Variety selection of 1
Pumpkins in greenhouse are mainly planted in the morning market in spring, and the cultivation time is generally earlier. Therefore, we should choose very early-maturing pumpkin varieties with short growth period, low temperature tolerance, low light tolerance, high farinaceous quality, good taste and high economic value. At present, the products promoted in Feidong County are mainly mini pumpkin black shell, mini crown and other varieties.
Sowing and planting
2. 1 soaking seeds to accelerate germination
Seed soaking to accelerate germination mainly includes seed selection, seed soaking and seed disinfection. Before sowing, soak the whole seed in a clean container and soak it in hot water at 50~60℃ for 65438 05 minutes. The temperature of hot water is about twice the amount of seeds. In order to make the seeds heated evenly during soaking, it is necessary to keep stirring. Soak the seeds in warm water at 30℃ for about 4 h, and rub the mucus on the surface of the seeds with your hands. The soaked seeds were wrapped in a wet towel and germinated in an incubator at 28 ~ 30℃ for 24 ~ 36 h.
2.2 timely sowing
Selecting bare seeds, putting them into a hole tray of peat soil, which is a special seedling-raising substrate for vegetables, leveling the seeds with a scraper, and watering; Put the selected germinated seeds flat in the middle of the plug, cover them with 5 mm thick peat soil and 3 mm thick fine sand, and water the pumpkin seedlings after they are unearthed to prevent the cotyledons from wearing caps.
2.3 seedling management
After sowing, the temperature is kept at 25 ~ 30℃ during the day and 65438 08℃ at night. When the seeds are 70% arched, the plastic film is removed, and the temperature is reduced to 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and kept at 12 ~ 15℃ at night. Seven days before sowing, the temperature is reduced to 20 ~ 22℃ during the day and about 65438 00℃ at night, and the seedlings are tempered to prevent excessive growth.
2.4 Whole planting
15 the day before planting, tie up the plastic shed film, deepen the ground after tying up the shed film, and open a deep ditch for watering. Before ploughing, apply 750 ~ 900 kg/hm ~ 2 of quicklime, furrow depth 15 ~ 20cm, evenly apply 750 kg/hm ~ 2 of compound fertilizer and 22,500 ~ 30,000 kg/hm ~ 2 of decomposed organic fertilizer in the furrow, and then cover the soil evenly for 25~30 cm. When the pumpkin seedlings grow to 2 leaves 1 heart, the soil temperature in the shed will be stable above 8℃ for 5 consecutive days, and then they can be unearthed and transplanted. Spraying 800 times of 75% chlorothalonil solution or 1000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl solution and 500 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution the day before transplanting. Planting should be carried out in sunny morning, with ridge width of 50~60 cm, planting one row per ridge, plant spacing of 40 cm and row spacing of 60 cm. Before planting 1 ~ 2 days, drill plastic film with shovel handle, and the density is 18 000~22 500 kg/hm 2 for protection. Immediately after planting, irrigate the planting water thoroughly, and cover the soil after the water seeps down.
3 greenhouse field management
3. 1 rattan pruning
Pumpkin is cultivated by single vine pruning method or double vine pruning method. When the vines grow to 30~40 cm, they should be wound in time to avoid sagging and breaking. When the vines grow to 40~50 cm, use plastic rope to lift the main vine or the main vine and a strong side vine at the base, keep the vines growing upright, and remove the vines on the other side.
3.2 Artificial pollination
When the female flower of pumpkin blooms more than 5-6 knots, the male flower is picked at 08:00- 10:00 on sunny days, the corolla is removed, and the pollen is evenly coated on the stigma of the female flower for artificial pollination.
3.3 fruit thinning
When the pumpkin fruit set reaches the size of an egg, it should be thinned in time. 2~4 robust fruits can be left on the main vine of pumpkin cultivated by single vine pruning, 2~3 robust fruits can be left on the main vine of pumpkin cultivated by double vine pruning, and 1~2 robust fruits can be left on the lateral vine to promote reproductive growth.
3.4 Water and topdressing
5 ~ 6 days after sowing, apply seedling fertilizer and mix 45~75 kg /hm 2 urea and water. The second time, when the vines grow to 5-6 knots, cooperate with furrow irrigation and fertilization with loosening soil, and apply compound fertilizer of 45kg/hm2 and urea 1.20kg/hm2. When the melon is the size of an egg, topdressing the swollen melon fertilizer in time, ditching in the middle of the ditch and applying ternary compound fertilizer at the ratio of 15: 15: 15, covering the soil and watering, and fertilizing again after about 15 days depending on the growth situation.
3.5 ventilation
Pay attention to the temperature in the shed. Appropriate temperature can make pumpkin grow better and promote the improvement of yield and quality. When the temperature in the shed is too high, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation and cool down. 3 ~ 4 days after planting, there is no ventilation, which is convenient for delaying seedlings. The temperature in the shed is kept at 25 ~ 35℃ during the day and above 65438 05℃ at night. From the slow growth of seedlings to the flowering of female flowers, there is little ventilation when the greenhouse temperature is above 35℃, and the wind is turned off when the temperature drops to 25℃ in the afternoon, and the temperature is above 12℃ at night. During flowering and fruiting, the temperature is controlled at 25 ~ 30℃ during the day and above 65438 05℃ at night.
3.6 pest control
3.6. 1 pumpkin epidemic. The epidemic mainly harms the seedlings, stems, leaves and fruits of pumpkin. At the early stage of the disease, brown spots appeared on the affected area, which quickly spread when the air humidity was high. In the soft rot area with waterlogging, white mildew appeared around the affected area, which eventually led to fruit withering and rotting or plant death. Prevention and control methods: Choose areas with high terrain, loose soil and good drainage, and it is best to rotate with crops such as wheat or corn. Pumpkins are mainly used to take preventive measures against epidemics. Disinfect seeds and soil before sowing, strengthen management and control temperature and humidity at ordinary times.
3.6.2 Pumpkin powdery mildew. Powdery mildew mainly harms pumpkins. At the beginning of the disease, white spots appeared on the leaves, which spread slowly and gradually expanded. Finally, the spots were covered with a layer of white powder, which caused the leaves to turn yellow and die. Control methods: select varieties with vigorous growth and strong disease resistance, strengthen fertilizer and water management, enhance plant disease resistance, disinfect before planting, isolate bacterial infection, and spray carbendazim wettable powder or chlorothalonil at the early stage of the disease.
3.6.3 Pumpkin Anthrax. Anthracnose mainly harms pumpkins. Leaves will be waterlogged when they are sick, and then spread into brown spots. When the temperature and humidity are high, the spots are pink and sticky. After the fruit was infected, water stains appeared, which gradually expanded, and finally the diseased part turned black and rotted. Control method: seed dressing and disinfection with thiram wettable powder to eliminate the germs carried by the seed epidermis. It is suggested to rotate corn, wheat and other crops to reduce the occurrence of diseases. Spray chlorothalonil wettable powder or mancozeb once every 7 days, 2~3 times.
3.6.4 Downy mildew of pumpkin. Downy mildew is one of the main diseases of pumpkin, which mainly harms leaves. At the onset, yellow spots appeared on the leaves and gradually spread, eventually leading to irregular polygonal spots on the leaves. In a humid environment, a gray-black mold layer will grow on the diseased spot, and when the disease is serious, the whole planting area will turn yellow. Control methods: mainly control downy mildew, select varieties with strong disease resistance, seed dressing and disinfection with carbendazim wettable powder when planting, strengthen field management and enhance plant disease resistance. Strictly control the temperature, strengthen ventilation, spray chlorothalonil, carbendazim and other chemicals for chemical control.
3.6.5 Little ground tiger. Also known as silkworm. The main damage period is larval stage, which not only harms pumpkin seedlings, but also harms corn, tobacco and other melons. Usually, larvae will bite off the tender stems of plant seedlings and directly kill the whole plant. Therefore, it is necessary to replant seedlings in time to avoid delaying the growth period of pumpkin. Larvae attach to the ground grass before the 3rd instar, and feed on larval tissues, and disperse the damage after the 3rd instar. Generally speaking, little ground tigers have the habit of sleeping at night. Hidden in the soil during the day, unearthed in large quantities at night will be eaten. It is fierce, extremely fast and likes to kill each other.
Weeds in the field should be cleared in time in early spring, the land should be dug deeply, and pesticides should be applied once in advance to clear the overwintering adults or eggs in the soil. Before planting, you can pile up some grass plants that ground tigers like everywhere in the field, spray trapping drugs, or catch them artificially. Chlorpyrifos EC can be sprayed when exposed to the ground in larval stage. The best way is to smear particles next to the roots after the seedlings are unearthed.
3.6.6 Aphids. There are many kinds and hosts, and the main harm of pumpkin is melon aphid. The melon aphid, also known as honey bug, gathers on the back of young leaves to suck juice, and the sucked leaves turn yellow and curly, wither and fall off. Aphids are the transmission route of many viruses, and the discharged honeydew can also cause soot-like spots, leading to poor plant growth and premature death. More than 20 generations occur every year, which is promoted by high temperature and high humidity. In June, winged aphids mainly harm Gua Tian, which will cause extensive damage. Eggs mainly overwinter on soil, leaves and weed hosts.
When uncovered Gua Tian first appeared, high density aphid strains should be selected for drug control. Aphids and imidacloprid are used to control aphids, but it is best to use them in the early stage. If it is not controlled, it needs to be sprayed several times during the occurrence period. Aphids are often controlled in sheds, lured and killed with yellow boards, and covered with silver-gray plastic films in the fields to drive away aphids. Weed the pumpkin after harvest, burn the residual plants, leave no overwintering host, and reduce the overwintering insect source. Protect natural enemies of aphids, such as ladybugs, aphid bees, aphid flies, etc.
4 timely harvest
Usually, 25 ~ 30 days after pollination, the fruit matures 80%~90%, the color of the peel darkens, and the stems are reticulate and cracked.