Extended data-factors affecting the price level: from the perspective of supply and demand, the factors affecting the price operation are mainly caused by demand and supply.
Factors affecting demand
1, the influence of price factors from the price factor analysis, mainly commodity prices and related commodity prices. Assuming that other conditions remain unchanged, the lower the price of a commodity, the greater the demand of consumers for the commodity. On the contrary, the higher the price of a commodity, the smaller the consumer's demand for it. The most important related commodities are substitutes and supplements. Substitutes have the property of replacing another commodity. The rising price of one commodity leads to an increase in demand for another commodity, such as pork and beef, apples and pears. Complementary products have the property of promoting the sales of another commodity, which means that the two commodities must cooperate with each other to meet the same needs of consumers. Therefore, when the complementary price of a commodity rises, the demand for this commodity will also decrease.
2. The influence of residents' income, consumption habits and preferences 1) On the premise that other conditions remain unchanged, consumers' income and demand are generally positively related, because higher income leads to the improvement of purchasing power and ability to pay. As rational economic people, consumers will pursue utility maximization under income constraints. 2) The influence of consumption habits and preferences. This preference is not only related to consumers' personal hobbies and personalities, but also related to the whole social customs, traditional habits and fashion. Some time-sensitive commodity demand is very sensitive to social preferences. Even if the price remains the same, the demand will change greatly due to the change of social fashion and fashion. Consumers' long-term personal consumption preference and recognition of a certain commodity and brand will form a relatively stable consumer group, even if the price continues to rise, it will not have a great impact on the sales of goods.
3. Consumers' expectations for the future and the impact of demographic changes 1) Expectations here refer to the expectations of social groups that have an impact on commodity demand, regardless of whether this expectation is correct or not. If it is widely expected that the price of a commodity will rise sharply in the future, it will increase current consumption or buy more and store more. The psychological expectation effect of "buying up but not buying down" sometimes leads to the abnormal phenomenon that the higher the price, the greater the demand. Consumers spend part of their income on consumption and the other part on savings to prevent future price increases from causing the original living standard to decline. To some extent, savings reflect people's uncertainty about future expectations. 2) The influence of demographic changes. Rising labor costs have become the long-term pressure of price fluctuations. With the gradual disappearance of the "demographic dividend", China's labor force population began to shrink, and is now accelerating to approach the "lewis turning point". For example, the growth of marriageable population will increase the demand for housing and wedding industry, and the birth rate will affect the demand for children's products. In 20 14, the number of elderly people aged 65 and above reached137.55 million, a net increase of 5.94 million compared with 20 13. The aging population correspondingly reduces the demand proportion of fashion consumption and high-end consumption, and the demand proportion of basic survival products increases, further increasing the supply pressure of food commodities.
Factors affecting supply
1. Influencing factors of production technology From the perspective of supply, enterprises, as the most important product suppliers in the market, have certain costs in production. Other things being equal, the cost is reduced and the supply is increased. The product value of an enterprise is divided into three parts: C, V and M. C is the part that compensates the original value, V is the part that pays the labor remuneration, and M is the part that keeps the profits and turns them over to the state. Part C is mainly due to exogenous factors, which increases the cost. First, the rising prices of grain and refined oil in the international market directly drive up costs; Second, the price of basic products in the international market indirectly triggered the price increase of domestic industrial products. The fifth part is due to the endogenous factors of the rising labor price in China, which has promoted the rising labor cost. Exogenous factors and endogenous factors * * * drive the cost price of enterprises, which in turn drives the cost increase of related industries.
2. Influencing factors of price "stickiness" Generally speaking, the ex-factory price of an enterprise is "sticky" and will not determine the price because of short-term changes in supply and demand in the market. But if the price level continues to rise for a period of time, it will break through the price stickiness. In addition, enterprises may also reduce costs and maintain relatively stable prices through the substitution of low-quality raw materials, resulting in inferior products flooding the market.