Dulong is one of the ethnic minorities with a small population in China, formerly known as "Ren Xun". It is located in the Dulong River Basin of Gongshan Dulong Nu Autonomous County. Located in the west of Gaoligong Mountain, but in the east of Lika Mountain, Dulong Township was established, which is the only settlement of Dulong. The following is.

Basic introduction

Dulong, with a population of about 7000 ***20 10 census data * * *, is mainly distributed in Gongshan Dulong Nu Autonomous County, Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Dulong Totem and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Gongshan Dulong Autonomous County, from the banks of Dulong River Gorge in the west to the banks of Nujiang River in the north, as well as Qile Township of Weixi Lisu Autonomous County and Chavalo County of * * * Autonomous Region. In addition, there are many Dulong people living in Myanmar. Make friends with Lisu, Nu and Bai generations. They maintain a good social morality of "don't pick up bones on the road, don't close the door at night" and rarely steal. Historical records call it "Ren Xun".

In the past, the Dulong people did not have a unified clan name, and they often took their own regions or rivers as their names, such as Dulong and Ma Di. "Ren Xun", "patrolling the area" and "going to the people" are the appellations of the Han people. After the founding of New China, according to the characteristics and wishes of Dulong, it was officially named Dulong. Dulong people have their own language, but no writing. In the past, we recorded and transmitted information by carving wood and tying ropes. Dulong language belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is basically the same as Gongshan Nu language.

Dulong people have lived in mountainous areas since ancient times, with harsh conditions and blocked traffic, so the social development is relatively slow and the productivity level is low. Before and after the founding of New China, there were still strong remnants of the primitive commune system. The economy is dominated by slash-and-burn extensive agriculture, and gathering and hunting also occupy a considerable proportion.

In Dulong language, "door rent" is a general term for various folk tunes, and "door rent wow" is a title for singers. Dulong people often use dance and singing to express emotions and events such as production, harvest, hunting, building houses and weddings. Folk songs are simple in tune, free in rhythm and unique in style, and many fairy tales are handed down from generation to generation through "door rent". Women also have the habit of writing. Houses are mostly wooden houses or bamboo houses. The only festival is China New Year. In the past, there was no fixed time, and most of them were held in the twelfth lunar month, with different festivals. Dulong region is bordered by Chayu County, autonomous region in the north, Gaoligong Snow Mountain at an altitude of 5,000 meters in the east and Myanmar in the southwest. The winding Dulong River roared in the mountains. In winter, the mountains are closed by heavy snow, and in summer, it is rainy and humid. Due to the influence of north-south topography and tropical monsoon in Indian Ocean, local plant growth and climate change have obvious vertical distribution characteristics.

national history

Dulong is one of the ethnic minorities who still have the characteristics of paternal family commune at the end of primitive society in China. Although it has gradually disintegrated in the general development trend, it still has obvious characteristics of paternal family commune in productivity, land form, social organization and marriage system. The ethnic name of Dulong began to appear in Lijiang Road Customs in Dayuan Tongzhi, which was called "pry". It was called "Autumn" or "Qu" in Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the founding of New China, according to the national will, the Dulong people were called the national title. In the 1940s before the founding of New China, due to the barrier of mountains and rivers and the oppression and exploitation of reactionary rule in previous dynasties, the development of Dulong's social productive forces was characterized by: slash-and-burn primitive agriculture dominated, while gathering, fishing and hunting still accounted for a large proportion; The production tools are very simple, and there is no transition from hoeing to ploughing; The social division of labor is not obvious, only the natural division of labor between men and women; The exchange is still in the primitive barter stage; Dulong people's life is very poor, and there is no commodity exchange. They use wood carvings and knots to record. Before iron tools were introduced to Dulong area, Dulong people generally used Xiao Mu hoes made of natural hooks of branches to dig the ground. Xiao Mu hoes like a crane's beak, which is called "Gola" in Dulong language. It is the earliest original tool used by Dulong people for hoeing agriculture. It was not until the founding of New China that this situation was completely changed.

traditional festival

The traditional festival of Dulong-Dulong Year is called "Kakwa". This is the only festival of Dulong in a year. They regard1February 29th as New Year's Eve and 30th as the first day of the New Year. According to legend, a long time ago, two brothers lived by the Dulong River. They lost their parents when they were young, and they took the mountains and forests as their home, shooting with crossbows, and they came through thick and thin. One day, two brothers with long knives on their backs and hard crossbows in their hands went hunting in Bila Barrel on the snowy mountain of Dandrika. It's a cloudy day, and animals can't leave their nests. I didn't see a thin rock sheep until afternoon. Brothers, split up. My brother lost his way and drove into a high mountain and deep valley, where peaks competed and dangerous rocks stood.

When night enveloped the mountains, my brother waited at the appointed place. However, after waiting for a while, the moon hung on the top of Gaoligong Mountain, and there was no sign of my brother. With an anxious heart, my brother went into the deep mountain valley to find his only relative. I don't know how many mountains I have climbed and how many rapids I have crossed. I searched for nine years, eleven months and twenty-nine days. 1On February 30th, my brother came back suddenly. When the two brothers met, they were both sad and happy. My brother said sadly to his younger brother, "My good brother, it is not my brother who has the heart to leave you. Ever since our brothers separated, I have been trapped in the Longtan by a demon. The devil is eager to see you looking for your brother. Starting today, let me come back to see you every year1February 30. " My brother went on to say, "The day we met is the end of a year and the beginning of a year. Let's call it Chinese New Year. " In order to celebrate the reunion after losing his younger brother, my younger brother specially prepared various dishes made of rare birds and animals and rice made of various grains for his younger brother. After dinner, my brother was very excited to see him. He knocked the gong, lit the torch, invited all the old brothers in the cottage, and told everyone the good news, so that his brother and the villagers could sing and dance together. Since then, the day when brothers meet has become the year of Dulong.

In festivals, every clan and tribe must collectively hunt wild animals; Slaughter pigs and sheep, and distribute the prey to families. Tribal housewives distribute new year's goods to every family. They call it "sharing food". In the past, when eating on New Year's Eve, we had to wait for every member of the tribe to arrive. If one person is missing, we won't open the pot. On the first morning of that year, just before dawn, gong sounded in the hut. Welcome the new year. After breakfast, with the gong ringing, people came to the open space of the hut to celebrate the New Year with quaint customs. People, regardless of age, gender and family, are holding hands and dancing the traditional dance of their own nation. The elders shared them with you in a traditional way with elaborate rattan and delicious dishes. At that time, singing, cheering and dancing were intertwined.