One: Platycodon grandiflorum
Platycodon grandiflorum is a perennial herb with a stem height of 20 ~ 1.20 cm, usually hairless, with occasional short hair, no branching and few upper branches. All leaves are whorled, some are whorled to all alternate, sessile or with extremely short stalks, the leaves are ovoid, ovoid to lanceolate, the leaves are ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, and the flowers are dark blue or deep purple, which can be used as ornamental flowers; Its root can be used as medicine, which has the functions of relieving cough, resolving phlegm, dispersing lung qi and expelling pus, and is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is often pickled into kimchi in the northeast of China and used to make kimchi in the Korean Peninsula. The local folk song "Ballad of Orange Stalk" describes this plant. According to the name, some people may mistakenly think that platycodon grandiflorum is the stem of an orange, but it is actually not directly related to oranges or citrus.
Second: growing habits
I like cool climate, cold resistance and sunshine. Suitable for planting in hilly areas below 1 100 meters above sea level and sandy loam in half sunshine. Neutral sandy soil rich in phosphorus and potassium fertilizer grows well, and the seed life is 1 year, which can be prolonged by low temperature storage. The germination rate of seeds stored at 0 ~ 4℃ 18 months is 3.5 ~ 4 times higher than that stored at room temperature. The germination rate of seeds is 70%, the emergence temperature is 65438 08 ~ 25℃, the temperature is sufficient, and the seedlings emerge 65438±05d after sowing.
Three: cultivation techniques
Replication technology
In order to propagate Platycodon grandiflorum, it is necessary to select high-yield plants to keep seeds, and the inflorescences on the side branches should be removed in late August, so that nutrients can be concentrated for the development of middle and upper fruits, promote seed fullness and improve seed quality. The capsule was changed to Yellowstone, the whole plant was cut off, put in a ventilated and dry place for ripening, and then dried and threshed for later use. Direct seeding or seedling transplanting is usually adopted, which has higher yield, less fork roots and better quality than transplanting. Sowing can be done in autumn, winter and spring, and autumn sowing is the best.
Select seeds
Platycodon grandiflorum seeds should not be aged for more than 2 years (seed aging 1 year germination rate is reduced by more than 70%), and germination tests should be carried out before planting to ensure that the seed germination rate is above 70%.
The specific method of germination test is: soak a small amount of seeds in warm water at 40 ~ 50℃ for 8 ~ 12 hours, take out the seeds, drain the water, put them on a cloth, mix them with wet sand, accelerate germination at about 25℃, and pay attention to turning and spraying water in time for 4 ~ 6 days.
sow seeds
Platycodon grandiflorum can be planted in spring or summer. Spring sowing should be soaked in warm water, which can germinate early, that is, put the seeds in warm water, then stir until the water is cold, and then soak for 8 hours. The place where the seeds are wrapped with wet cloth is covered with wet sacks, and washed with warm water once every morning and evening for about 5 days, and the seeds can be sown when they germinate. Scatter the seeds evenly in the ditch. Because the seeds are small, fine sand can be mixed with the seeds before sowing. After sowing, cover them with soil or ashes. After sowing in arid areas, water them to keep them moist. The amount of seeds used per mu is 500 ~ 750g. Pay attention to loosening soil and weeding when seedlings emerge. When the seedling height is about 2 cm, it is necessary to carry out thinning and leave strong seedlings according to the distance between plants. Where the seedlings are sparse or broken, they should be replanted on cloudy days. After applying diluted human and animal manure, cover it, then apply it again and cultivate the soil to prevent lodging. Cover after daubing. In addition, you should always loosen the soil and weed, and water it in time early in the day. It is usually harvested in late autumn or early spring after sowing and before germination.
To prevent platycodon grandiflorum from benefiting roots, it is better to have straight, long, solid and few branches. Cultivated Platycodon grandiflorum often has many combined roots, some are dichotomous, some are trigeminal, some are short and thick, and some are lateral. It affects the quality very much. If more than one seedling has bifurcated roots, the stronger the seedlings are, the more the growth of the main roots will be affected. On the contrary, one plant and one seedling have no branching roots and branching roots. It seems that solving the root bifurcation problem of platycodon grandiflorum is very simple. As long as the cultivated platycodon grandiflorum is one plant and one seedling, there is no branch root and no branch root. Therefore, the redundant signs should be eliminated at any time, especially when the next spring returns to green, and more signs are most likely to appear. At this time, special attention should be paid to removing redundant signs and keeping one plant and one seedling. At the same time, more phosphate fertilizer should be applied, less helium and potassium fertilizer should be applied, so as to prevent the overground part from growing white and topping when necessary, reduce nutrient consumption and promote the normal growth of roots.
It takes about 25 days for dry seeds to emerge, and about 10 days for accelerating seed emergence. Weeds should be removed in time after the seedlings are unearthed. If the seedlings are too dense, it is necessary to interplant them in time, every 10 cm2 10 ~ 12 plants, every 5 cm 1 plant (about 60,000 plants per mu), and loosen the soil. Weeding should also be done at the right time in the later stage. In addition, the balloon has a long flowering period, which will consume a lot of nutrients and affect the root growth. In addition to planting fields, flowers and fruits should be drained in time to improve the yield and quality of roots.
Four: disease control
Common diseases
1. Root rot: it harms the roots, and the affected roots appear dark brown spots, which rot in the later stage until the whole plant dies.
Prevention and control methods:
The root of platycodon grandiflorum
(1) water the ward with carbendazim 1000 times solution.
(2) Pay attention to drainage after rain, and the site should not be too wet.
2. Powdery mildew: mainly harms leaves. At the time of onset, the diseased leaves were covered with gray powder, which was so serious that the whole plant withered.
Prevention and treatment methods: at the initial stage of the disease, spray with Bomei 0.3 degree sulfur mixture or Baibaijing 500 times solution or spray with 20% triadimefon powder 1800 times solution.
3. Root-knot nematodiasis: When endangered, there is a pathological process in the roots, and the stems and leaves on the ground wither early.
Control method: Applying 1500kg/ ha tea seed cake fertilizer as base fertilizer can reduce the harm, and disinfect the soil with lime nitrogen or dibromochloropropane before sowing.
4. Purple feather disease: it was seriously damaged in mid-September, and the roots rotted in June 5438+ 10. The damaged root system turned red in the early stage, covered with reticulate reddish-brown hyphae, and formed purple sclerotia the size of mung beans in the later stage, and the stems and leaves withered and died.
Control methods: avoid continuous cropping and implement crop rotation; Pull out the diseased plants and burn them. Fill the diseased areas with 5% lime water for disinfection.
5. Anthracnose: In July and August, the temperature is high and the humidity is high, so it is easy to get sick and spread rapidly, and the plants fall off and die in pieces, which mainly harms the stem base. At first, brown spots appeared at the base of the stem and gradually spread around the stem. Later, the diseased part contracted and the plant fell down.
Prevention and control methods: The seedlings are sprayed with 500 times solution of 20% bactericide wettable powder before they are unearthed, and sprayed with Bordeaux solution 1:100 times solution or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder at the initial stage of the disease, and sprayed every 10d for 3-0 times continuously.
6. Ring rot and leaf blight: damage to leaves. Spray 1: 1: 100 bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times solution continuously for 2 ~ 3 times at the initial stage of onset.
7. Pseudo-Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga: It harms the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, and can spray 800 times of 90% trichlorfon or 50% EC 1000 times of phoxim in the mating period of adults from March to April and the larval stage from May to June.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) main values
Medicinal value
Functional indication
Dispelling lung and relieving sore throat, resolving phlegm and discharging pus. Used for cough with excessive phlegm, chest tightness, sore throat, hoarseness, lung abscess, pus and abscess.