Jiao Fang, a famous music education institution, was founded by Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty. On the basis of inheriting various musical and cultural achievements since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the court music system of "Seven Songs" and "Nine Songs" was established, and the development of music culture was based on the coexistence of multi-ethnic music. The development of music in Sui Dynasty laid a good foundation for the prosperity of music education in Tang Dynasty.
The music institutions in Sui and Tang Dynasties were the "Music Department" and "Advocacy Department" established under the jurisdiction of Taichang Temple, the highest administrative organ of the central government. They were music institutions under the management of the government, and they were in charge of both elegant music and popular music. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Taichang Temple had a huge organization and many musicians.
The organizational structure of Taichang Temple in the Tang Dynasty was inherited from the old system at the end of Sui Dynasty, with one Qing (third class) and two (fourth class), which were mainly responsible for rehearsals and performances such as court sacrifices, banquets and entertainment. There are eight departments, namely, Jiaoshe, Taimiao, Zhu Ling, Le Tai, Advocacy, Cure too much, Servant too much and Sacrifice. There are also two people, Xie Lulang (upper 8th grade), who are responsible for the six methods of six lyrics, "The change of the four seasons, the festival of eight winds and five tones."
"Big Music Department" is the music management organization responsible for the training and assessment of court artists, with high standards of learning music and strict assessment. The "Advocacy Department", that is, the Lushu Military Music Department, is a music advocate organization that specializes in managing court etiquette activities. Its main responsibility is to "advocate the application of ambition and compile" halogen book instrument ".
New Tang book? Li Lezhi "contains:
In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, there were tens of thousands of musicians, vocalists, Taichang miscellaneous children, Taichang officials and propaganda departments.
The focus of music education in Tang Dynasty still lies in the government. The main musical institutions in the Tang Dynasty were the Big Music Department, the Teaching Workshop, the Pear Garden and the Small Music Department.
The Music Department is a music education and performance institution under Taichang Temple. It has a number of musicians to teach, mainly for musicians and musicians as an examination and training, and organize them to perform in various occasions.
Teaching workshop is an institution that manages teaching and leads teaching staff. Jiao Fang's teaching task is very heavy, and the teaching content is rich and colorful, including singing and dancing, instrumental music and leisure music.
There are two kinds of pear gardens, the inner court and the outer court, both of which are educational institutions for training and selecting music talents. The Liyuan in the Forbidden City is a place where Xuanzong personally teaches, and the main content is to teach French songs.
Xiao Bu Yin Sheng was established at the personal initiative of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and was a music juvenile class specially set up by Liyuan Law Department. Generally, there are 30 people in the minor sound system, and all of them are required to be under 15 years old. The purpose of establishing juvenile classes is to provide a continuous talent base for the stable development of music in the Tang Dynasty and the needs of rulers, and to form a relatively complete music education system with other music institutions.
With the progress of science and technology, the publication of music books, the perfection of music theory and the improvement of musical instrument manufacturing level, all these have promoted the scientific development of music education.
In the Tang dynasty, the court's Yan music institutions were very large. In the early Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an, Xijing, Luoyang, Tokyo and other places had Tai Chang Temple, Grand Music Department, Jiao Fang and other central music institutions, but Jiao Fang's position was not important at that time.
In 7 14 AD, Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, reorganized the Grand Music Department. He separated the musicians who sang folk music and set up four workshops for foreign teachers and three pear orchards.
Since then, people have paid more and more attention to Jiao Fang and Liyuan. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, local governments and counties had "the voice of the county", and after the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the music institutions of "Ya Qian Le" were generally established and expanded in scale.
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, there was an Neijiao workshop beside Penglai Palace in the Forbidden Garden. The newly established workshops for foreign teachers, two in Chang 'an and two in Luoyang. Chang 'an's foreign teachers' workshop, located in Yanzhengfang, is called "Zuo" and is good at industrial dance; One is located in Guangzhaifang, and it is called "Right Jiao Fang", and it wins with good songs.
Two teaching workshops in Luoyang are in Mingyifang. These workshops are different from the big music department. They are all directly under the imperial court, and the imperial court sent Zhonggong to manage the workshop and take charge of all the affairs of the workshop.
One of the three major pear orchards during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, located in Chang 'an Palace, mainly performed French songs and served as a preview of his new works. One is located in Chang 'an Taichang Temple, named "Taichang Liyuan Biejiao College", which mainly tries to play French songs created by artists; One is located in Taichang Temple in Luoyang, named "Liyuan New Courtyard", which mainly plays all kinds of folk music.
Among these music institutions in the Tang Dynasty, 300 outstanding male musicians were selected from the left geisha in Gong Zhong Liyuan. There are hundreds of female musicians living in Yichun Hospital in the palace. Directed by Emperor Xuanzong himself, they are called "disciples of the Emperor's Pear Garden" with the highest artistic level.
There is also an inner corner square in the palace, where musicians are male and female, and female musicians are divided into different grades according to the level of color arts. The tallest one is called "my wife". They live in Yichun courtyard in the palace, and the number is the least. When they perform large-scale and artistic songs and dances, they always stand at the beginning and end of the dance team, so they are also called "leading dances".
Secondly, it is called "Imperial Secretary" and has a large number of people. Thirdly, musicians are called "bomb artists". They are all girls from ordinary families, and they were forced into the palace because of their beautiful appearance. They are good at playing musical instruments, such as pipa, five strings, violin and Zheng, but they are not good at singing and dancing.
Therefore, Cui, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, said in his "Jiao Fangji" that if they practiced singing and dancing, they might not be able to perform for more than a month, and my wife only needed to practice for one day. Next to Inner Jiao Fang, Jiao Fang outside Chang 'an and Biejiao Academy in Taichang Liyuan, there are thousands of musicians.
In the Tang Dynasty, the lowest artistic level of Yan Yue institutions was Liyuan New Courtyard and Jiaofang in Luoyang. The former has 65,438+0,500 musicians. Among these musicians, only those with superb skills are eligible to be selected as teaching workshops in Chang 'an.
In addition, there is a "small sound" attached to the palace pear garden. It consists of more than 30 children 15 years old. In 755, it was praised by Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, who performed a new work "Litchi Fragrance", which shows that it also has a certain artistic level.
As for the "Ya Qian Le" belonging to Fuxian County, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it mainly performed folk music, Sanqu and Baixi. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the separatist forces in local provinces and cities strengthened, and the "Yaqian Music" where some important governments were located also undertook the task of creating and performing big songs and dances.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were more than 10,000 musicians in these music institutions, some of whom were musicians with low social status for generations, or good citizens and a few official families who became "workers and musicians" because of crimes.
The status of industry music is slightly higher than that of official servants. Except that they can only marry people of the same rank and are the same as government officials, the slight difference is that they all serve in accordance with the "Fan Shang" system, that is, they serve in subordinate institutions at some time every year for four months.
In addition, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty recruited nearly 10,000 artists from various counties to serve in Beijing. These artists are called "voice people". They have high social status, they can marry their lovers, and they can be "promoted by the fields" like lovers. Their tax corvee changes four, five or six times a year, that is, they serve in Beijing for three months, two months, 12 days or two months.
In order to enjoy music, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty stipulated that musicians recruited from all over the country must study in Chang 'an or Luoyang Music Department. The courses they study are clearly defined according to the degree of difficulty: generally, Leqing Daqu is finished in 60 days, Daqu must be learned in 30 days and Xiaoqu must be learned in 20 days.
As for the ten pieces of Le Yan music in the Tang Dynasty, there are 30 days each for great songs such as Xiliang, Qiuci, Shule, Anguo, Tianzhu and Koryo, 20 days each for two songs and 10 for minor songs. Sanle and Yayue Daqu were completed on 30th and 20th respectively.
Moreover, these musicians must learn at least 50 pieces of Qu Yan music, and only those who can perform can learn to be teachers. Generally speaking, it takes three years to learn the most difficult part, two years to learn the second difficult part and one year to learn the easiest part.
The Music Department also stipulates that senior musicians such as Dr. Da Le, Dr. Yin Sheng and Dr. Assistant as teachers should assess their performance according to the quality of students every year, which can generally be divided into first place, second place and third place. Those with outstanding achievements can get official positions, but the status of musicians remains unchanged; Those with poor grades will be demoted or removed from the list.
During the study period, students bear all the expenses. After the expiration of their studies, they still have a few months to serve in Chang 'an or Luoyang for free every year. Those who don't want to serve must pay in kind or money.
Musicians who have made outstanding achievements in their further studies can be paid by the government if the government wants him to be an assistant doctor in the department of grand music, or if he is recruited into music institutions such as teaching workshops and pear orchards for a long time.
Generally speaking, there are also Dr. Yin Sheng, Dr. Cao No.1 and Dr. Cao No.2 who specialize in teaching in the teaching workshop. This art education system played a positive role in improving the quality of art at that time.
In the specialized institutions of Daqu in the Tang Dynasty, many outstanding musicians were produced, such as singing, Li Mo's flute, singing and drumming, He He and Pei Xing's pipa, and Zhang Yehu's violin, violin and composition skills, all of which reached a high artistic level.
The extreme prosperity of Daqu music and dance in Tang Dynasty is closely related to the existence of many musicians. At that time, the number of musicians and the high level of acting skills were not comparable to those of previous dynasties.
This is a group of professionally trained musicians. They have a clear division of labor and excellent acting skills, and created a high prosperity of a generation of music circles with their outstanding talents.
During the Tang and Ming Dynasties, there was a special music institution called Liyuan. Pear Garden was originally an institution for cultivating musical talents. It began in the Tang Dynasty and had a great influence on the development of China music. At that time, a large number of musical talents were trained and a large number of musical works were produced.
Later, Liyuan became another name for the troupe. Traditionally, China people refer to the troupe and the troupe as "Liyuan", the opera actors as "children of Liyuan", several generations of families engaged in opera as "Liyuan family" and the drama circle as "Liyuan community", which fully shows the influence of Liyuan on future generations. Liyuan was an institution for training musicians in the Tang Dynasty.
Tang Xuanzong was familiar with temperament and loved French music. At that time, 300 children of the left geisha were selected to study music in the pear garden. At that time, if someone made a mistake, Tang Xuanzong would correct it himself. These students in the pear garden are called disciples of the emperor's pear garden.
At that time, there were hundreds of students in Liyuan, living in Yichun North Campus. It can be seen that Liyuan is a music education institution established by the imperial court during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and it can also be said to be a music art school.
Li Youbai wrote a textual research on the pear garden. In his view, when he was in Tang Zhongzong, the pear garden was just a fruit and wood garden that coexisted with jujube garden, mulberry garden, peach garden and cherry orchard in the imperial forbidden garden. Guo Mu Garden has a farewell hall, a wine pavilion and a stadium, which is a place for emperors, their relatives and nobles to enjoy themselves.
Under the vigorous advocacy of Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the nature of the pear garden changed. It used to be a simple orchard with fruit trees. In the Tang Dynasty, it gradually became a pear garden where children practiced singing, dancing and opera, and became the first comprehensive art college in China history.
Li Longji himself served as Cui Gong or "Ya Gong" of Liyuan, equivalent to the later principal or dean. Under Cui Gong, there are two groups: editors and musicians, namely Kui Ling. Li Longji wrote for Liyuan, and often instructed the Hanlin bachelor or famous literati to write programs at that time. For example, the poets He, Li Bai and Li Bai all wrote plays for Liyuan. Li Longji, Lei Haiqing, Gong Sundaniang and so on. They all held the post of Le Yingjiang. They are not only talented and famous artists, but also tireless instructors. Poet Du Fu, in his poem "Watching Gong Sundaniang's Disciples Dance Sword", lamented Gong Sundaniang's bold sword-dancing:
Huo Ruyi learns 9 sunsets, and is as swift as an angel in front of a dragon's wings; She began to vent her anger like a thunderbolt, just like the green light of rivers and seas.
The preface of this poem says that calligrapher Zhang Xu has made great progress in cursive writing since he saw Gong Sundaniang's sword dance.
Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, relied on these excellent creators and directors to create a large number of performing artists. At that time, it was the prosperous time of Kaiyuan, and the development of feudal economy and culture reached an unprecedented height.
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