The Battle of Quang Ninh took place in the second year of the Apocalypse (1622). There was a big confrontation between the late Jin Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. In this campaign, the Ming army was defeated, Wang Huazhen and Xiong Tingbi surrendered to Shanhaiguan, and western Liaoning lost territory.

background

Guangning's strategic position is very important. It is the throat of western Liaoning, the gateway to Shanhaiguan and the barrier to defend the capital. Since the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the company commanders of Liaodong have been stationed here. It was the highest military station in the northeast of Ming Dynasty, and it was an important military town to control Mongolia and suppress Jurchen.

With the massive attack of Nurhachi, Shenyang and Liaoyang, the core towns of the Ming Dynasty, were successively lost, and Yuan Yingtai, commander-in-chief of Liaodong in Daming, hanged himself after the defeat. Daming's ruling and opposition parties were very shocked. So the Apocalypse Emperor enabled Xiong Tingbi, one of the three outstanding figures in Liaodong, as the governor of Liaodong, and appointed Wang Huazhen as the governor. When they arrived, they each put forward a strategic plan against the post-Kinnurhachi. However, the plan is different and fragmented. On the other hand, after Jinnurhachi occupied the east of Liaohe River, he was ready to continue to attack western Liaoning on a large scale.

process

Battle of Xiping

In the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), Nurhachi sent troops to capture Guangning, and the war started immediately.

The Ming Dynasty insisted on the military deployment of Guangning, which was divided into three lines of defense: one was to build the first line of defense with the help of Liaohe River, the other was to build the second line of defense with Xiping Fort, Zhenwu Fort and Zhenning Fort outside Guangning City, and the third line of defense was the city defense of Guangning.

Nuerhachi led 60,000 troops by surprise, crossed the first line of defense of the Ming Dynasty-Liaohe River, and the front of the soldiers pointed to Xipingbao outside Quang Ninh.

Soon, the siege of Xiping was tight. Wang Huazhen believed Sun Degong's Zhong Junzhi, launched Quang Ninh army, and asked Sun Degong and Zu Dashou to meet Qi Zhongbing, and then went to fight. Xiong Tingbi also ordered Liu Qu to help. 1 22, Pingyang bridge suffered after the war, and 8 Jin Army just confronted each other. Soldiers Sun Degong and Bao Chengxian fled first, and Zhenwu and Lu Yang's troops were also defeated. Liu Quhe died in Shaling, and Zu Dashou fled to Juehua Island. Luo, the deputy commander of Xiping garrison, always waiting for help, bowed down to Beijing on the wall and said, "I have tried my best." And then committed suicide. Black cloud crane, guerrilla Li Maochun and Zhang Mingxian who participated in the war died one after another. At this point, the Ming army was wiped out.

At that time, Xiong Tingbi had left Youtun and was stationed in Lv Yangcheng. Senator Xing advised him to rescue Quang Ninh urgently, but he was killed by Han Chu, so he retreated back. At that time, 8 jin j stopped in the sand ridge, no longer forward.

Run away without fighting.

Wang Huazhen usually regards Sun Degong as his confidant, but Sun Degong has secretly surrendered to the latter. He wanted to take Wang Huazhen alive as his credit, so he pretended that the army of the late Jin had arrived at the edge of the city. The city was in chaos, everyone fled, and Gao Bang's participation in politics could not be stopped. Wang Huazhen unwittingly closed the door to deal with military books. Jiang Chaodong pushed the door and burst in, and Wang Huazhen scolded him loudly. Jiang Chaodong shouted: "Things are dangerous, please go!" Wang Huazhen didn't know what had happened, so Chaodong helped him ride away, followed by two servants on foot, so he lost Quang Ninh City and ran for his life in panic. When he met Xiong Tingbi in Daling River, Xiong Tingbi said with a smile, "Sixty thousand troops can wipe out the enemy in one fell swoop. What will happen in the end? "

Wang Huazhen felt ashamed and suggested that he be stationed in Ningyuan and Qiantun. Xiong Tingbi said, "It's too late. Now we can only protect ordinary people from entering the customs! " So he gave his 5,000 people to Wang Huazhen and set fire to all his savings. On the 26th of the first month, Xiong Tingbi and Han Chu ordered the refugees to enter the customs together. Wang Huazhen, Gao Gao and Hu Jiadong also entered the customs one after another, and only Gao Bang committed suicide.

Guangning waterfall

Sun Degong fled back to Guangning, and he rebelled. He sent troops to seize the city gate, sealed off the treasure, and preached in the city that the war ahead had been defeated and it was time to surrender. He even met Nurhachi personally and invited Nurhachi to the city. Nurhachi didn't expect it to be so easy to get Quang Ninh City, so he didn't believe it. Soon, the spies sent to Quang Ninh came back to report the situation of Quang Ninh City and invited Nurhachi to enter the city. Nurhachi is dubious. Two days later, the rebels still invited Nurhachi into the city, but Nurhachi was still dubious. On the way to Quang Ninh, I met some jurchen and told Nurhachi about the city. Nurhachi still doesn't believe me, because he never thought that the capital of Liaodong would be so easily occupied by him. So he sent his own Baylor and the minister to see it himself. After returning, he confirmed the reliability of the news, and Nurhachi entered Quang Ninh City. Quang Ninh fell into the hands of the latter.

After Wang Huazhen, the governor of Liaodong, fled, he met Xiong Tingbi, the governor of Liaodong, in Daling River. At this point, Xiong Tingbi, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, was directing operations in Youtun, dozens of miles away from Quang Ninh. After discussion, I retreated directly to the south and entered Shanhaiguan. A large amount of food supply, all the land in western Liaoning, tens of thousands of people in western Liaoning fell into the hands of the late Jin.

After Jin occupied Guangning, Yizhou, Pingyang Bridge, Xixingbao, Jinzhou, Tiechang, Dalinghe, Jin 'an, Youtunwei, Tuanshan, Zhenning, Zhenyuan, Zhenan, Jingping, Zhenbian, Daqingbao, Dakangbao, Zhenwu Fort, Zhuangzhuang Fort, Luyang Post Station, Shisanshan Post Station and Xiaoxiao were successively captured. Nurhachi ordered the people west of Liaohe River to be driven to the east of Liaohe River for slaughter, which was terrible.

result

After the Quang Ninh War, the Ming Dynasty lost the whole of Liaodong. Lost Liaodong, Zhang was afraid of sin, invited to govern Liaodong, and soon spent his old age. The Ming court appointed Xie Jingbang, the governor of Fu Xuan, as the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War and the right adviser of Duchayuan. Xie Jingbang was excused for three times and resigned. Finally, it was rejected by the court for the people and never used again. The Jin Dynasty ordered Wang to quit Liaodong, but the Jin Dynasty forbade him to do so, so he went to Shanhaiguan.

In August of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Xiong Tingbi was executed for "falling into Guangning" and fled the city. Although Wei Zhongxian spared no effort to protect Wang Huazhen, it was not until the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632) that he was executed because of his definite crime.

affect

The influence of the late Jin Dynasty's conquest of Guangning

1, cut off the contact between the Mongolian ministries adjacent to western Liaoning and the Ming Dynasty, and achieved the goal of netting Mongolia. History: After Quang Ninh was captured, "Baylor, the 17th member of the Elut Department of Mongolia, came back. The banquet was hard, and there was a difference. The five Gurkhas came and went together. "

2. A lot of food was plundered. Only Youweitun, where Xiong Tingbi was stationed, had 500,000 stone grains and grass, which helped Nurhachi survive a terrible economic crisis. As for the plunder of pearl treasures, there are countless ways. War has always been an important means for the post-Jin regime to acquire wealth. After the war of Quang Ninh, the pockets of the slave owners in the late Jin Dynasty were even more bulging.

3, cut off the battle of the left arm. Wang Zaijin, who became the governor of Liaodong after Wang Huazhen, was saddened by the fall of Guangning. He said: "Things in the East are not conducive to the Qing government, the second is not conducive to the opening of railways, the third is not conducive to Liaoshen, and the fourth is not conducive to Guangning. The first bad is a crisis, the second bad is a failure, the third bad is a mess, and as for the fourth bad, the whole Liao country will be ruined without a game. Retreat the mountains and seas, and there is no retreat.

The Ming Dynasty always compared Liaodong to the right-hand man of the capital. Guangning lost, and all his left arms were cut off. By the end of Liaodong rule, Daming Jiangshan was no longer a complete body. Then the Jin regime pushed its troops to western Liaoning, which played a very important role in stabilizing the post-Jin regime.

evaluate

1, the Ming dynasty was divided by mediation, resulting in the division of the command center, and the correct strategic proposition could not be implemented.

Wang Huazhen doesn't know the soldiers, but he commands them. He pinned his hopes on 400,000 soldiers in Mongolia. In fact, Dānlín Khan only gave more than 10,000 people, which may be the greatest ability of Li Dan Khan. He put his money on Li Yongfang, a surrenderer loyal to Nurhachi, but he betrayed his confidant. His plan to eliminate chaos in one fell swoop completely ignores reality.

3. Nurhachi's military talent has been brought into full play again. Sun Tzu's art of war is about defeating the enemy without fighting. Think of time as a record. Nurhachi made good use of the room and successfully used it again in the battle of Quang Ninh, turning against Sun Degong, Wang Huazhen's confidant. Sun Degong's rebellion played a vital role in the battle of Quang Ninh. The fiasco of the Ming army in Pingyang Bridge was directed by Sun Degong, and Nurhachi was useless. The safe entry into Quang Ninh was entirely the result of Sun Degong's operation.