Nanjing, Jiangsu), with a bright name, Youyang. Born in a famous family in Jiangdong. Zu, a Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty man, was the adjutant of Emperor Xiao Wu, who made outstanding achievements and was named Hou of Jin 'an. Father Tao Zhenbao, deep antidote, child-related history, official to Jiangxia Xiaochang. No. Huayang lived in seclusion and collected Tao's "Reclusion Map". The Taoist thinker, physician, alchemist and writer in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in China lived with Mr. Bai Zhen. One of the representatives of Maoshan Taoism in the Southern Qi and Southern Liang Dynasties. Tao's greatest contribution is to sort out the ancient Shen Nong's Classic of Materia Medica, and increase the number of new drugs used by famous doctors in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which has become a seven-volume Notes on Materia Medica, containing 730 kinds of drugs, which pioneered the classification method of drugs that has been used so far, with jade, vegetation, insects, livestock, fruits, vegetables and rice, which has a certain impact on the development of materia medica (the original book has been lost)
10, He Chengtian (370-447), minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, a famous astronomer and atheist thinker, was born in Donghai Lake (now Cangshan Great Wall Town). He Chengtian once pointed out that the calendar used at the beginning of the scene was inappropriate. Please change the calendar and call it "Yuan Jia Li". The time and place of winter solstice determined by the revised old calendar has always been popular in Song, Qi and prison, which occupies an important position in the history of astronomy and law in China. On the day of the week and the distance between the poles, it is equivalent to giving an approximate value of pi of about 3. 1429, which has a great influence on later calendars. At the same time, he learned the melody, invented a new method close to the twelve-average law, played the guzheng and became good at playing chess. His works include The Theory of Reaching Nature, The Book of Juzong Jushi, Answering Yan Guanglu, The Problem of Retribution, etc. He used the natural science level he could reach at that time to fight against Buddhism, criticized idealism's "immortal theory" on the issue of form and spirit, and opposed the theory of karma. These works, such as the theory of retribution and reaching nature, record his debates with Buddhists Zong Bing and Yan Yanzhi, which are in Hongming Collection and Guanghongming Collection. Both the Book of Song Dynasty and the History of the South have been circulated. Promote atheism. He was also familiar with the canon of past dynasties and was ordered to compile the Book of Song Dynasty, but the book died before it was completed.
1 1, Wang Shuhe (20 1-280), a physician in the early Western Jin Dynasty. Mingxi. Dongping (now Dongping, Shandong) people. Cao Wei was appointed as a doctor in the Western Jin Dynasty. Intensive study of medicine, face up to pulse science. Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty who had separated at that time, compiled Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which was compiled into Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and Treatise on Febrile Diseases, so that most of the contents of this medical document were preserved. He also collected the works of previous generations of doctors on pulse science, and combined with his own experience, he wrote ten volumes of Pulse Classics, which were summarized into twenty-four pulses, making ancient pulse science systematic. It is the first extant monograph on pulse science in China, which laid the foundation for the diagnosis of Confucian pulse science.