Wuyue was the territory of Wu Yue State in the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, the main ethnic group of these vassal States was Baiyue people (belonging to the Dong-Tai language family). Wu merged and the language remained unchanged. After the state of Yue, it was destroyed by the State of Chu, and Emperor Wu was listed as one of the "Eastern Chu" among the three States of Chu. This shows that Chu people brought the foundation of Chinese to wuyue. This can also be inferred from several aspects:
According to legend, the Dongwu royal family with the same surname as Zhou came from the Central Plains, and there are words to prove it. Then the royal family may have spoken Chinese, but after hundreds of years with the Yue people, it is doubtful whether it can be maintained in daily speech, because even the name of the king has become more and more famous. However, both wuyue and Wu used Chinese characters as ritual weapons, and Wu was especially familiar with the rites and music of the Central Plains (Confucius' disciple Nanwei Zhongjiang was the only one who traveled, and according to the Book of Rites, Confucius called it "learning Wu as a ritual"), so the ruling class had to learn at least Chinese in culture, just like the old European aristocrats learned Latin. I just don't know whether the Central Plains Yayin was used at that time or the nearby Chu Yin (from the point of view that Wu Chuzi, Ai Bo, Wen Zi and Fan Li all worked in wuyue, they may be close to Chu. Note that even if the earlier legend is credible, "Family of Historical Records" said that "Mr. and Mrs. Taibo were pretty in Beijing", but it was only after Chu that they arrived in Wu).
Chu language officially entered wuyue, beginning with the demise of Chu. There are four theories about the time of Chu's demise: (1) seven years, that is, 333 BC (there is no record in Historical Records of Yue Family and Chronology of Six Kingdoms), and only the cloud "took Wu into Zhejiang" broke Xuzhou at the same time. Chu Jia Shu lists the events that broke Qi in those years, and quotes "Say: When Chu was destroyed and Qi was cut"); (2) Twenty-two years of Chu Huaiwang, that is, the first 306 years (historical research); (3) The first year of Kao Lie, the king of Chu, that is, the first 262 years (Yue Jue Shu Wu Di Zhuan); (4) In the 14th year of Kao Lie, the King of Chu, that is, the first 249 years (":A Congkao on the history of crossing;": Montessori believes that Chu gradually lost more and more land and seized Wu's hometown earlier, but it was not until it was destroyed. The latter two statements are actually the time when Chun entered Wu. "Chu Family" records that Xie was sealed in the first year (262 BC) and killed in the first year (237 BC). Every 25 years (while Shen Jun Chunqiu Biography said that the fifteen-year exam only sought to move the capital to Jiangdong, and the Yuejueshu was called Li, and was given to Wu in the spring to rule Wu San. During this period, according to Yue Jue Shu Wu Di Zhuan, Wu Liangcang, Wu Shi, Zhu Li Dalang, Prison Court, Chu Men, etc. were stationed in Wuxi Lake, and there were several guest graves, indicating that Chu actively strengthened its rule over Wu at that time, with many officials, soldiers and diners. After Chun was killed, he was killed by Qin 16 years. The rule of Chu people for decades has formed the conditions for Chinese to develop locally. Today, there are many similarities between Lao Xiang dialect and Wu dialect, which seems to be no accident.
In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (the first 22 years1year), the whole country was divided into 36 counties, with Huiji County in the east and Yanji County in wuyue in the west. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it was once merged, and later it was changed to Wu Jun and Danyang in Hanwu. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, Huiji and Wu Jun were separated. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, officials were stationed in the county, and the main settlements of Central Plains immigrants should be in some important towns such as Wu (now Suzhou), Huiji (now Shaoxing), Wanling (now Xuancheng) and Moling (now Nanjing). And Wu dialect should be developed around these places, so later Wu dialect was centered on Suzhou in southern Jiangsu, Shaoxing in Zhejiang and Xuancheng in Zhejiang. However, at that time, the strength of the Yue nationality was still very strong. Some Yue people often entered the mountainous areas and became the so-called "mountain yue", while southern Zhejiang and Fujian were still the Yue people in the world. Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the immigrants to move to Ouyue, Dongyue and Fujian and Guangdong in Jianghuai, they only moved away the royal family, the main force of the army and the mighty men of Sanyue (note: this is untrue, and the history books Dongyue Biography and Hanshu Fujian and Guangdong Biography clearly record that "the immigrants moved between Jianghuai, and there was no one in Dongyue (Guangdong)"), and the vast number of Vietnamese diaspora retreated into the mountains. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Yi, a general of a title of generals in ancient times, was sent to crusade against Dongou with the water army (see the lost article in Tai Lan, quoted from Dongguan Han Ji). Until the Three Kingdoms, Cao Caoshu was told that he went from Huiji "to Jiaozhou in the south, experienced Dongou, Fujian and Vietnam, crossed Wan Li, and never saw Han" ("The History of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Xu"), indicating that southern Zhejiang and Fujian were not completely controlled at that time. Even in the Southern Song Dynasty, Xie Lingyun "tasted Nanshan logging and went straight into the sea from Shining (Shangyu Nanxiang), with hundreds of followers. Wang Wei, the magistrate of the sea, was horrified and called a mountain thief". When there are still adherents of the mountain and the moon in the mountains, there will be misunderstandings. Therefore, it is no wonder that the dialect words in Yang Xiong's wuyue at the end of the Western Han Dynasty are mainly Dongtai dialect, which shows that the formation of Wu dialect has gone through a long process.
However, in Yang Xiong dialect, except wuyue, the common names are Wuyang, Wu Chu, Jason Wu, Chuyang and Jingyang. Since "Yang" can coexist with "Wu" and "Jianghuai", it should not refer to the big Yangzhou including Wu (Huiji), Lujiang, Jiujiang and Danyang, but to Danyang County in between. Danyang area is the Wu language area and Hui language area of Xuanzhou in the west. Analysis of these words "Jason Wu" and "Jingyang" are mostly Chinese words. This just shows that the route of Chu language from west to east extends to Wu and Hui counties. It is rare to see "Wu" juxtaposed with northern dialects, which also proves that the relationship between dialects is unusual (Hanshu Geography: "Ben Wu said [Yue] and Chu, so the folk customs are similar"). Because the southern Wu dialect has more features of ancient Wu dialect than the northern Wu dialect, the author has compared Wenzhou dialect with Yang Xiong dialect. The results show that there are two dialects in the north, Wuyang and Jianghuai, five dialects in the East in the Central Plains and 17 in Kansai, most of which belong to the common language. It is worth noting that there are eighteen or nineteen dialects in Chu dialect and South Chu Yuan Xiang. Such as "Xiao, Dan, Hui, Peng, Du Gou, Lan", among which the words "Dan (angry), Hui (ill), Ban (abandoned)", which are the most characteristic of Wenzhou dialect, are found in Chu language, indicating that Chu language should play an important role in the formation of Wu language, especially Nanwu language. The formation of Wu dialect is not only combined with the bottom of the ancient Yue language, but also Chinese may be a fusion of Chu dialect and Zhongyuan dialect (Zhongyuan dialect mainly comes from the southward migration of the Kim family). No wonder people in the Central Plains say that Wu people are "sounding Chu". Hui Lin and Yi Yin in the Tang Dynasty were collectively called the Voice of Wu Chu.
Even according to the latest statement, Chu's rule in Wu began in the first 249 years, and it has developed for 560 years since the fall of Luoyang in the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty. The fusion of Dongchu dialect and ancient wuyue dialect has formed a Chinese Jiangdong dialect with local characteristics. According to Wang Chong's Lun Heng Ji Zi, when he was eight years old, "there were more than 100 people in a small library". It can be seen that in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the education of benefiting the economy was very developed and the residents were quite dense, which would develop outward. Especially during the Eastern Wu and Western Jin Dynasties, the division between counties and counties increased repeatedly, indicating that the population was increasing and the dialect areas were expanding. The great difference between it and Chinese in the Central Plains was clearly shown in the literature records only when the Jin family moved south.
(2) Jiangdong dialect gave birth to Wu dialect.
Lu Deming's Interpretation of Classics: "Dialects are different, and Jiangnan in Hebei is the most different." Lu (about 550-630) is a Wu linguist. He died in the early Tang Dynasty after Sui Chen, so he naturally remembered what he saw. From Guo Pu's Notes on Dialects, we compared a large number of "Jiangdong" dialects at that time, showing that Jiangdong dialect was formed in the Jin Dynasty, with the following situations:
1. The phonological discrimination between north and south, east and west shows that Jiangdong dialect has its own system.
Due to the great differences between the northern and southern dialects, southerners and northerners despise each other when crossing Jinnan. Southerners call northerners "promises" and northerners call southerners "Chu".
(1) Gu's Record of the Dialect of the Day quotes the Song book "Although Gaozu is tired of leaving Jiangnan, the Chu sound remains unchanged". And "Changsha Wang Dao has no material ability, and his words are very clear." When General Wang was young, he used his old name and pronounced it Chu. He also quoted Wen Xin Diao Long as saying that "when zhanghua talks about rhyme, scholars are more balanced and Chu". Both the Liu and Song royal families and Wang Dun migrated from the south to the north, and both studied Nanyin. Lu Ji is a Wu man, and because both of them live in the land of Eastern Chu, they are also called "Chu". "Liu Daoyi Yuchuan in the Northern Dynasties": "Liu Daoyi Jade, Jinling Dantu also. "Biography of Xiao Daocheng Island": "Xiao Daocheng Island, Wujin, Jinling. "These Southern Dynasties emperors who were born in Changzhou were named after Chu.
(2) A Brief Talk on Shi Shuo Xin Yu: "Zhi Dao Lin Dong went to see the Wang Ziyou brothers. Also, people ask,' How about going to see the king?' Answer:' I saw a group of white-necked blackbirds, but I became dumb as soon as I heard them.' "That is to say, when Zhigong arrived in Huiji (in Jianye East, so it was called' East'), he saw that the Wang brothers did not speak Mandarin and laughed at it as a bird's language. In the same article: "People asked Gu Changkang,' Why don't you sing Luo Sheng?' Answer:' Why should I be an old maid?' (Original note: "Charlotte scholar recites the scriptures with a heavy voice, so the old maid sings." Gu, a native of Wuxi, Jinling, did not want to learn English according to the customs at that time, but ridiculed it as servant language (Yi means a mean person, which is homologous to Zang (~ fire)).
The above is the difference between the north and the south, and things in the south of the Yangtze River are very different.
At that time, the Wu people called the people of Hunan, Jiangxi "xi" (also known as "Xi") because it was the birthplace of "Wu Ximan" between the southern foot of Jingshan Mountain, Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake in ancient times, and the dialect contained Miao Yao language (since the Ming Dynasty, Jiangxi people still called it "chicken", which was the phonetic change of "Xi").
(3) Shi Shuo Xin Yu: "Wen (Jiao) advised Yu (Liang) to see Tao (Kan), but Yu hesitated. Wen said:' I know the creek dog, but if I see it, I will have nothing to worry about. According to Tao Wei Zhang Yu, people are all from Yang and their homes are in Xunyang, so it is a cloud.
(4) Biography of Southern History Hu Hesheng: "The harmony, Nanchang people also ..., and Shang (Emperor Wu of Qi) wanted to reward the noble marriage, and the harmonious family members were not right, so he sent four or five people in the palace to tutor their children. Two years later, the emperor asked,' Is your voice right?' Hehe replied,' There are few imperial secretaries and many ministers, so they can't get the correct pronunciation, which makes the imperial secretaries dumbfounded. The emperor smiled and said, "(Fan Bonian said," Why bother! " )
(5) Biography of Liang Shuyang Miyazawa: "The leader is from Xiangxi, and he is timid." ("Southern History" wrote: "The public is led by Hunan people and is afraid of it." )
It can be seen that Jiangdong dialect was different from north to south at that time.
2. North and South learn dialects and dual language system.
Biography of Wang Dao in the Book of Jin: "Luo Jing capsized, and women in Zhongzhou avoided chaos on the left side of the river." Jinling became the political and cultural center of the Six Dynasties. This has caused two effects: first, the population of Han nationality has increased greatly, and they have worked hard to learn local dialects, which has strengthened the assimilation of local Chinese dialects to non-Chinese; Second, a large number of people who moved south from the Central Plains gathered in Xindu, forming a bilingual system in the capital, that is, the bilingual system of gentry and common people. This is the record of people in the Northern and Southern Dynasties:
(1) Liu Yiqing in the Song Dynasty's Shi Shuo Xin Yu Bian Yu Diao: "Liu Zhenchu met the Prime Minister Wang, and in the midsummer, the Prime Minister ironed his stomach and played chess, saying,' What's the matter?' (Note: Wu people are marked by indifference. "Magnolia" Volume 2 1 Quote this note: "The voice is just the opposite") Liu came out to see the princes of the world. Liu said: I didn't see him at last, but I heard that he was Wu dialect. ("Yu Lin" said: "It's really a long cloud:' Prime Minister He Qi can only talk about Wu and spit it out. "')
(2) Yan Jiaxun Yin Ci by Yan Zhitui in the Northern Qi Dynasty: "The crown gentleman, the south is the top, the villain is in the face, and the north is the treatment; It's easier said than done. Scholars in the south can distinguish a few words. Listening to them through the wall, the northern ruling and opposition parties can't distinguish them all day. It is very harmful to dye wuyue in the south and mix foreigners in the north. "
(3) Song's Biography of Chen Gu: "The owner, Ji Gong and Ji Gongzi, the autumn and Chen, Wu Yin remain unchanged."
(4) Biography of Wang Jingze in the Southern Qi Dynasty: "Although Jing is famous, he does not encounter wealth, and the dangerous arch is similar to it, but he does not know about it." Jing Zu was born in Linhuai Sheyang and moved to Nansha County, Jinling. He was originally a collector in Nansha County and his mother was a witch.
It can be seen from (1) that northerners have even made great efforts to learn Wu language. As can be seen from (2), it is easy to distinguish between the gentry in the Southern Dynasties who spoke Mandarin and the common people who spoke Wu. This is a bilingual system. However, it can be seen from (3) and (4) that some local people will not give up their dialects even if they are expensive, which strengthens the power of dialects. But the power of Yayin Putonghua in the north is still very strong. Tang Zhangji's Yongjiaxing: "Northerners avoid Hu mostly in the south, while southerners can still talk about Jin." This may have laid the foundation for the mandarin of northern Wu dialect in the future. Later, we will see that not only the Wu dialect along the Yangtze River in Ningzhen areas such as Nanjing and Yangzhou has become Mandarin, but also the surrounding Wu dialect has developed into a Wu dialect with a certain mandarin flavor, namely, the northern Wu dialect centered on Taihu Lake and the western Wu dialect centered on Qinggejiang River (Xuanzhou Wu dialect), while the southern Wu dialect, which is far away from Nanjing and thus develops slowly, can maintain more ancient rhyme characteristics. However, we are not sure whether this change is mainly caused by immigrants in the Eastern Jin Dynasty or in the late Tang Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, perhaps because of the accumulation of several immigrants. Because the Jiangdong dialect at that time was not the later Wu dialect.
3. Jiangdong dialect is the ancestral language of Wu Min and other dialects.
Jiangdong dialect was called "Wu dialect" in the Six Dynasties, but its nature is different from today's Wu dialect. It should be the same clan of Wu language, Min language and Hui language. Min dialect retained more features of "Wu dialect" in the Six Dynasties. Wu dialect and Min dialect are related to Jiangdong dialect:
Jiangdong dialect has the characteristics of modern Wu dialect. We can see these characteristics from the following materials.
(1) Guo Pu, a linguist in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (276-324), was pure in character. He annotated Erya, Dialect, Shan Hai Jing, Mu Chuan and Chu Ci, and quoted Jiangdong dialect from time to time, leaving a valuable record for the early Wu dialect at that time. There are more than ten words in his Jiangdong and Jiangnan dialect words that are consistent with Wenzhou dialect today (such as "Yu, Ou, Yang, Pu" and so on). ).
(2) Yan Zhitui also pointed out in the article Yinci that "Southerners regard money as saliva, stones as shooting, meanness as envy and sweetness as pleasure". There is no distinction between "shun" and "evil" vowels and "Zen" vowels and "boat" vowels on the phonetic keys, that is, there is no distinction between voiced and fricative sounds, which is still a feature of Wu dialect today, but it was already like this in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
(3) Yan also said: "Northerners take vulgarity as a defense and regard it as Confucianism." This is the difference between fish and danger, which shows that northerners mix fish and danger, while southerners don't. Lu You, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote "Notes on Old Learning Swallows" in volume six: "Wu people mistakenly read the word fish, and they all rhyme." Today's fish rhyme in Wenzhou dialect refers to the combination of [y] and [ei←i], and the opening of teeth sounds, such as: "Xu (that) Hei 3, Qu khei5, Qu, Pig tsei 1, Zhu dzei4, Zhu dzei6, Zhu Dzei6.
On the other hand, there is a reflection that Jiangdong dialect is related to Min dialect:
(4) Japanese characters learned in the Southern Dynasties are called "five tones". However, except for the voiced initials, it is very different from today's Wu dialect, but it has eight characteristics that are the same as today's Min dialect, such as: reading e in rhyme, ai in rhyme, yau and yaku in stalk, wan in yuan rhyme (the same as Xiamen), on in mouth (such as Fuzhou), un in rhyme and U in rhyme. /w, unlike min dialect with h,? /w two categories. The phonological similarity of Hakka dialect shows that Hakka dialect is also related to the "five tones" in Jiangdong.
During the Six Dynasties, there were ten exchanges between Japan and Liu Song, but only one exchange between the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Song Dynasty and Qi Liang. According to Japanese historical records, the envoys and sewing workers to the State of Wu were all called "Wu". Therefore, the "Wu" of the "Five Tones" should be based on Jiankang and Wudu, and it is impossible to go as far as Fujian, because until the Tang and Song Dynasties, most Japanese boats were far south of Mingzhou (now Ningbo) and far from Quanzhou. At that time, the "five tones" could only be taken from southern Jiangsu, indicating that the "five tones" in Jiangdong at that time were very close to today's Fujian pronunciation, unlike today's five tones (note that there are four ancient voiced initials in Fujian dialect, which are still voiced today).
(5) As the "Wu dialect" in the Southern Dynasties, there are several characteristic words, such as "Nong" ("Midnight Song") and "Lu" ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu"), which are found in southern Zhejiang and are often used in Min dialect. Huang Diancheng's article "Characteristics of Min Language" quotes 35 commonly used spoken words in Min language, among which "Ni (mother), Ruo (bamboo leaf), Fu (incubation), egg (egg), feeding, fog" and so on 18 are also used in southern Zhejiang. For example, the Wenzhou border is called "border [? I] ("Hong Kong" Hu Kun Qian Qi, Min dialect initials plug, Wenzhou dialect), more than half the same. It can be seen that there is a deep origin between Fujian and Wu.
(6) Huang Diancheng's Features of Min Dialect lists grammatical features: the numeral structure of "hundreds, dozens, dozens and feet" can omit the second quantifier and the preceding "one", such as "hundreds", "seven thousand" and "six feet". Plus southern Zhejiang, 120 can also be said to be "puzzling."
(7) Especially in southwest Zhejiang, Wu dialect is more similar to Min dialect, and there are many forms between Min dialect and Wu dialect, which shows that Wu dialect and Min dialect are not completely separated, but a dialect continuum.
Then at that time, Jiangdong dialect was at least related to today's Wu and Min languages, and it was not clear (so was the Hui language). This great difference between Wu dialect and Min dialect may be related to two situations: (1) At that time, under the dual language system, there were two kinds of "Wu dialect", one was Mandarin and the other was indigenous southern dialect. Then, perhaps the "Wu dialect" around Taihu Lake was assimilated into the present Wu dialect by Mandarin, and then expanded to the south, while the ancient "Wu dialect" remained in the mountainous area of southern Zhejiang, and further differentiated into Min dialect and Hui dialect. ⑵ If Japanese pentasyllables represent the former Southern Mandarin, then today's Min dialect may be influenced by Hakka Gan dialect with the nature of ancient Southern Mandarin from the west, and then further transformed and approached Hakka Gan dialect (Fujian and Jiangxi in Jin Dynasty belong to Jiangzhou). This may have caused the differentiation of Wu Min dialect.
(3) Wu dialect forms an independent dialect.
When Min dialect and Wu dialect are independent, Wu dialect can truly form an independent dialect. There is a lot of evidence that the Min dialect in the Tang and Song Dynasties has formed the same Min dialect and Wu dialect as today:
1. The material shows that all the major dialects in China were indeed formed in the Tang Dynasty. There are several reasons for this: (1) Min dialect was formed in the Tang Dynasty, and the words "Yao" and "Balang (father)" in Gu Kuang's Tang poems are consistent with today (the nine articles of Song Jiyun also say: "Yao, Fujian people call it February Yao. (2) During the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, Fujian people fled from Wang Xizhi's rebellion and moved to Wenzhou in large numbers (as shown by the genealogy of most popular names in Wenzhou and the epitaphs of Song people today), but it did not affect Wenzhou dialect to become a Fujian dialect, indicating that Wu dialect was very consolidated at that time. (3) The development of Tingzhou and Chaozhou in the Tang Dynasty made it a Hakka and Min-speaking area. Since then, the She people who left Chaoting and moved north have given up the inherent She language similar to Miao Yao language and taken away the Hakka language they have learned, indicating that Hakka and Min languages were formed at that time, and only when they entered the non-Chinese-speaking areas did they exert a strong influence. Comparing with Hangzhou dialect, we can see that Hakka dialect was formed in the Tang Dynasty, and Hangzhou dialect was formed by the infiltration of Bianjing dialect into Wu dialect in the Song Dynasty. From this, we can see the specific differences between Mandarin and Wu dialect in Song Dynasty. Hangzhou dialect does not have -p, -t and -m suffixes, but "er" is pronounced as [l/r], which means that there are -t, -p and -m suffixes and "er". Moreover, Hakka dialect has given up the northern negative word "no" and adopted Cantonese "Yi language system", which shows that Cantonese is already very powerful in the local area (Gan dialect has always used "no" instead of "Yi language", which is a big difference from Hakka dialect).
2. The southward migration of the Song Dynasty made the Wu dialect in Lin 'an, the capital, take on the color of Mandarin, forming a unique Hangzhou Wu dialect. Comparing Hangzhou dialect with Yuhang dialect in suburban counties, it can be clearly seen that Hangzhou dialect is mainly Mandarin in pronouns and structural auxiliary words, and the second initial has been changed from K to T? The child's tail has changed from -n to -l and other Mandarin influences. This shows that Wu dialect has been consolidated, not only the suburban counties have maintained the nickname -n suffix, but also the limited features of local Mandarin, which are well-known Mandarin features.
According to the living specimens of Hangzhou dialect, we can get a glimpse of the influence of Putonghua on Wu dialect. Then, if we compare the Suzhou-Shanghai Wu dialect with the Nanjing-Yangzhou Mandarin, we will remove the elements similar to Mandarin and leave the original features of Wu dialect. Then, compared with Wu dialect in southern Zhejiang, we may be able to better understand its * * * same components. This * * * has the same composition and natural characteristics, which may reveal some old features of the original Jiangdong "Wu" language from Han Dynasty to Eastern Jin Dynasty.
3. Yongjia Dai Dong collected a large number of his own Wenzhou dialect folk words and sounds at the end of the Song Dynasty, which fully showed that Wenzhou dialect is very close to today's language. He also pointed out that the differences between Taiwan, Wen and Kuo (Chuzhou) dialects in the southern Wu dialect, such as the word "ren", "Nudengqie", call if you can "and Taiwanese" fish near qie ",are the same as those in today's three dialects.
(4) Summarize the origin of Wu dialect.
1. In ancient China, there was only Chu language in the south, and places south of wuyue where non-Chinese was originally spoken were also conquered by Chu. The original Wu dialect should also be differentiated from Chu dialect. Up to now, there are many similarities between the phonetic evolution of Wu dialect and hometown dialect, such as: all voiced initials are all voiced; See second-class I-free sound; Two beats of "Fairy Mountain": the nose falls off and the vowels are nasalized; Two photos of "Crab, Effect" -I, -U tail falls off and becomes a single vowel; When entering the sound, the tail of the ancient plug falls off and becomes open or the throat is tight. Later, although Wu dialect and Xiang dialect were inserted by Hakka dialect and Gan dialect, there was still a voiced corridor starting from the south of the Yangtze River. From Hukou, Xing Zi, Duchang, Yongxiu, De 'an, Wuning and Xiushui in Hubei to Tongcheng, Chongyang and Thorpe, and then to Linxiang, Yueyang and Pingjiang (Nanjiang) in Hunan, the all-voiced initials are still all-voiced (Hukou old school).
2. It was after the development of Hakka Gan dialect that Wu Xiang's contact was interrupted. This dialect has a relatively complete rhyme except for mixed initials. Some secondary points (such as Meixian) have I- alto, and the tertiary I- alto is more than other southern dialects, showing some linguistic features farther north than geographical location, which may be the product of the combination of northern languages and southern dialects. The early southward migration can be traced back to the turmoil in the late Han Dynasty. For example, "Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Jiang Ji": "More than ten people in Jianghuai were shocked to leave Wu." Biography of Three Kingdoms Wu Shu Wu Zhu: "Since Lujiang, Jiujiang, Spring and Guangling, more than 100,000 people have crossed the river eastward and Jiangxi collapsed. There is only Wancheng in the south of Hefei. " Wancheng, now Anhui Buried Hill, is one of the northernmost points where Gan dialect wedged into Jianghuai area, and it can still maintain some basic features of Gan dialect in the powerful encirclement of Jianghuai dialect around it. Buried hill dialect, which fought alone at the tip of Jiangxi dialect in Jiangbei, is probably not infected by Jiangxi dialect, but a remnant of the old dialect. Then the Hakka dialect in Gan dialect may be the ancient Jianghuai immigrants who crossed the river to Wu. If they go south from Lujiang and Jiujiang, they will cross the river and become today's Gan dialect area (west, east, Pengze and Ruichang of Guichi shitai county, where there are lakes, the Yangtze River and many tributaries. In ancient times, perhaps because there were swamps everywhere, life was inconvenient, so there were fewer people and more wasteland. During the war, it became a good place for refuge and farming. This Jianghuai immigrant combined with Zhang Yu's ancient Chu dialect, formed the embryonic form of Hakka Gan dialect, and was later strengthened into Hakka Gan dialect because of the migration from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the south, thus developing the ancient Wu dialect that influenced its eastern neighbors, which played an important role in distinguishing Hui dialect from Min dialect (some levels of Hui dialect in Min dialect are close to today's Hakka Gan dialect).
3. The "Jiangdong" dialect in the Six Dynasties, Jin and Song Dynasties included the later Wu Min dialect. Today, there is Cangnan "Man Dialect" in the south of Dongou, Wu dialect, which is the eastern Fujian dialect between Wu dialect and Min dialect, and there is Shibei dialect in the south of Pucheng dialect, which is the northern Fujian dialect between Wu dialect and Min dialect, mainly with voiced initials. Both are intermediate dialects at the same level as the other party, indicating a state between them. Just like Jiande dialect in Zhejiang is an intermediate state between Wu Hui and Wu Hui.
By the Tang Dynasty, the country was stable and prosperous. War can cause dialect migration, while stability can consolidate and differentiate dialects. By the time of Kaiting Harmony, the boundary between Min dialect and Hakka dialect was clearly drawn, indicating that Min dialect had been formed and consolidated, and the special dialect word "Yao" had been compiled into the rhyme book "Jiyun" compiled in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was exactly the same as today's Min dialect. At the same time, it also received a lot of Wu vocabulary. Wu dialect naturally formed and consolidated.
Wu dialect in Song Dynasty not only consolidated and formed the basic situation of today's North and South films. The writers of Yongjia dialect in Dong 'ou film wrote books according to their own dialects (for example, Dai Dong's Six Old Stories), and professional books will write literary works that affect the whole country-all kinds of Yongjia drama scripts, which richly show the dialect characteristics of this film (for example, Zhang Xie's No.1 Scholar).
Then the independent development of Wu dialect from Jiangdong dialect should be in the Southern Dynasties. The lower limit of the formation of Wu dialect should be at least not later than the Tang Dynasty, while the upper limit of its ancestral language can be traced back to the Han Dynasty and even the Eastern Chu Dynasty.
? Throughout the ages, wuyue has been home; Local accent, lively and fragrant.
?