Liu: He reigned from 76 to 88 A.D. and was the fifth son. He is kind, tolerant, elegant and studious. 13 during his reign, he implemented a lenient policy, abolished torture in Ming Di, and maintained a clean and stable administration. Great achievements have been made in cultural studies, and together with Ming Di, he created The Prosperous Ming Dynasty. He died in 88 AD at the age of 33 and was buried in Jingling (now southeast of Luoyang). Posthumous title Zhang Xiao, temple name Su Zong. & gt& gt Emperor Gaozu Liu was the fifth son of Emperor Gaozu Liu Zhuang, and his biological mother was Jia Guiren. Because he had no children, Jia Guiren was his half-sister, and Liu was adopted in his childhood, so he took Ma's family as his concubine. & gt& gt In 60 AD, 4-year-old Liu was made a prince. In 75 AD, Liu Zhuang died of illness and Liu became emperor at the age of 19. After Zhang ascended the throne, he attached great importance to agriculture and mulberry, built water conservancy projects, reduced corvee, and practiced "sharing interest with the people" and "being good at Confucianism", which greatly developed the economy and culture of the Han Dynasty in this period. At this time, politics was clear, economy was prosperous, and thoughts were more active, and thinkers such as Wang Chong appeared. Emperor Zhang also sent two missions to the Western Regions, making the Western Regions a vassal of the Han Dynasty again, and called them "the prosperous times of the Ming Dynasty" with Emperor Han Ming. & gt& gt◆ Mothers' exclusive rights laid a curse >> Zhang indulged her consorts too much, which led to the exclusive rights of consorts in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and directly led to the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Guangwu and Ming Di Dynasties of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in view of the lessons of usurping power, consorts were not allowed to interfere in state affairs. Ming Di Ma Huanghou's brothers Mario, Ma Fang and Ma Guang were all officials of the Ming Dynasty, but Mario was the commander of the samurai group, and Ma Fang and Ma Guang were assistants of the Yellow Gate. Their positions were not high. After Liu Yi acceded to the throne, Mario was promoted to be a general of Wei, Ma Fang to be a corps commander and Ma Guang to be a captain. After the promotion, the Ma brothers held their heads high and got carried away, and many officials rushed to curry favor with them. Liu wanted to make a title for his uncles, but after Matthew, he would never allow it. After Matthew, the daughter of the famous Ma Yuan, she loved reading, was sensible, and was strict with herself. She was a famous queen of the Han Dynasty. & gt& gt In 77 AD, in order to please the Ma brothers, some bureaucrats wrote a letter requesting that the Ma brothers be named Hou, and after Ma Xiu, they wrote a letter to avoid it. Liu personally invited Matthew, and Matthew kindly advised Liu to consider resettling the people, not to mention the issue of sealing marquis for consorts. Liu bowed his head and was very obedient. Matthew later asked the three brothers to resign in order to go home after being dismissed. In 78 AD, Matthew died. & gt& gt In the same year, Liu Ce made the great-granddaughter of the former great Stuart Dou Rong queen, and the influence of the Dou Rong family developed rapidly. In the harem, concubines also launched a subtle struggle. Although Queen Dou was favored by the emperor, she had no son. Song Guiren had a son named Liu Qing, who was made the Crown Prince. Dou Taihou designed a maid-in-waiting to testify, falsely accused Song Guiren's sister of harming others, and ordered Xiaohuangmen to interrogate Song Guiren's sister and force her to commit suicide, thus deposing Liu and establishing the Crown Prince Wei Liu, the son of Liang Guiren. Then, Queen Dou framed Liang Guiren's father, let him die in prison, let Liang Guiren's sisters die of depression, and let Liu Zhao become his own son. The consorts of North Korea and China also began to compete for practical political and economic interests. & gt& gt Due to Matthew's death, the Ma brothers lost their help in the palace, and the officials and diners who used to gather under Ma Men gradually left. Emperor Zhang also doted on Queen Dou, who took the opportunity to say that she was arrogant and extravagant, and asked Liu to order her brother to return to his fief. With the decline of Mahalanobis, the status of consorts rose sharply. Dou Taihou's elder brother Dou Xian was appointed as assistant commander and samurai commander, while his younger brother Dou Du was appointed as assistant minister of Huangmen. Dou Shi brothers go in and out of the palace, get rewards and accumulation, and make friends. The fifth LUN wrote to ask Liu to restrain the Dou family and prevent problems before they happen. Liu ignored it, which made the Dou family run amok and even bullied the king and princess of the Liu family, as well as the Yin family and the Ma family of the former empress. The vicious expansion of the Dou family finally caught Liu's attention, because Dou Xian bought Princess Qinshui's garden at a very low price. One day, Liu ordered Dou Xian to take a boat tour and pass by the garden of Princess Qinshui. Liu deliberately asked, "Whose garden is the princess today?" Dou Xian prevaricated, afraid to face. Back in the palace, Liu denounced Dou Xian: "I think you have some skills, and you are a relative of the Queen, so you can make a difference. If you are arrogant, it is not easy for me to kill you. " Like killing a chicken! "Dou Xian hurriedly Voldemort confessing, Dou Shi's troops to convergence. & gt& gt In order to rebuild Emperor Guangwu's policy of restraining consorts in times of peace, Liu transferred selfless and upright qi zhou to Beijing as the envoy of Luoyang. As soon as Zhou Yong took office, he ordered officials to report the list of Beijing strongmen, and severely banned them, stating that whoever broke the law would be hell to pay. One night, Dou Du, assistant minister of Huangmen, came home from the palace and passed by the Zhixuan Pavilion. The curator asked for an inspection. Dou Du's servant pushed away Tingchang, who drew his sword and drank heavily, asked for a common name, and explained the reason for the night. Dou Du will not be released until he signs it. The next day, Dou Du impeached officials in Zhou Yong and abused the nobles. Queen Dou also cried in front of Liu. Because of the kindness of the queen, Liu arrested Zhou Zhu for trial. In the trial, he was justified and denounced Dou's evil deeds according to law. Ding Wei recorded the report to Liu. Liu ordered the release of Zhou Zhu, and his Luoyang order was temporarily lifted. However, because Liu knew his loyalty, he was soon appointed as an imperial envoy. & gt& gt Liu was wary of the influence of his consorts, but he was indecisive, unable to make up his mind to deal with it severely, and finally failed to weaken the influence of his consorts. & gt& gt◆ Connecting with the Western Regions and Opening up the Frontier >> Liu Zhang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, made great contributions to diplomacy and laid a good foundation for the prosperous social situation in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Managing the Western Regions and maintaining the Silk Road began in the Ming Dynasty. Ban Chao was ordered to go to the Western Regions to make all the countries in the Western Regions surrender, and the imperial court set up a capital city in the Western Regions. But there is still war in this place, and the situation is not very stable. When Liu Gang ascended the throne, Yan Qi, Qiuci and Che joined forces with the northern Xiongnu to attack the military and political stations of the Han Dynasty, and the situation was once tense. Liu sent troops to the west to save the frontier crisis. Liu and his ministers also debated whether to continue to operate the Western Regions. In the end, Liu listened to the advice of Yang Zhong, the school librarian, and chose to give up the Western Regions and let Ban Chao and others who were stranded in the Western Regions return to China. Ban Chao lives in Shule, packing for her return. Because people in the western regions love and respect him, Ban Chao is reluctant to part with him. People in Shule were frightened when they heard that he was going back to China, because Ban Chao had a way to deal with the Huns. Commander Shule's eyes filled with tears and sighed to the sky: "The envoys of the Han Dynasty left me, and our country will be destroyed by the Huns. It is better to die today than later, and the soul can be sent to the east with the envoys of the Han Dynasty. " With that, he cut himself with a knife. Ban Chao had to go to the East because of the king's life. When Ban Chao arrived in Khotan, the people stopped to meet him, but when they heard that he was going to return to the east, they all burst into tears and grabbed the horse's leg and wouldn't let him go. Ban Chao had to stay, and at the same time wrote to request to stay in the western regions. Liu agreed to Ban Chao's request. Ban Chao united the people of all ethnic groups in the western regions and effectively curbed the invasion of the northern Xiongnu. All the countries in the western regions except Qiuci are willing to submit to the Han Dynasty. & gt& gt In 83 AD, Ban Chao wrote for help, conquered Qiuci, and realized the strategic intention of "breaking Xiongnu's right arm". Liu supported Ban Chao's plan and collected officials to support him. Xu Gan, a native of Ping Ling, volunteered to write a letter to North Korea, wishing to make contributions to the Western Regions. Liu appointed him as a fake Sima, led an expeditionary force of more than 1,000 people to the West with Xu Gan, helped Ban Chao, and defeated Shule, a captain against Han with Ban Chao. Among the western countries, Wusun is the most powerful, so Ban Chao asked Liu to send messengers to express condolences to Wusun. Liu agreed to Ban Chao's request and sent an emissary to Wusun to offer condolences. King Wusun was very happy. In 85 AD, he sent envoys to pay a return visit to the Han Dynasty as a gesture of friendship. & gt& gt In the Western Regions, with the support of Wu Sun, Liu was very satisfied. He promoted Ban Chao as a general and granted him the right to represent the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Western Regions. Because the Eastern Han Dynasty * * * maintained close ties with the Western Regions, especially its attachment to Wu Sun, Ban Chao's prestige in the Western Regions increased greatly, and all countries in the Western Regions were willing to accept Ban Chao's containment, thus paving the way for the Eastern Han Dynasty * * * to get through the close ties with the Western Regions again. & gt& gt◆ Combining Leniency with Severity, Correcting Confucian Classics >> According to historical records, Liu Zhonghou was a kind and frivolous man and a saint in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His laws and criminal laws are lenient, but not all of them are based on principles. According to the system, official corruption will imprison the third generation, that is, the third generation cannot be an official. Liu abolished this system. However, his rewards to officials and nobles often exceeded the prescribed limits, causing financial difficulties to the country, and these burdens were finally transferred to the people. Some of Liu's administrative decrees and criminal laws are not based on facts, but on the study of misfortune and omen. & gt& gt In 76 AD, drought occurred in Yanzhou, Henan, Xu and other states, and hungry people were everywhere. On the one hand, Liu mobilized the grain in the national treasury to provide emergency relief to the hungry, on the other hand, he called ministers to discuss solutions. According to people's views at that time, in the year of drought, the disharmony between Yin and Yang was related to political affairs. Situ Baoyu lamented: "A few years ago, Liu Ying, the king of Chu, was imprisoned, which implicated many people, and probably more than half of them were wronged. The sentenced person is far from his hometown, separated from his flesh and blood, and his soul cannot rest in peace when he dies. This has led to the imbalance between yin and yang and floods and droughts. Now it is better to pardon these criminals, lift their imprisonment and let them go home and reunite with their loved ones. This may create a peaceful atmosphere, let the sky drop dew, alleviate the drought and relieve the people's suffering. State Minister Chen Chong also wrote: "Governing the country is like tuning the strings." . If the string is tuned too tightly, it will break. If the criminal law is too severe, it will cause people's dissatisfaction. I suggest that your majesty further relax the probation law. Liu listened to their advice, granted amnesty to the whole country, and relaxed the provisions on probation. & gt& gt Liu personally presided over the rectification of Confucian classics because he believed in divination superstition. In 79 AD, Liu accepted Yang Zhong's suggestion and personally called a meeting of generals, doctors, doctors, Langguan and Confucian scholars in Baihuguan, asking them to study ancient books such as Spring and Autumn Annals, Biography of Gu Liang, Shangshu, Book of Songs and Yijing. In imperial academy, only in this way can families tell their differences as much as possible, concentrate their wisdom and distinguish similarities and differences. Of course, it doesn't have to be unified. After the discussion at this meeting, Ban Gu compiled a book named White Tiger Tong. The "seriousness" advertised by the White Tiger Pass Conference and White Tiger Pass, on the one hand, is to study divination seriously and legalize divination superstition with politics, which has the same lofty status as Confucian classics, on the other hand, it is to study hard with official will to better serve feudal rulers. Therefore, White Tiger Tong has become a work to compile Confucianism. This book is today's White Tiger Yi Tong. This book not only absorbed the research results of ancient books, but also absorbed the theories of Yin-Yang, Five Elements and divination, which had a great influence on the further development of mysterious philosophy since Dong Zhongshu. & gt& gt In addition, Liu has also made great achievements in calendar and science. Liu himself has high attainments in calligraphy. He is good at cursive writing. It is said that he has reached a superb level. His calligraphy works are cherished by people who are good at calligraphy in past dynasties, and people call them "Cao Zhang".