1[ Economy and Commerce in Song Dynasty]
Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in ancient China that didn't implement the policy of "restraining business" for a long time. Since the Song Dynasty, it has been managing pits and organizing the development of tea salt. As a result, a large number of farmers liberated from the land invested in commercial handicrafts, and the private economy was stimulated and developed by leaps and bounds. Created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. At the beginning of the founding of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu Zhao Boxin called on people to "accumulate more wealth, build land and houses, bequeath their children and grandchildren, and sing and dance all their lives". This guidance led to the vigorous development of commercial tide, rapid development of commerce and rapid development of banking, which prompted the first appearance of the earliest banknotes and banks in the history of the world in the Song Dynasty. Banks can make loans and pay in different places. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of mineral deposits such as gold, silver, copper, iron and coal were mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world history also appeared all over the country. Such as shipyards, firearms factories, paper mills, printing plants, weaving factories, official kilns and so on. The workers in this factory are paid on time. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were seven or eight thousand craftsmen in the Military Equipment Institute. There are more than 1200 apprentices in the branch of the association. Jin Ling College has more than 400 weavers. In addition to public factories, some private factories have also appeared and flourished in large numbers. Due to the unprecedented economic prosperity, the number of coins minted in the Song Dynasty was very large. For example, in Song Shenzong, the country minted 5.06 million coins every year, while in the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong minted 320,000 coins every year. Copper coins and silver ingots were the standard currencies in the Song Dynasty. Copper coins and iron coins were used together in the Song Dynasty, and some of them contained alloy components. Besides, there are some silver coins. The coins of the Song Dynasty were the highest and best coins in the ancient history of China in terms of variety, quantity and quality. The exquisite calligraphy engraved on the coins of the Song Dynasty was mostly written by famous artists and emperors, and the seals were covered with grass, ancient seals and thin gold seals. All kinds of exquisite coins make people fondle them, and the art of coins in Song Dynasty is the highest. At that time, Song Qian was the favorite and strongest currency of neighboring countries. Song's money became a treasure of the national treasury. Although there are imitations of Song coins in Liao countries, Jin countries and other countries, Song coins are the most widely circulated in Jin countries. Up to now, the most Song money has been unearthed. Today, it has been unearthed in many areas, as far away as Japan and as far west as Europe and Africa. It serves to show the prosperity and strength of the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying a lot of copper coins, the earliest paper money "jiaozi" appeared among the people around the first year of Song Xianping (AD 998). Later it was issued by the government. This kind of "jiaozi" copper plate is printed with birds and animals, patterns, patterns or stories in color, which is very beautiful. 1024, the Song government began to print bills that can be credited. This kind of paper is like public debt, each of which has its own date of payment, and it becomes invalid after it is received. Its application is more and more extensive. The use of bills provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity. In the first year of Tiansheng (A.D. 1023), the Song government opened the world's first official institution, Yizhou Jiaozi Department, which was responsible for the issuance of paper money. The following year, the world's first paper money was officially issued, and it was issued at different levels. Jiaozi was originally divided into two years, and the old Jiaozi was abolished at the same time as the new Jiaozi was issued. Since the fifth year of Xining (A.D. 1072), although it still occurs every two years, the circulation period of each jiaozi has increased to four years. Jiaozi face value is a fixed face value from consistent to consistent, based on iron money, with issuance reserve, which has basically the characteristics of modern standard currency. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the government set up a "guild in Hangzhou" to manage the printing of "guild". One thousand, two thousand, three thousand, two hundred, three hundred, five hundred and six denominations were printed. The meeting takes three years as the "boundary", which expires when it expires, and the old and the new alternate. From 1 17 1 year to 1240, * * * issued the 18 World Club. Later, the government stipulated that the 17th and 18th clubs could circulate permanently. Paper money has gradually replaced copper coins as the main medium of exchange. The rapid development of commerce has played a driving role. The huge financial revenue in Song Dynasty was the result of the rapid development of national economy, the extremely prosperous industry and commerce and the improvement of productivity. Abundant social and financial resources enable the government to ensure government revenue without imposing excessive taxes on the people. This eased social contradictions and entered a virtuous circle of governing the country. In Song Dynasty, the economy, especially the secondary and tertiary industries developed greatly, and people's living standards reached an unprecedented height. In A.D. 1077, the total tax revenue of the Northern Song Dynasty was * * * 70.7 million yuan, including 21620,000 yuan for agricultural taxes, accounting for 30%, and 4911000,000 yuan for industrial and commercial taxes, accounting for 70%. It is no longer agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue, but industry and commerce. By the Song Dynasty, China's agricultural society was already moving towards the industrial and commercial society. There were also advertisements for copperplate printing in handicraft industry in Song Dynasty. It is more than 300 years earlier than the advertisements printed by western capitalism. Shen Kuo's theory of money circulation speed has reached the level of modern money theory. Su Dongpo, a great scholar, once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil rice, and her business increased greatly. The earliest seeds of China capitalism in the world were born in the prosperous commercial tide of the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty was the period when the citizen class in China was formally born. A large number of craftsmen, businessmen and small business owners formed the middle class in the Song Dynasty. They are rich in economy and have their own independent value pursuit. The rich and leisurely life, aesthetic taste and life taste of the citizens contributed to the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty culture, and opera, acrobatics, music, poetry and novels all prospered and developed in the Song Dynasty. Large-scale urbanization began in the Song Dynasty. For the first time, there appeared a big city in China, which was dominated by commerce rather than administration. The four capitals in Song Dynasty were Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in Xijing, Daming in Beijing and Yingtianfu in Nanjing. The population of big cities in Song Dynasty was concentrated, and the capital city of Bianliang in Northern Song Dynasty and Lin 'an in Southern Song Dynasty were both big cities with a population of more than one million. In the Song Dynasty, there were six people with a population of more than 200,000, such as Quanzhou. The number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from a dozen in the Tang Dynasty to 46. Venice, the largest and most prosperous city in the west at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, had a population of only100000. The clock is hung on the towers of all the main roads in this city. Every clock is watched. He knocked on the bronze bell, which echoed even in the narrow alley, and then he showed people the time in words. For more than 0/60 years in the Northern Song Dynasty, the capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) was "ten times as big as that of the capital of song dynasty" and "there were millions of households in the capital of song dynasty, and there were no wage earners". In the Song Dynasty, the capital of song dynasty used coal (called burning stone in the west) instead of wood to make a fire for cooking and heating. At that time, the west used wood to chop firewood for cooking and heating. 1949 After liberation, all major cities in China did not reach this point. The birth of the new citizen class and the rich and comfortable life made the Song people have a strong sense of consumption, which greatly stimulated the prosperity and development of the tertiary industry such as teahouse, wine market and entertainment industry. Unlike the cities in the Tang Dynasty, the cities in the Song Dynasty were dark at night, and Song Cheng was a bright city in the dark. Because the Song Dynasty did not impose a curfew like the Tang Dynasty, the Song people had a nightlife. In the evening, the Song people lit lights in their rooms, homes and yard doors, so there were lights everywhere. People who walk at night carry all kinds of lanterns. So the whole city is flashing at night. At night, the whole city is brightly lit and sold until dawn. Hundreds of operas and performances were staged in fixed entertainment places such as "Wazi" and "Goulan", and the citizens watched attentively. In the evening, the restaurant business is booming until the sun rises again and the streets are crowded with people. "There are one or two noodle restaurants on the street, noodle restaurants in the west of the city, buying and selling all night, and making friends all the time." "In the rest of Qiaodaofang Lane, there are also night markets selling fruit candy and other things, and some people sell divination in the street, such as selling market food on stretchers until midnight. Although it rains and snows heavily in winter, there are also night markets to sell. " . When I suddenly turned around, the man was in the dim light. "Outside the castle peak building outside the mountain, when will the West Lake sing and dance stop? Warm wind makes tourists drunk and makes Hangzhou Bianzhou. " Tourists are not only a few Song people such as royalty, dignitaries, but also the general public and most Song people in the city. Song lived such a rich and happy life. In the Song Dynasty, there was no poverty that "the road has frozen bones" and "the country is divided, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the vegetation returns in spring". Pessimism and despair. When will the West Lake Dance be optimistic and prosperous?
Second [Song's Science and Technology]
Song porcelain was the national symbol of China at that time. The five famous kilns in Song Dynasty are Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Jun kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln. It can be said that the first commercial industry in the human world was the porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty. Song porcelain is the perfect combination of the most exquisite art and precise craftsmanship. Clever integration and unification of charm civilization of Song porcelain and popular culture. Porcelain from famous kilns in various places is produced in large quantities, which is not only used by royal nobles, but also cherished and used by officials, scholars and citizens. Porcelain varieties produced by various kiln methods of Song porcelain emerge in an endless stream. Amazing everyone who sees it. Many techniques of Song porcelain have been lost. Many technological levels of Song porcelain are difficult to achieve even in modern times. The porcelain of the Song Dynasty is very exquisite, and it can be said that the famous kiln porcelain left over from the Song Dynasty is almost priceless. In the Song Dynasty, the popular silk craft in China changed from practical to exquisite and precise. Silk in the Song Dynasty was extremely developed. Very complicated loom, including 1800 moving parts. Various embroidery methods make China's silk more artistic and aesthetic. Rich foreigners wear coarse cloth, while civilians in China wear soft silk and satin. Some farmers also put on silk. "Pawns dressed like soldiers and farmers stepped on silk."
Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in Northern Song Dynasty, studied astronomy, calendar, medicine and mathematics. Shen Kuo wrote "Meng Qian Bi Tan", which recorded a lot of scientific and technological achievements and discoveries, such as the discovery of geomagnetic angle, the recording of triboelectrification, and the discussion of optical problems. Shen Kuo also put forward the idea of land collision, which didn't appear in the west until19th century. Meng Qian Bi Tan is praised by the west as the earliest encyclopedia of science and technology in the world. With the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery in Song Dynasty, the viewpoint of material cycle of agricultural ecosystem in Song Dynasty is completely consistent with the viewpoint of modern ecological agriculture being built by human beings today in principle. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the medical scale and level of the Song Dynasty have been greatly improved, and the Song Dynasty also created forensic medicine. Injustice Collection is the first systematic forensic work in China, which is more than 300 years earlier than similar monographs in the West. In Song Dynasty, oil, coal and natural gas were widely used. Iron-making with coke in the Song Dynasty was more than 500 years earlier than in the West.
The earliest use of hot weapons in human history was Song. The March of an army with a compass is also a song. In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, the government attached great importance to the manufacture of gunpowder weapons. Song Jun used artillery and gunpowder arrows in the war to destroy Nantang and seize Jinling. In A.D. 1000 (the third year of Xianping), Tang Fucheng presented new gunpowder weapons such as rockets and fireballs, which were commended by the Song government. Since then, gunpowder has become a necessary equipment in Song Jun. Later, the Northern Song government set up a gunpowder workshop to manufacture gunpowder arrows, artillery and other weapons. , mainly flammable, and weapons, such as thunderbolt and thunderbolt, are more explosive. In A.D. 1044, Ceng Gongliang and others compiled a military work "General Theory of Wu Jing", which recorded three gunpowder formulas and various gunpowder weapons with illustrations. In A.D. 1 16 1 year, a crossbow throwing Grenade appeared in Song Jun. In A.D. 1259, a musket with giant bamboo as barrel and gunpowder inside was manufactured.
In the fourth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (AD 97 1 year), all the Tripitaka Scriptures were engraved, with a block of130,000 and a seal of 1076 with 5048 volumes, which took 12 spring and autumn periods. Doing such a huge project to print books is the first in the world. China's earliest collection of novels is Taiping Guang Ji (976-983) written in Song Taizong during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, with 500 volumes and 92 categories. The best kind of book in China is Song Taizong's Taiping Yu Lan, with 1000 volumes and 55 chapters. The earliest extant writing in China is Huang Gong in the East China Sea in the Southern Song Dynasty. After Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty, private engraving and square engraving became a common practice. Some private bookstores have dozens of engravers. Engraving printing in Song Dynasty entered its heyday. The Song government popularized the printing and dissemination of technical manuals, such as agricultural manuals and medical books. The emergence of a large number of private publishing houses has changed the development of world characters and spread knowledge. Xu Jian, a businessman in Song Zhezong period, carved Hua Yan Jing into a book and shipped it to North Korea and other places for sale, which gained a lot of benefits. In the Qing Dynasty, movable type printing was invented for a lifetime. Unfortunately, movable type printing has not been widely used, but it is of great significance. The system can be decomposed into elements, and the elements are assembled into the main body. Movable type printing is a concrete example of applying systematic thinking in ancient China, and it is a model of applying systematic thinking, improving technology and improving efficiency. Song edition pays attention to quality, meticulous engraving, neat font, round knife method and hard white paper. The Song edition books collected in Beijing Library still have a clear fragrance.
In Meng Qian Bi Tan, Shen Kuo recorded four methods of installing magnetic needles: floating method, finger claw method, bowl lip method and hanging method. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people invented a compass suitable for navigation, which pushed the navigation career to a new era. At that time, China's shipbuilding technology was the most advanced in the world. Merchant ships in the Song Dynasty were the largest ships that people could imagine at that time. Some ships have six masts, four decks and twelve sails, which can carry 1000 people. These ships not only have almost miraculously accurate charts, but also geometricians and astrologers, as well as people skilled in using natural magnetic compasses. Through the compass, you can find the way to the end of the land world in the vast sea. Song Dynasty was the most important maritime trading power at that time, and Quanzhou and Mingzhou were the largest maritime trading ports at that time. Maritime trade tax is the main financial source of the government, accounting for half of the fiscal revenue. During the Northern Song Dynasty, China had the largest sailing fleet and merchant fleet in human history, and frequently sailed to Arabia, East Africa, India, Japan and Korea in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It is precisely because of the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty and the economic policy of development and opening up that unprecedented exchanges of technology and materials between the East and the West have been brought about in human history. China's advanced and superb technology, such as papermaking, printing, compass, etc. , quickly spread to the west. The splendid civilization created by China Dasong made westerners experience civilization for the first time in the barbaric period. All aspects of China civilization have influenced the West, laying a solid foundation for the later Renaissance and the development of Western civilization.