Datong, an ancient capital with a long history and splendid culture, was described by the ancients as "facing the world on three sides and being the most important" because of its special geographical position. It is connected with the valley in the east, constant in the south, bounded by the Yellow River in the west and controlled by the desert in the north. The real screen of the capital is the guarantee of the Central Plains. "
In the third century BC, King Wuling of Zhao "broke the forests and lakes in the north, chiseled buildings, built the Great Wall, and set up clouds, Yanmen and Dai Jun." Qin Shihuang pursued Emperor Rong in the north and "built a fort in five States to prepare for Hu" in the west of Datong City.
At the end of the 4th century AD, Tuoba Xianbei, which controlled most of the Yellow River valley to the north, moved its capital to Pingcheng, and began to build palaces, ancestral temples, establish a country, build the Great Wall and dig grottoes. Seven emperors spent 96 years. Datong became the political, economic, military, cultural and Buddhist center of northern China at that time, and prospered for the first time in history.
/kloc-after 0/500: Datong was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties, and the western capital of Yuanfeng, and was the vassal king of the Ming Dynasty. Jiangshan changed its name several times, without losing the "north lock key"; After several battles on the Great Wall, there is even a "great man vest in the world".
1277: Italian traveler Kyle Poirot came to Datong, which coincided with Kublai Khan's unification of China, ending the confrontation between Liao, Jin and Song Dynasties for several years and the prosperity of Datong reappeared. He immediately praised "Datong is a magnificent and beautiful city".
1372: Zhu Gui, the 13th Prince of Zhu Yuanzhang, took Datong Town, and built a heavy industrial city in Yunzhong, south of the former site of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is now the ancient city of Datong. Its scale and strangeness are rare in northern China.
In the northern suburb of the city, from Xinpingbao in Tianzhen County in the east to the 300-kilometer Great Wall at Shahukou in Youyu County in the west, after six large-scale renovations, hundreds of border fortresses, camps and beacon towers have been built between the Great Wall and the city, forming a unique layout of the northern city defense in China.
1438- 157 1 year: the Ming dynasty adopted a soft and friendly policy towards all ethnic groups in Mongolia, and set up three horse markets, several moon markets and a small market in Datong for a long time, promising Tatars to "pay tribute", which promoted the recovery and development of social productive forces inside and outside the Great Wall. Datong has become a distribution center and a commercial port outside the Great Wall for economic exchanges between Mongolian Hu people and the Central Plains, and once again there has been a rare prosperity.
Until modern times, Datong's barter trade and currency trade were still prevalent, attracting many friends and businessmen from all over the country.
[Edit this paragraph] ★ Datong City, Shanxi Province
[Edit this paragraph] Overview
Datong is one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities announced by the state. Datong belonged to Zhao in the Warring States Period, Pingcheng County in the Han Dynasty, and the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the eighteenth year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 730), it belonged to Yunzhong County and Yunzhou. In 13th year (A.D. 1044), Liao Chongxi built Xijing in Datong today, and in 17th year (A.D. 1048), datong county was subordinate to Guo. Since then, the name of datong county has remained unchanged. In the seventh year of Hongwu absorption (AD 1374), it was ruled by Datong government. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period, datong county was divided into two parts: East and West. 1949 After the liberation in May, Datong City was established as Datong City, which belongs to Chahar Province. 1952165438+10 returned to Shanxi province. 1July, 993, Yanbei Administrative Office was revoked and merged into Datong City, and some counties under Yanbei Administrative Office were placed under Datong City. Now it has jurisdiction over five districts, namely development zone, urban area, mining area, southern suburb and Xinrong District, and seven counties, namely Yanggao County, Tianzhen County, Guangling County, Lingqiu County, Hunyuan City, Zuoyun County and Datong City.
Datong City is located in the northernmost part of Shanxi Province, on the northeast edge of the Loess Plateau. Geographical coordinates are112 34'-114 33' and 39 03'-40 44' north latitude. It is bounded by the Great Wall in the north, adjacent to Fengzhen and Liangcheng counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, connected to Shuozhou and Xinzhou areas in the west and south, and connected to Yangyuan, Laiyuan and Yuxian in Hebei Province in the east. Datong has a long history and dangerous terrain. It is the gateway to northern Shanxi and the barrier to the capital Beijing. It is the only way for Shaanxi, Mongolia and Hebei to cut corners. It has a very important strategic position and is called the ancient battlefield. It was once a capital of one generation, two generations and four dynasties. Located at the junction of Shanxi, Hebei and Mongolia, this city is a famous "coal capital" in China. Excellent location conditions, convenient transportation and communication, rich mineral resources, prestigious tourism resources at home and abroad, and relatively strong industrial base. The total land area of the city is 14 1 12.56 square kilometers, with an average elevation of 700- 1400 meters. The highest peak is 2420m at Huangyangjian, the main peak in Liu Ling, Yanggao County, and the lowest is 558m at Ranzhuang River in Lingqiu County, with an altitude of1000m in the urban area. The landform types in the territory are complex and diverse, including mountains, hills, basins and Pingchuan. Rocky mountainous areas and hilly areas account for 79% of the total area. The northwest mountains belong to the yinshan mountains and Luliang Mountains, mainly including Shuang Shan, Erlang Mountain, Yunmen Mountain and Cailiang Mountain. The mountains in the southeast belong to Taihang Mountain, mainly including Hengshan Mountain, Taibai Mountain and Liuling Mountain. The overall elevation of the city is between1000 ~1500m. The highest point is Huangyangjian in Liulingshan, Yanggao County (2420m above sea level), and the lowest point is the He Ran exit of Huata Village, Lingqiu County (558m above sea level). Sanggan River runs through the city from southwest to northeast, forming a trough basin with high periphery, low middle and two mountains and one river. Besides Sanggan River, the main rivers in China are Yu He, Nanyang River, Liu Hu, Tanghe River and Cangtou River, which belong to Haihe River system. The total population of the city is 2.848 million, and the agricultural population accounts for about 60%. There are Mongolian, Manchu, Hui, Tibetan, Miao, Korean and other ethnic minorities in this city, and the Han population accounts for 99.6%.
Most of them belong to continental monsoon climate, with long cold and dry winters, short warm and rainy summers, cool spring and autumn, and large temperature difference. The annual average temperature is 5.5℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 37.7℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -29. 1℃. The average annual rainfall is 400 mm; The frost-free period is 100 ~ 156 days.
Datong has a vast land, and its main crops are corn, millet, naked oats, spring wheat, millet, potato, flax, day lily, astragalus root, beet, sunflower, vegetables, melons and fruits.
Datong is rich in mineral resources and is a famous "hometown of coal" in China, with large coal reserves, good quality and high calorific value. The total proven reserves of coal reach 37.69 billion tons, making it an important production base of high-quality thermal coal in China. There are also iron, copper, aluminum, zinc, phosphorus, limestone, mica, graphite, marble, granite and so on.
Datong has more than 20,000 ancient buildings, tombs and sites, including more than 60 national and provincial cultural relics protection units. The Yungang Grottoes, which are famous at home and abroad, were excavated in the early years of Heping in Wen Chengdi, Northern Wei Dynasty. The only existing wooden structure building in Liao Dynasty is Upper and Lower Huayan Temple; Jiulong wall; Yanggao "Xu Jiayao people" site; Mount Hengshan in Beiyue; Hanging temple; Brick tower of Yuanjue Temple in Hunyuan; Tianzhen Ciyun Temple; Lingqiu Jueshan Temple, etc. In addition, Feng Taihou's Yongguling in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Xugong Wannian Hall of Emperor Xiaowen, Deng Bai Battle Site in the Han Dynasty, Kannonji and the ancient Great Wall are all extremely precious cultural heritages.
[Edit this paragraph] Tourism resources
The humanistic landscape of Datong has the characteristics of relatively concentrated scenic spots and different styles.
Yungang grottoes Yungang grottoes
After thousands of robberies, Yungang Grottoes, which have been left at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain for generations, stretch from east to west 1 km, with 53 existing main caves and more than 5 1000 stone carvings. It is known as the treasure house of world art, and was founded in the Northern Wei Dynasty in the 5th century A.D. and excavated along the whole Wuzhou Mountain. It used to be said that there are three grottoes in China, Yungang Grottoes is one of them, Dunhuang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes are the other. Yungang Grottoes are the representatives of early stone carving art in China.
Yungang Grottoes are located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain in the western suburbs of Datong City, Shanxi Province. Grottoes are dug along the mountain, stretching from east to west 1km. There are 45 existing main caves with more than 565,438 statues of different sizes, which is one of the largest ancient caves in China. 196 1 was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units, and was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO in February 5438+0/4, 2006.
According to documents, during the peaceful period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (460-47 1), the famous monk Yao Tan dug five caves in Wuzhousai, a western suburb of Beijing, and now they are numbered from Cave 16 to Cave 20, which is the earliest so-called "Tan Yao Cave" dug at that time. Most of the other major caves were completed before Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang in the 18th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 494), with a history of 1500 years.
Shanhua Temple Jiaoshanhua Temple
Shanhua Temple, commonly known as South Temple, is a national key cultural relics protection unit, located in the southwest corner of Datong City, Shanxi Province. It was founded in the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong was called Kaiyuan Temple. After the Five Dynasties and the early Jin Dynasty, it was renamed Fu 'an Temple. In the second year of Liao Dynasty (AD 1 122), most of them were destroyed by fire. In the early Jin Dynasty, the temple master presided over the restoration. It took fifteen years from the sixth year of Tianhui (A.D. 1 128) to the third year of Huangtong (A.D. 1 143). Fuen Temple was still very famous in the Yuan Dynasty, and its scale was quite large. According to the records of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu ordered 40,000 monks to gather in this temple for Buddhist activities. It was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty and renamed Shanhua Temple in the first ten years of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1445). Temples are also places where officials learn rituals. The whole temple covers an area of about 20,000 square meters, and the overall layout of Tang style still exists. The main buildings face south along the central axis, and gradually expand outward, overlapping layers. There is a mountain gate in front and three temples in the middle, all of which were built in the golden age. The Great Hall of Heroes left over from Liao Dynasty is located on the high platform behind. On its left and right are the oriental and western flowering halls. To the east is the site of Shu Ge, and to the west is the Puxian Pavilion, which was built in the second year of Jin Zhenyuan.
Shanhua Temple is the largest and most well-preserved temple in Liao and Jin Dynasties in China, with high and low buildings, clear primary and secondary, and symmetrical left and right. The temple also preserves precious cultural relics, such as clay sculptures, murals and inscriptions. Among them, the clay sculptures in the Jin Dynasty have beautiful shapes and outstanding personalities, especially the statues of the twenty-four heavenly kings. They are men and women, old and young, beautiful and ugly, literate and armed, or dressed as emperors, courtiers or barefoot, as if they were from Tianzhu or dressed in armor. Life is full of flavor. Very infectious. It is a national treasure.
Jiulongbi Jiulong bi
It is a beautifully made and distinguished zhaobi, which is located opposite or in front of major buildings such as palaces, mansions and temples. The bottom is Sumitomo, and the top is a tile cover. The wall is decorated with embossed Kowloon, and the moire is like waves. Do you know which is the largest Nine Dragon Wall in China? Some people may think it is the Kowloon Wall of Beihai Park. In fact, the scale of Datong Jiulong Wall is more than three times larger than that of Beihai Jiulong Wall, and it was built more than 350 years ago. Datong Jiulong wall is 45.5 meters long, 8 meters high and 2.02 meters thick. Built in 1300 Hongwu period. It is the glazed wall in front of the palace of Zhu Guidai, the thirteenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. There are three complete Nine Dragon Walls in China, except two in Datong and Beihai Park, and one in the Forbidden City. The Jiulong Wall in Datong is the most colorful and sturdy wall in Longcheng.
Huayan Temple Daxiong Hall Huayan Temple
Huayan Temple, a "giant temple" in Liao and Jin Dynasties, with a total area of 1.559 square meters, is one of the largest existing Buddhist temples in Liao and Jin Dynasties in China. There are exquisite sculptures in the Liao Dynasty, murals painted in the late Qing Dynasty and five sitting buddhas in the Ming Dynasty. Huayan Temple is simple and solemn in appearance, with strong Liao and Jin styles.
Shanhua Temple, built in the Tang Dynasty, is one of the most complete temples in existence, with staggered heights, orderly layout and left-right symmetry. There are also a large number of exquisite sculptures in the Liao and Jin Dynasties in the temple, which are both state-level cultural relics protection units with Huayan Temple.
The lower hall is located in the southwest of the upper hall, and the main hall is the Bo Jiashi Tibetan Hall. Bojia Hall was built in the seventh year of Liao Dynasty (A.D. 1038). There is a statue of 3 1 statue of Liao Dynasty in the hall, which is full in shape, smooth in clothing and free in expression, and is a fine sculpture of Liao Dynasty in China. After the founding of New China, Xiahuayan Temple was turned into Datong Museum, with a collection of jade, pottery, bronzes and stone tools, many of which are fine works.
(This picture shows the Daxiong Hall of the Upper Temple of Huayan Temple in Datong)
Yanta Yanta
Datong Yanta, formerly known as Wenfeng Pagoda. Because there are many geese flying in spring and summer, it is commonly known as the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. The tower was built in the next four years (1624). Located on the east and west walls of Datong. It belongs to the Confucian Temple complex with Yunlu and Paifang. It is a place where ancient scholars "rushed for exams" to worship and praise officials. The tower is about 14m high and is an octagonal seven-level hollow brick tower. Beautiful appearance, peculiar structure and extremely special construction position. The lower part of the tower is a three-layer sapphire base with eight sides, and the tower is above it. There are two doors on the first floor, and there is a stone tablet on the other six sides, which is engraved with the names, residences and fame of some children in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are four towers on the second floor and above, alternately arranged in eight directions. Each floor has a brick-carved bucket arch with imitation wood structure. There are cornices on the bucket arch and wind chimes hanging under the eaves, which makes the wind ring and interesting. The tower is octagonal, straight and hollow, with stepping bricks. Visitors can climb directly to the top of the tower. The Wild Goose Pagoda is located on the east side of the Yuhe River, commanding, and listed according to the pagoda, which is not easy to find, so it is also called the watchtower.
Datong Gulou Gulou
Datong Drum Tower is a three-eave street pavilion, which was built in the Ming Dynasty and renovated many times in the Qing Dynasty. The ground floor is built into four corners with bluestone, and there is a cross-shaped doorway inside. The upper two floors are made of brick and wood, and there is a big drum on the top floor, which was used for night shift in ancient times. Known as the "Four Famous Names", it was named "Drum Tower".
1966 was designated as a municipal cultural relics protection unit in April.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/978, the Drum Tower was extensively repaired. 1985 has carried out a comprehensive painting, and all kinds of patterns are vivid, gorgeous and completely renewed, completely restoring the majestic, simple, neat and magnificent style.
In the past, there were plaques on all sides of the Drum Tower, facing south, with the upper plaque as "Drum Tower" and the lower plaque as "Four Famous Names"; To the east, on the plaque "Song style", on the plaque "Clouds bloom in spring"; To the west, the upper plaque is "Zhende" and the lower plaque is "Harmony"; To the north, the plaque reads "Time and Harmony" and the plaque reads "Moonlight on Toad Cloud". There is also a plaque "Tianqing" under the eaves. Not anymore.
Fenglinge
Formerly known as Jiushenglou, Emperor Wuzong 15 18 visited the border and stayed in Fenglinge. According to legend, Emperor Wuzong had a true love story with Li Fengjie, the hostess of Fenglinge, commonly known as "the prince and the singer", and Fenglinge's delicious food such as "flowers are a little wheat" and "golden phoenix lying in the snow" was praised by Emperor Wuzong after tasting it, so Fenglinge was famous far and wide.
Since 2002, Mr. Qi Yonggui, a private entrepreneur, has invested in the construction. The rebuilt Fenglinge covers an area of about 7,000 square meters. In addition to the two-story main building and supporting buildings, there is also a landscape square covering an area of more than 2,000 square meters. In the meantime, the archway, gazebo, cloister, zhaobi and stage are carved and painted, which are fascinating and interesting. What is particularly striking is that the main building of Fenglinge is facing the zhaobi, which is the first giant glazed four-phoenix wall in China. Four colorful phoenixes spread their wings and sang loudly under the greeting of hundreds of birds around them, adding harmony to the historic hometown of Longbi. Up to now, the rebuilt Fenglinge has entered the stage of interior decoration, with a cumulative investment of more than 654.38 billion yuan.
guanyin temple
Kannonji is located on a hill 7.5 kilometers west of Datong City. Built in Liao Dynasty. It was destroyed by the fire. In A.D. 1 122, Shanxi nomads captured Datong, and Kannonji was once again burned by fire. The existing buildings were built in Shunzhi for 8 years (AD 165 1). Rebuild in the old site and repair it many times. 1996 1 month, was announced as a provincial cultural relics protection unit. The layout of this temple is very compact. The stage, Kannonji, Sanzhen Hall and Taidian Pavilion are arranged from front to back along the central axis, with the highest number of floors. The structure of the gate is a brick doorway with the word "Kannonji" engraved on its forehead. At the entrance of the cave, 8 meters from the ground, there is a stage that sits south to north, and under the cave is the road where ancient chariots and horses walk. The stage and the main hall (Guanyin Hall) are separated by the waist wall and enter the waist door. There are bell and drum towers and stele corridors on the left and right. The main room is three wide and two deep. The roof of the hall is a hanging mountain, covered with glazed tiles. The main hall is equipped with a large house to expand the venue for Buddhist activities. There is a 6-meter-high stone carving landscape in the middle of the hall. (The picture shows the top three Longping in Kannonji)
hanging temple/monastery
There is also the Hanging Temple on Hengshan, which is called "the Grand View of the World" by Xu Xiake, and it is the crown of the eighteen scenic spots on Hengshan. Founded in the late Northern Wei Dynasty (about 6th century AD), it has a history of 1400 years, and is the most famous suspended academy in China. Ancient poets vividly praised: "White clouds are sealed on Feiting Cliff", "A mirage is suspicious of the sea, and the bird path is not in the clouds". There are 40 pavilions in the whole temple, from east to west. Dig a cave on a steep cliff, insert a cantilever beam as the foundation, and have a plank road to connect pavilions. Overlooking the building is like an abyss; Looking up at the bottom of the valley, the cliff is like a rainbow. For thousands of years, this temple has experienced wind and rain. It is a miracle in the history of architecture that it is still safe after several major earthquakes. The temple building consists of three parts: the temple, the south first floor and the north building. The north and south floors are opposite from top to bottom, which is both a pavilion and a gatehouse. Temples and pavilions are all three-story eaves, resting at the top of the mountain. The building of Diange is built on the mountain, with a small top and a large bottom. The lower part is made of bricks, and the upper part is made of pavilions and stones. The house is built on a cliff. All the construction sites are in the cracks of these rocks. There is a cliff between the north and south floors, which is connected by a flying plank road. On the plank road, there is a double-decker eaves building. Although it is located on the cliff of thousands of feet Jedi, it is still surrounded by three cloisters, which makes the building more spectacular and handsome. It is not only famous for its breathtaking temples and pavilions, but also has two halls, namely, the Three Buddhas Hall, the Sakyamuni Hall, the Tibetan Hall, the Guanyin Hall and the Galapagos Hall, as well as the Taiyi Hall, the Sanguan Hall, the Chunyang Palace and the Guandi Hall of Buddhism and Taoism, and even three statues of Confucius, Sakyamuni and Laozi are molded in one hall. As we all know, in the history of our country, there have been contradictions and struggles between Buddhism and Taoism in the development process, and there have been large-scale incidents of "three martial arts and one case" to "destroy Buddhism", in which "one martial arts" is the third generation of Emperor Wu of the Northern Wei Dynasty who proclaimed himself emperor in Datong. But because both religions are polytheists, there are thousands of buddhas, bodhisattvas, arhats, heavenly kings, wise kings and so on in Buddhism. In Taoism, there are gods, gods, earthly gods, real people, mountains and rivers, thunder and fire, bright moon and stars, omnipresent gods and omnipresent gods, all of which are exclusive gods that cannot be interfered by pagans. Therefore, in the long history, the two religions have lived in harmony, and the communication between Buddhism and Taoism is the mainstream. Therefore, there is a Taoist Jade Emperor Pavilion in the Puhua Temple of Wutai Mountain; There is a Buddhist Guanyin Pavilion in the ancient snake cave in Linfen, a holy place of ancient Taoism. There is a Guanyin statue in Ciyun Cave, Sanqing Pavilion, a Taoist priest in Longmen, Xishan, Kunming. The Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu Province have the Taiqing Taoist Temple; There are three true statues of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in Sanzhen Hall in Kannonji, Datong. It can be seen that it is not uncommon for Buddhists and Taoists to meet in a temple, and statues and murals are enshrined in one place. Moreover, Buddhism also introduced emperors and foreigners into the ranks of arhats, such as Biyun Temple in Xiangshan, Beijing, Baoguang Temple in Chengdu, Hualin Temple in Guangzhou, etc., all of which shaped the imperial statue of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty into one of the 500 arhats. Emperor Kangxi was carved into the 295th most respected person among the 500 arhats in Baoguang Temple in Chengdu. There is a Christian Luohan statue in the Luohan Hall of Julian Temple in Kunming. There is a statue of Italian traveler Kyle Poirot in the Luohan Hall of Hualin Temple in Guangzhou.
In addition, there are many historical and cultural heritages such as Datong Great Wall, Yanmenguan, Shengdebao, Pingcheng Ruins, and Pingxingguan Dajie Memorial Hall. Beiyue Hengshan Mountain, Datong soil forest, Datong volcano group, Tangtou hot spring and many other natural scenery; And modern architectural landscapes such as Datong Museum, Jinhuagong Coal Mine and Datong Locomotive Museum (with the first steam locomotive in China).
There are many other tourist attractions in Datong tourist radiation area:
1. Yingxian wooden pagoda
From the northwest of Yingxian County to the south of Datong, there is a Sagata which is the best in the world, that is, it was built in Liao, Qing and Ning years and has a history of more than 900 years. The tower height is 67.3 1 m. The abutment is more than 4m high, and the tower gate is14m high. The plane of the tower is octagonal, and the diameter of the bottom is 30.27 meters. The tower has five open floors, each with a dark floor, which is actually nine floors. There are double eaves and corridors on the ground floor, so the appearance of the tower is six eaves. The tower is all made of wood, and each floor is supported by two circles of wooden columns inside and outside. Between the wooden columns, many braces, beams, squares and short columns are used to form multi-beam wooden frames in different directions. This is a great creation of tower engineering technology. There are 54 kinds of bucket arches in the whole tower, which is the epitome of bucket arch modeling. Without nails, the soldiers will not be extinguished, and they will not be thundered for thousands of years. According to relevant research, although Yingxian wooden tower has no modern lightning protection facilities, the insulation conditions of its foundation and tower body are similar to modern electrical equipment in some respects, and it has good lightning protection performance. It reflects the great achievements of ancient architectural engineering in China, and is known as "the most magnificent work" and "the wonders of the world". It is the highest existing wooden pavilion building in the world and enjoys a high reputation.
2. Hengshan Mountain
62 kilometers south of Datong, you can climb the majestic Hengshan Mountain. According to historical records, more than 4000 years ago, when Shun Di traveled to the north, he saw Mount Heng standing tall and the mountain was towering, so he was named Beiyue and was the founder of Beiyue. With Mount Tai, Huashan, Hengshan and Songshan, it is also known as the Five Mountains, which is equally famous in the world. Yanmenguan in the west, Hebei in the east, Sanjin in the south and Yanyun in the north. 108 peaks stretch for hundreds of miles, undulating between fortresses. Its grotesque caves are called Eighteen Scenes, and there are the remains left by the legendary god Shi Xiangdong flying to the grottoes. There is a cliff, and the aunt throws it into a fairy bird; There are two wells separated by one meter, and the water is sweet and bitter; There is a black ganoderma lucidum, which is not bright and easy to be exposed; The word "horizontal and vertical" carved in the big word Bay is as high as thirteen meters; Huixian cliff stone carvings are dazzling; On the chess table, the wind plays music; Out of the clouds, the clouds are misty; The hoofprint of the fairy donkey on Guo Laoling is a beautiful talk. In addition, natural wonders such as "Golden Rooster Announces Dawn", "Jade Sheep Traveling in Clouds", "Ding Yue Songfeng" and "Sunset" are also famous. There are more than 30 ancient temple buildings on the mountain, overlooking the horizontal and vertical halls in the south, with towering cliffs; Hidden in the secluded Beiyue bedroom, embedded in the grottoes; Kuixingge, to which Beidou belongs, is an independent dangerous peak; The Sanqing Hall facing the abyss is cleverly built.
These tourist attractions correspond to the "South Show" with the typical characteristics of "North Bear", and show the bold and profound cultural heritage and outstanding talents of the people in northern China.
List of main tourist attractions in Datong: Hanging Temple Pingcheng Site in Yungang Grottoes Jiulongbi Jueshan Temple Shanxi Anji Shuishentang Datong Drum Tower Zhao Wuling Tomb Yunlin Temple Ancient Castle Han Military Attaché Tun Grottoes Lubanyao Grottoes Ciyun Temple Datong Muslim Temple Kannonji Shanhua Temple Pingxingguan Campaign Site People's Site Shang Huayan Temple Xia Huayan Temple Datong Coal Mine Exhibition Hall Datong Museum Yong Guling Lang Xie Kang Jinlong couple's tomb. SanHuang tomb Qi Empress Tomb Yonglie Tomb Mazhuang han group Wanbang Tomb Yuan Shu Epitaph of Beiyue Hengshan Datong Volcano Group Tangtou Hot Spring Wenbo Lake Lingqiu Ancient Road Excavation Liangshan Yungang National Forest Park Qingshan Longshan Store Ziliang Lingqiu Taohua Mountain
Optimal travel time
Summer and fall
[Edit this paragraph] Datong volcano
Datong volcano is a famous extinct volcano group in eastern China, which consists of two parts: one part was formed in Tertiary, mainly distributed in Zuoyun and Youyu counties; Some of them were formed in Quaternary, mainly distributed in the northern part of Datong Basin. Among them, there are more than 30 volcanoes in this group, which are generally believed to have been formed from the end of Pliocene to the beginning of Pleistocene. According to their distribution characteristics, these volcanoes are divided into four regions: east, south, west and north. Of the four regions, the central and northern regions formed the earliest, followed by the eastern and southern regions, and the western region was the latest.
Volcanoes in the eastern region: refer to six isolated mountains in Sanggan River Basin between Guayuan and shenquansi, such as Naoyoutou, Xiaojiayaotou, Dongpo Mountain, shenquansi, Goose Goose Goose and Daxinzhuang. Among them, the relative height of Xiaojiayaotou volcano is about 100 meters, and the mountain is round and well preserved. However, shenquansi and Goosebumps volcano can't see the crater now.
Southern volcanoes: mainly refer to Dayukou volcano in the south of Sanggan River, Xiyaotou volcano and three nameless volcanoes in the northeast of Xiyaotou.
West Volcano: refers to the volcano distributed in Guayuan and the northern part of Xiping, which is the earliest discovered and the most deeply studied part of Datong Volcano Group. It includes 65,438+05 volcanoes, such as Montenegro, Shuang Shan, Hushan and Langwo Mountain. Generally speaking, it has three characteristics: first, it is conical, mainly composed of pyroclastic rocks; Second, the shape of the mountain is complex and diverse; Third, there are many fetal volcanoes and parasitic volcanoes. Among them, Montenegro is the largest volcano in Datong Volcano Group, and Shuang Shan is located in the center of Datong Volcano Group, so this area is more noticeable.
Volcanoes in the northern region: mainly refer to six volcanoes in the northern part of Datong, including Gushan and southwest of Gushan. Among them, Gushan Mountain is the largest in this area, composed of basalt and shaped like bread. Although the mountain is not high, it is independent of the imperial valley and magnificent.
[Edit this paragraph] Datong coalfield
The geographical location of Datong coalfield is about ゜ east longitude 1 13, ゜ north latitude 40 4'. It spans Datong, Youyu, Pinglu, Zuoyun, Shuozhou and other cities and counties. It is roughly rectangular, 85 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide, with a total area of 65,438. Among them, Datong City has a coal-bearing area of 632 square kilometers and accumulated proven reserves of 37.6 billion tons.
There are two coal measures in Datong coalfield: Jurassic coal measures and Carboniferous-Permian coal measures. The Jurassic coal measures were originally formed in the depression basin in the late Indosinian movement, and then were involved in the polygonal structure in the Neocathaysian period under the influence of Yanshan and Himalayan movements, and were single weakly bonded coal. Jurassic coal measures and Carboniferous-Permian coal measures * * * minable seam 18, including Jurassic coal measures 15 and Carboniferous-Permian coal measures 3, with a total thickness of 26 meters, which is equivalent to the height of a 7-story building.
Datong coalfield not only has large reserves, but also has good coal quality. The Jurassic coal series being mined is the best power coal, which is called "world power pulverized coal and rice". It has five characteristics: First, it has strong firepower. The average calorific value per kilogram of coal is only 5000~6000 kcal, and only 9~ 10 kg of water can be boiled; Datong Jurassic coal has a calorific value of about 8000 kcal per kilogram, which can boil 1 1~ 12 kg of water. Secondly, the ash content is low. The ash content of coal is generally 10% ~ 20%, that is, every 100 kg of coal is burned, leaving 10 ~ 20 kg of ash. The Jurassic coal ash content in Datong is only 5~8%, that is, only 5~8 kg of ash is burned per 100 kg. Third, there are few impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. The sulfur content of Jurassic coal in Datong is less than 1%, and the phosphorus content is only 0.29%. Fourth, the volatile matter is high. The volatile content of Jurassic coal in Datong is between 30% and 34%. As a fuel, it is easy to ignite, suitable for making gas and a good raw material for processing and transforming into coal chemical products. The fifth is high hardness. Hard coal mining takes some effort, but it is very convenient in transportation, especially long-distance transportation. Datong's high-quality coal has long been famous. In the past, coal merchants in Beijing and Tianjin used "Kouquanchun Block" as a trademark to attract customers. Datong coal is now an indispensable industrial raw material for national construction.
In addition, Datong coalfield also has superior mining conditions. First of all, its coal seam is very close to the surface. Generally, coal can be seen as long as the shaft is cut 60~ 100 meters, and the deepest part is no more than 400 meters. Therefore, the well construction speed is fast and the investment is low. Second, the dip angle of coal seam is small, generally about 5%, which is convenient for mechanized mining. Third, the roof is hard, and the roof rocks are mostly hard colloidal rocks. Roof rocks in some places have been mined for decades, but they still can't fall off. Fourth, the volume is small. Fifth, there is little groundwater. Generally, the mine water inflow is about 6~7 tons per minute, or even more, and Datong Coal Mine is less than 1 ton, which can save drainage equipment.
[Edit this paragraph] Natural resources
Datong has coal, cement limestone, graphite, flux dolomite, kaolinite, phlogopite, basalt, marble, refractory clay and other mineral resources.
Coal resources: Datong city is located in the northeast of Datong coalfield, and its coal resources belong to a part of the geological concept of "Datong coalfield". The coal-bearing strata in Datong City are Jurassic Datong Formation, Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation and Shanxi Formation. The Jurassic Datong Formation has a coal-bearing area of 540 square kilometers, a reserve of 5.87 billion tons and a cumulative proven reserve of 6.55 billion tons. Now this part is the main product of large-scale mining. Most Carboniferous coals have only been surveyed, and the degree of exploration is not high. Accumulated proven reserves11.700 million tons. This kind of coal has high ash content and its quality is far inferior to that of Jurassic coal, so it belongs to gas coal.
Graphite resources: This mineral occurs in the strata of pre-Paleozoic Jining Group, which belongs to sedimentary metamorphic type and is the only one in the whole province, and is distributed in Hongtzburg and Liu Mu in the north of the city. They belong to the same metallogenic belt, and the total proven graphite reserves are 565,438+623,000 tons, including 2,247,000 tons of graphite. Among them, the reserve of surface graphite ore in Hongcibao is 39 1.33 million tons, containing graphite 1.63 million tons, with an average carbon content of 3%-4% and a high carbon content of 10% or more. There are 612.484 million tons of graphite on the surface of six acres, including 6170,000 tons of graphite, with an average carbon content of 4.9%. They are all rich in minerals.