1 Introduction
The painting of ancient buildings in China was originally to prevent wooden components from being affected with damp, rotting and moth-eaten. With the changes of the times, its decorative function has gradually become prominent. After the Song Dynasty, painting and color painting gradually became an indispensable decorative art of palace buildings. The color paintings in Qing Dynasty were mainly painted on various wooden components inside and outside the eaves, especially the "square". At present, the official painting and color painting techniques in Qing Dynasty are mainly used. In modern antique buildings, painting with paint has become one of the symbolic features of ancient buildings in China. The ground warfare in painting and painting of ancient buildings is equivalent to the modern putty layer, which is a very solid gray shell layer between the base layer and the oil film layer and composed of multiple layers of gray materials similar to hemp layer or cloth layer. It is the first process to start painting, and it is also the most critical process that directly affects the bonding quality, color quality and overall artistic effect of painting.
2 Classification of ground warfare 2 Construction technology
This paper takes one cloth and five ashes (one hemp and five ashes) as an example to illustrate the process. One cloth and five ashes (one hemp and five ashes) are mostly used for columns, purlins, seats, purlins, frames, couch boards, board walls and so on. Wood components: splitting → tearing seam → sewing bamboo nails under the last tree → squeezing juice → grasping seam ash → sweeping ash → pasting cloth → grinding cloth (grinding hemp) → pressing cloth ash (pressing hemp ash) → medium ash → fine ash → grinding drill. Concrete components: surface treatment/repair → brushing interface agent → sweeping ash → making hemp (pasting cloth) → grinding cloth (grinding hemp) → pressing cloth ash (pressing hemp ash) → medium ash → fine ash → grinding drill.
3 operation process
3. 1 wood member
1) chop Ensure that the wood is firmly combined with putty, and clean the dirt with iron spokes, which is called chopping wood. Chopping: use an axe to cut wooden components into marks, first from top to bottom, first from left to right, first from the big face behind the internal corner. It is not advisable to cut it too hard. The score forms an angle of 30 ~ 45 with the wood grain, the depth is 2mm, and the spacing is 65438±0.5cm Scratch: The iron scratch scratches the cut wood component once, and under the condition of not damaging its wood bones, it is lightly scratched to conform to the wood grain, and the upturned wood bones are scraped off, which is called "clean cutting and white scraping". Cleaning: use a broom to clean up the scattered wooden bones and clean up the sundries on the indoor and outdoor floors. 2) Tear seam. Shovel off the hard edges on both sides of the crack caused by wood grain deformation with a shovel, and split the crack into a V-shape. If the crack is greater than 2mm, it should be treated; If it is less than 2mm, it should not be treated. 3) Sew bamboo nails on the last tree. First from top to bottom, and then from left to right, comprehensively inspect the components to ensure that the defects, edges, joints and rot of the components are nailed with wedge-shaped wood strips and nailed with bamboo nails, and the spacing between bamboo nails is 15mm, and the cracks are treated from both ends to the middle. The wing angle of the last tree: from the root of the rafter to the old corner beam, determine the diagonal size, cut out wood strips or purlins with appropriate length and width, and stick them on the surface board. The lower side is flush with the citron, but the front side is not over the line. The last tree was nailed firmly, and the angles of several wings were basically the same. 4) juice. Put the blood material into a container, stir and crush, add oil and stir evenly with a wooden stick, and add a proper amount of water to make it. When mixing pulp, mix blood and oil together to make it uniform, and gradually add appropriate amount of water to make it uniform. You can't add enough water at a time to make it uniform, otherwise it will be uneven. The mixing ratio of slurry: blood: water (volume ratio) = 1: 20: 20. Hold a bucket or oil drum, dip it in the slurry with a protective brush, first down and then up along the wood grain, and then brush it on the wood block. Shotcrete can also be used for large-scale construction, but it must be finished. 5) grasp the seam ash. After the mortar is dry, clean the surface with a broom, so as to catch the seam ash, and squeeze it into the seam horizontally with an iron plate to make the seam full of putty. It is forbidden to cover it with ash (that is, there is ash outside the seam and there is no ash inside the seam). After the seam is filled with ash, insert the iron plate tip into the seam and repeatedly treat it to make the seam full of ash. Finally, scrape off the residual ash and treat it along the wood seam. When the wood component is damaged and lacks edges and corners, it should be lined with iron plate, and the treated ash shall not exceed the surface of the wood component. 6) Sweep the dust. Commonly known as coarse gray and gray. Operation on sewing ash is the basis of hemp (cloth). Wipe a thin layer of putty with putty, then scrape the putty again, scrape a circle with a board, and then scrape the internal corners, facets and joints with tools. Three people operate, one is plastering, the other is wearing a board, and the other is finishing at the back. After plastering is dried, the burrs and floating hairs on the surface shall be ground off and cleaned. 7) numbness. Let's wear hemp and paste it on the ash. A. Brush the initial slurry: the proportion of slurry is blood material: total oil = 1.2: 1, and brush the prepared slurry on the surface of putty. The thickness of primary pulp is determined by the thickness of hemp, but it should not be too thick. The standard is that marijuana can be soaked after compaction. B. Sticking hemp: immediately after brushing, stick the hemp on the wood grain horizontally, that is, the hemp should be perpendicular to the direction of the wood grain, so that the hemp can play a stretching role. The thickness of sticky hemp should be uniform. C. Hemp rubbing: rough rubbing first, then fine rubbing, first rubbing seedlings, then rubbing bedding with wooden battens, adjusting the thickness of hemp while rubbing, trimming the periphery, squeezing pulp along the hemp, and the number of people rubbing hemp should be determined according to the workload. D. Boiling: Brush a layer of1∶1.2 ~1.5 ∶ 4 ~ 7 slurry on the hemp surface, and "boil" the dry hemp that has not been pounded thoroughly, without excessive. It was operated by 1 ~ 2 people at birth. E. water smashing: turn up the hemp fiber with your nails to make it empty, check the situation of the dry hemp bag and smash it again. "Water smashing" should also be handled from the Yang angle. F. Finishing: check after crushing. If there is extra pulp to be squeezed out, if there is dry hemp, make up the pulp and tamp it. Fill the exposed part with hemp, smash it again, and check the thickness, uniformity and compactness of hemp. Pay attention to the problems existing in the previous procedure at any time and correct them in time. 8) grinding hemp. Can be operated by one person. When the hemp is completely crushed, use a grinding head (diamond, artificial millstone, stone chips, cylindrical tiles, etc.). ) grinding back and forth on hemp. It is better to grind the grinding head in inches, and the distance between them should not be too big. After grinding, clean the pits to ensure that they are firmly attached to the next pressed pits. Wait for 2 hours before proceeding to the next process. In the process of one cloth and five ashes, this process is cloth paste grinding. Cloth pasting can be divided into the following processes: pulp opening: pulp opening is the same as that used for hemp making. Brush the cement slurry on the dusting with a protective brush and spread it evenly, not too thick. Cloth making: Use linen, bean wrap cloth, glass fiber cloth and other materials, cut with a knife according to the use position and area, and don't tear it by hand to avoid unevenness and burrs. Spread the upper corners of two hand-held cloths on the slurry, level the cloths and stick them firmly. Cloth rolling: press the cloth with one hand and press it with the other, and roll it coarse first and then fine. Gently squeeze the pulp after the cloth is compacted to avoid the deformation and displacement of the cloth. Finishing: Check the corners and periphery of the cloth with the tail of hemp batten or seedling corner board, squeeze out oil slurry, repair the bedding face, adjust the uneven and wrinkled parts of the cloth, and make the cloth stick firmly. Grinding cloth: after the cloth is basically dry, gently grind it with a grinding head, even if it doesn't get lint. Don't break the silk, it won't achieve the effect of making cloth. Clean it after polishing, and dry it for 2 ~ 3 days before the next process. 9) Pressing hemp ash. Pressing hemp ash is the third layer of ash in a battle between hemp and five ashes, which is carried out on the grinding surface. Generally, it is carried out at intervals of 1d ~ 2d after hemp grinding. Blending flax ash: remove the hard skin from the blood material, mash it with ash in a bucket, add oil and mix well, then add seed ash and medium ash and mix well at the bottom. Sweep wet cloth: whip with wet cloth, and use broom to remove dust and scattered flax on the hemp surface. Plastering: the plastering length can be as long as 1 to 2 boards according to the board size. The column should be horizontally segmented, with the column head wrapped first and then the column body, and the lower end wrapped horizontally, compacted and plastered. If the column is thick, paste ash on one side immediately after it becomes ash, and then make the other side. If the workload is large, the skills of boarders are higher and the speed of boarders is faster, so it can be operated by two people. Passing the board: Generally speaking, the process is: coarse first, then fine. A. Adjust with tools (plates) when the ash becomes coarse, and repeat the test. B. Adjust the angle according to the thickness of the ash, and push it horizontally and vertically along the hemp fiber in one go. When you meet the external angle, pause for a moment at the external angle, stagger it up, down, left and right a few times, pull it out by pushing and pulling, make the external angle straight, scrape the ash at the board mouth in the bucket, and wipe the board mouth to continue to pass the board. The thickness of pressed hemp ash is required to be 2mm. Ash connection: use hand-held tools (iron plate, ash bowl) to connect the residual ash at the joint of the plate, and fill the uneven places with ash to find smoothness. Where the board has not been rubbed, it should be treated with iron plate instead. Clean the dust at any time. Wire binding: When the ash is slightly dry, the width of wire binding should be slightly smaller than the width of fine and medium gray lines, and it must be clean and tidy. 10). Medium ash is the fourth ash with one hemp and five ashes, which is carried out after pressing hemp ash, and it is a transition layer before fine ash, which solves the problem of disparity in particle size between coarse ash and fine ash, so the medium ash layer should not be too thick, and the ash can be filled between pressed hemp ash particles. Grinding hemp ash: use grinding head (diamond, artificial grindstone, stone chips, cylinder tile, etc. ) deal with the external angle first, and then deal with the bedding face. Drop flax ash and grind it once to remove floating seeds and residual ash on the surface. Where the grinding head can't handle it, handle it with iron plate. After cleaning, use a tarpaulin. Preparation of medium ash: Generally, the skin of blood material is removed from the hard skin, put in a bucket and stirred with tools, then add oil and stir evenly, and then add medium ash and stir evenly. Plastering: During construction, you don't need to use leather or wooden boards to pick up ashes, just scrape a thin layer of "broken ashes" with iron plates. For the parts that have been rolled, it is still necessary to tie a layer with medium gray. At the same time, it is required that the connection of the iron plate should be staggered with the pressed hemp ash and the fine ash to be carried out in front. 1 1) fine ash. Fine ash is the last layer of ash in the process of one hemp and five ashes, and it is the work that determines the smoothness, fineness and accuracy of the whole ash shell. Coarse ash and medium ash can't make accurate edges, and the details are solved by fine ash, which requires that the fine ash is easy to repair and polish after drying, and has a certain thickness, generally between1.5 mm ~ 2 mm. A. Grinding medium ash: Grind a straight hole with ceramic tiles, and after all the medium ash is ground, treat the place where the grinding head can't handle the internal corners with iron plate, and clean the floating particles on the surface. B. Juice slurry: In order to ensure that the medium ash and fine ash are firmly bonded, it is necessary to brush the medium ash with a brush dipped in water, and the amount of water should not be too much. C, preparing fine ash: firstly, removing the hard skin from the blood material, putting it into a barrel, and stirring with a tool. Add a certain amount of clear water for concentration, then add varnish for uniform modulation, and then add fine ash for uniform modulation. The prepared materials should be covered with a thick wet cloth for later use. D. Looking for fine ash: one person can operate it, holding the ash bowl and scraping the fine ash off the edge of the bowl with an iron plate. Scrape, scrape corners, seedling corners, ridgelines, rafters, etc. Stick the ash firmly and shovel the remaining ash along the edge. The width of the ash is 4 cm ~ 6 cm, and the thickness is about 2 mm After the ash is basically dried, proceed to the next process. E. Binding: The fine ash process is detailed, and the original binding position should be bound. First left and then right, first up and then down. The boundary line starts from the lower left corner and passes through the lower right corner. The plasterer wiped the dust on the thread mouth with a small leather, covered it first and then pasted it. The informant will use a tie to evenly adjust the gray, try to tie it first, and then scrub the tie clean. Hold both sides of the needle evenly with both hands, and push and pull can be done in one go. The ash picker followed closely, quickly filled the gap, cleaned the ash, and adjusted the line angle to be straight. In order to straighten the thread, a suitable ruler is used on one side of the thread binding part, and the tie is fastened to the ruler. The grey line is basically dry before the next process. F. Slipping fine ash: Add ash to the cracks found in fine ash, and two or three people can form a file, depending on the workload and the size of wood. Two people can file. 1 One person plasters the front with leather, and pastes the dust after compaction. 1 One person dusts and picks up the dust with an iron plate at the back. Three people will file, plastering, board passing and ash picking 1 person. Generally, iron plates are grayed, and larger ones are grayed with boards. 12) grinding drill. Fine grinding wheel stone should be used to grind fine ash, supplemented byNo. sandpaper or emery cloth. 1~ No.65438 +0.5, meanwhile, it shall be equipped with a shovel to trim the line angle at any time. Clean the column root and external angle with shovel and iron plate first, and then clean the ground ash and attached ash. It is necessary to grind the external angle first, then grind the bedding face, and then deal with the thread mouth. It must be roughly ground first, and then finely ground. The plane of the grinding head is placed on the fine ash, and the grinding belt rubs up and down, left and right, so the grinding distance is short. After the hard skin is lightly polished, the grinding distance is appropriately extended. You will feel uneven, low-hairy and smooth, and high-hairy, and you can also see the flatness from the traces of polishing. Local key friction is high, check with ruler. Just wear low and borrow high. When grinding logs, grind them horizontally and vertically. Finally, fine grinding with 200 # sandpaper, and drilling after inspection. Drilling: rub raw tung oil on the ground fine ash, first from top to bottom, and then from the corner to both sides of the big surface. When using the thread, gently roll it in the palm of your hand and rub it evenly until the gray skin no longer eats oil, or brush the raw oil with an oil brush. 1h ~ 2h, wipe off the oil slick, and proceed to the next process after the raw oil is dried.
3.2 Concrete members
1) Treating surface defects of concrete Use electric tools to treat uneven parts of concrete members and hard edges on the surface, and remove impurities such as release agent on the surface of the members, so that a fine and rough surface can be formed on the surface of the concrete members, and the ground can be better bonded. 2) Brush the surface of the component with "interfacial agent" for use as juice. 3) Sweep the ash and the same wooden members of the above layers.
4 Quality requirements
1) When chopping, special tools must be used, and the wood members shall not be hurt when handling. 2) When tearing seams, the slope should be reasonable, and small seams should not be torn. 3) The materials used for sewing shoe last should be the same as those of wooden components, and the bamboo nails should be made of dried bamboo and old bamboo. 4) The materials used in the juice slurry should be qualified, and the slurry should adopt a suitable concentration. 5) When grasping the seam ash, put appropriate materials in the place where the seam is large to ensure that the seam ash is solid. 6) Sweep ash thickness should be controlled in 2 mm ~ 3 mm, and the ash should be firmly bonded. 7) The materials used in hemp should be qualified, and the thickness of ash should be controlled at 1mm ~ 2mm. 8) When grinding hemp, wait until 80% to 90% dry. Don't hurt the hemp tendon when grinding, and then proceed to the next working procedure after 2 ~ 3 hours. 9) The thickness of pressed hemp ash should be controlled at 1mm ~ 2mm, and the materials used should be qualified. 10) in the ash thickness control in 1 mm ~ 2 mm, qualified materials, ash thickness, ash to bond firmly. 1 1) The thickness of fine ash shall be controlled within 2mm~3mm, and the materials used shall be qualified without missing edges and corners. 12) the grinding head should be suitable when grinding the drilling hole, and the grinding distance should not be too long. 13) when scraping putty, the thickness should be thin, not too thick, so as not to hurt the ground. 14) finished product protection: all working faces should be protected to prevent cross-contamination. Effective measures should be taken to protect the finished products from rain, wind and sun.
5 conclusion
China ancient architectural painting is a unique decorative art in China ancient architecture. Its construction technology is standardized, with diverse patterns and rich contents. Ground warfare is the combination of structural layer and decorative layer, and its construction technology is distinctive, complex and delicate, which is the basic and decisive construction technology to ensure the artistic characteristics of ancient buildings in China. The combination of modern building materials and traditional building technology will better inherit and develop the traditional building technology of ancient buildings in China.
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd