Portrait of Shang Yang Shang Yang (about 390-338 BC), Han nationality, Weiguo (now Huangliangzhuang Town, Anyang City, Henan Province). Politicians, thinkers and famous legalists in the Warring States period. Ji surname, Wei, full name Wei Yang. Because Wei Yang was originally a patriotic clan, he was also called Gongsun Yang. Later, it was named Shang, later called Shang Yang. At his request, he entered the state of Qin and persuaded him to carry out reform. After Xiao Gong's death, he was slandered by nobles, suspected by King Qin Huiwen, and his car cracked and died. After Qin was in power for more than 20 years, Qin ruled greatly, which was called "Shang Yang Reform" in history, making Qin above the six countries in Shandong for a long time. But in the end, he died in his own law. [Edit this paragraph] Introduction to Shang Yang Shang Yang's "A Study of Few but Fine Criminal Names", devoted to the rule of law, was greatly influenced by Li Kui, Wu Qi and others. Later, he was the prime minister of Wei, and when Gong Shucuo was seriously ill, he said to him, "Gong Sunyang is a young wizard and can be appointed as the prime minister." He also said to King Hui: "Since Sun Yang is not needed, you must kill him and don't order him to leave the country." After the death of Uncle Wrong, Wei Huiwang didn't agree with Uncle Wrong's entrustment, so he didn't do it. When Sun Yang heard that the wise men of the whole country were ordered to recover the lost territory of Qin, he came to Qin with the Fa Jing. Through Qin Xiaogong's minions Jing Ke and Shang Yang's three visits to Qin Xiaogong, he put forward three monarch strategies: Emperor Dao, King Dao and Hegemony. Only hegemony was recognized by the king of Qin and became the foundation of Qin's prosperity. In the first 359 years, he served as the head of Zuo Shu and began to reform. Later, he was promoted to a big beam seat. In 359 BC, when Shang Yang assisted Qin Xiaogong in brewing political reform, Gan Long and Du Zhi, representatives of the old aristocracy, rose up against the political reform. They think that profit is unchangeable and it is not easy to use. "There is nothing wrong with the ancient law, and there is nothing wrong with politeness." Shang Yang pointed out in a tit-for-tat way: "What was the ancient law in the past? If the emperor doesn't mend fences, why follow? " "Governing the world is different. At that time, the country was illegal, so Tang Wu was king without courtesy, and Yan Xia was not easy to die without courtesy. It is essential to resist the ancients, but there are not many people who follow the ceremony. " Therefore, he advocated "establishing the ceremony at that time and making the ceremony according to the matter" (Shang Jun Gengfa, Historical Records and Biography of Shang Jun). This refuted the so-called "legalist" and "etiquette" of the old aristocracy with the thought of historical evolution, and made public opinion preparations for the implementation of the reform. In 13 (the first 356 years) and 19 (the first 350 years), Zhou Xianwang carried out two political reforms. The content of the reform is "abandon minefields, open buildings, implement the county system, reward farmers for fighting, and implement the method of sitting together." At this time, the prince broke the law, and Shang Yang said, "If the law doesn't work, you can commit it from above." Punish the teacher Gong Ziqian and the teacher Gong Sunjia. In the sixteenth year of Qin Xiaogong (346 BC), a teacher and a son committed a crime again, and Shang Yang was sentenced to cut off his nose. The reform has been going on for a long time, and the Qin people are happy. There are no thieves in the mountains. In the first 340 years, Qin and Zhao defeated General Ang, the son of Wei, and Wei cut the river and moved to Daliang. At this time, Wei Huiwang was furious: "I hate what my uncle said." Wei Yang was awarded the title of Shang Wuyi for his merits. Shang Jun's laws are too unkind and ungrateful. He made the law of sitting together, made strict laws, and increased the intensity of corporal punishment, including chiseling, pulling tendons, cooking in an iron pot and other punishments. Especially the military system, caused the dissatisfaction of Qin nobles. Zhao Liang, an aristocrat of the State of Qin, advised Shang Jun to hold grudges too deeply, and advised him to "go back to the fifteenth capital, lightly irrigate the garden", and "not be greedy for business, be rich in business, and not spoil the teaching of the State of Qin", but Shang Yang did not listen. In the first 338 years, King Huiwen ascended the throne, and the son Qian sued Shang Yang for rebellion. Shang Yang fled to the border and wanted to stay in the hostel. As a result, because he didn't show his documents, the store didn't dare to stay, so he "brought it on himself". In order to escape to Wei, Ren Wei did not want to take Shang Yang in, because Shang Yang had broken Mo Wei treacherously. Later, Shang Yang returned to Shangyi, sent troops to attack the north, sent troops to beg, and killed Yang in the pool. After his death, he was punished by Qin for "breaking the car" and destroyed the Shangjun family [edit this paragraph] Shang Yang carried out two large-scale reforms from 356 BC to 350 BC. Shang Yang's first political reform took place in 356 BC, not in 359 BC. Yang Kuan's History of the Warring States (185) has such a passage: "Historical Records of Qin Benji says: Qin Xiaogong spent three years, and Wei Yang's filial piety was good for the public. Gan Long, Du Zhi and so on. However, they argue with each other, but they use the martingale method, and the people suffer. After living for three years, the people will be released, but they will worship as the elders of the left family. " On this basis, the martingale method was used for three years, and Wei Yang was promoted to be normal in six years because of "convenience". However, Biography of Historical Records of Shang Jun said: Filial piety' takes Wei Yang as the left daughter and sets the order of reform'. On this basis, the political reform was ordered after Wei Yang became Chang in six years (356 BC). Compare the two and say yes later. "The Warring States Policy and Qin Ce" said: "Shang Jun ruled the State of Qin, and the laws were enforced ... after eighteen years of filial piety, he became ill and could not afford to support him. He wanted to preach to Shang Jun, but he refused to resign. "Everything is done by Han Feizi's Family" also said: "The law,' filial piety, respect for security, the country wants to be rich and strong, eight years later, the car is divided into Qin. "Wang Xianqian's" Xieji "thinks that it is right to remove the word" ten "from" eight ". From six years (that is, 356 BC) after Wei Yang's "life was prosperous" to Xiao Gong's death in the twenty-fourth year, the whole year was 19, which happened to be 18. Accordingly, Shang Yang's first political reform should be in 356 BC. In 340 BC, Wei Yang was ordered by Qin Xiaogong to attack Wei. Wei Yang's son Ang was a friend of Wei Yang when he was in Wei State. Wei Yang invited Zi Ang to hold peace talks, and the friendship is beyond doubt. As a result, Wei Yang captured Ang, Wei Yang's son, alive after the talks, and took the opportunity to break Wei Jun, forcing Wei to return the land of Xihe River that he had robbed in the past. Wei Huiwang said, "I hate what my uncle said." Therefore, Shang Yang made great contributions and was named Shang Jun in Shang (now Shangluo Town, southeast of Shang County, Shaanxi Province) 15. In 338 BC, Qin Xiaogong died, and Prince Ying Si succeeded to the throne, namely King Hui of Qin. Gong Ziqian and others denounced Shang Yang for "rebellion", and Qin Huiwang ordered Shang Yang to be arrested. Shang Yang fled to the border and wanted to stay in a hostel. The owner of the hostel didn't know that he was a business gentleman, but when he saw that he didn't bring his certificate, he told the business gentleman that it was a crime to stay without a certificate. Shang Yang wanted to go to Wei, but Wei refused him entry because he captured his son Ang alive. He returned to his fief and mobilized his troops to resist. As a result, he was defeated and killed, and then ordered to dismember the body. In 350 BC, Shang Yang carried out the second reform. The main contents of the reform are as follows: 1. Abandon the mine field and open a building (the building is the main road in the field). Qin razed these wide buildings to the ground, planted crops, and reclaimed mounds, wasteland, Woods, ditches and so on. , used to be used to divide boundaries. Whoever reclaims wasteland will own it. Land can be bought and sold. Second, establish county organizations, merge towns and villages, and organize them into counties, which are directly managed by state officials. In this way, the power of the central government is more centralized. Third, move the capital to Xianyang. In order to facilitate the eastward development, the capital was moved from Liyang to Xianyang (now the northeast of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) north of Weihe River. Such a large-scale reform is bound to cause fierce struggle. Many nobles and ministers opposed the new law. On one occasion, the king of Qin broke the law. Shang Yang said to Qin Xiaogong, "The laws and regulations of the country should be observed from top to bottom. If the people above can't abide by it, the people below don't trust the court. If the prince breaks the law, his master should be punished. "As a result, Shang Yang put the prince's two masters, Gongzi Qian and Gongsun Jia, to death. One nose was cut off and the other face was tattooed. Now, some nobles and ministers dare not violate the new law. Ten years later, Qin became richer and richer. The King of Zhou sent messengers to sacrifice to Qin Xiaogong and named him "Fang Bo". The vassal States of the Central Plains also congratulated the State of Qin. Wei had to cede the land in Hexi and move the capital to Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan). [Edit this paragraph] The experimenters of Shang Yang's political reform are Shang Yang, Wei Guoren, Ji surname, Wei Shi, Chinese, and Huaxia nationality. When he saw that the country was weak, he went to Wei's uncle for help. Seeing that he is a talented person, Uncle Cuo recommended him as an ordinary son. Whenever something important happens, CuO always plans with Shang Yang and always succeeds. Cuo attaches great importance to him and wants to introduce him to be a bigger official. Unfortunately, Cuo was seriously ill soon, but Cuo told him, "Wei Yang is young, but he is a contemporary wizard. If he becomes prime minister, he is ten times better than me. Kill him without him to avoid future trouble. Uncle CuO also said to Shang Yang, "I put my business before my private affairs. If Wang Wei doesn't need you, run away quickly. I suggest killing you. " Shang Yang thought: Since Wang Wei didn't listen to what he said and used me, he wouldn't listen to him and kill me. So he didn't go. Sure enough, King Hui thought that Shang Yang had done nothing. This is because uncle CuO is seriously ill and talking nonsense. So, he was useless and didn't kill him. Shang Yang heard that Qin Xiaogong was looking for talents, so he came to Qin and asked for Qin Xiaogong. Seeing what Shang Yang said, he talked in general terms and was irrelevant. Xiao Gong fell asleep after listening for a while and did it three times in a row. Shang Yang was not discouraged. Finally, he started the topic with the title of "Uncle", but it was exactly what Xiao Gong wanted. Two people talked for three days and three nights, Gong Dou Jr. was not satisfied. Xiao Gong was overjoyed and gave him a name. Therefore, Shang Yang decisively promulgated the way of political reform. He wants to test the people's attitude towards reform and win the trust of the people so that the new law can be implemented smoothly. Shang Yang sent someone to put a 30-foot-long piece of wood in the downtown area, and ordered, "Whoever can move the wood to the north gate will be rewarded with twelve taels of gold. "People came to see it in succession, but they were all skeptical. No one touched it. Shang Yang increased the reward to 50 gold, and everyone was even more suspicious: Qin had never given such a heavy reward. There is a person who does not believe in evil, thinking that although there are not so many bonuses, there must be some. He picked up the wood and walked to the north gate, followed by a large audience. Shang Yang cashed the bonus in full, and everyone believed that Shang Yang's orders must be carried out! The next day, Shang Yang promulgated a new law, which was successfully implemented. The political and economic aspects of the great governance of the state of Qin developed rapidly. However, because the new law violated the vital interests of the ruling class such as the royal family and nobles, Shang Yang was too harsh in carrying out the reform. When Xiao Gong died and Hui Wengong ascended the throne, Shang Yang ended in a tragic ending of dismemberment, which was really touching and regrettable. [Edit this paragraph] The reasons for the success of Shang Yang's political reform First, Shang Yang's political reform conformed to the trend of historical development. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, slavery collapsed and the feudal system was established. Shang Yang's political reform conformed to the requirements of the times and the trend of historical development, which was the fundamental reason for the success of the political reform. Second, Shang Yang's political reform was supported by the rulers. Third, Shang Yang established the correct guiding ideology of "governing the world with differences and governing the country with the ancient" and won the trust of the people with a firm reform attitude. Fourth, regardless of personal safety, Shang Yang dared to fight resolutely with the old forces. [Edit this paragraph] The main content of Shang Yang's two political reforms is the first political reform in 356 BC, which mainly includes the following points: 1. Promulgate laws, formulate a martial arts system, and use heavy sentences for minor crimes. Li Kui's "Law Classic" was promulgated and implemented, which increased the law of sitting. That is, five families are five friends. Why do ten families report on each other and share the same sin? Those who report "traitors" enjoy the same reward as those who cut the enemy, but do not report them. The family is hiding "traitors", and even Shi and Wu are both guilty. The guest house takes in passengers without official documents, and the owner is guilty of the same crime as the "traitor". 2. Reward military service and establish a 20-level military service title system. The title system of grade 20 military service in the Qin Dynasty [from low to high]: 1, male scholars 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5, 5, 7, 8, 5, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6. It is stipulated that the enemy's military leaders should be given the first prize, one hectare of land and nine acres of houses, and a "bastard" should be forced to work. The higher the title, the greater the corresponding political and economic privileges. Imperial clan and nobles who have no military service are not counted as members of the imperial clan and do not enjoy aristocratic privileges. Those with high titles can also "levy 300 cities", and they can also use titles to make amends or atone. 3. Emphasize agriculture and restrain commerce, and reward agriculture and weaving, especially land reclamation. It is stipulated that "farming and weaving should be rehabilitated in this industry; "In the end, the lazy and poor are regarded as paid" (meaning that those who try their best to engage in the production of men's farming and women's weaving are exempt from their own servitude; Those who are engaged in industry and commerce, those who are poor and bankrupt because they are not productive, together with their wives and children, are slaves of the government. 4. Emphasize that "ruling the country according to law" requires state officials to learn and understand the law, while those who study the law "take officials as teachers". 5. Turn the law into law. Emphasizing the universality of law has the function of "unifying the world". 6. It is unforgivable to impose heavy penalties on misdemeanors and strengthen legal awareness. Advocate that everyone who is guilty should be punished. 7. Encourage treason. 8. Deprive the old nobles of their privileges by legal means. For example, the system of stone clearing and stoning should be abolished. It is stipulated that the imperial clan outside the direct blood clan of the monarch can cancel its aristocratic status without military merit. 9. Strengthen the central government's overall control over local governments and deprive the old nobles of their monopoly over local political power. 10, unified measurement. The second political reform in 350 BC mainly included the following two points: 1. Open the border, block the border. Breaking away from the past, we closed the small field boundary and the field boundary of each mu, expanded the original "one hundred steps per mu" to 240 steps per mu, and re-set the "building" and "seal". The state recognizes the private rights of landlords and yeomen to land, and publicly allows the sale of land in law. 2. Popularize the county system. The State of Qin was divided into 4 1 county, and there were no counties here. Many townships and cities were aggregated into counties, and 3 1 county was newly built. Magistrates and county orders are appointed and removed by the monarch. [Edit this paragraph] Shang Yang's Historical Evaluation Because of his exclusive admiration for Confucianism, the historical evaluation of Shang Yang's use of violent means to carry out rapid reforms is not very good, so that thousands of years later people even called A Qin a country of tigers and wolves. Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records and Biography of Shang Jun that Tai Shigong said, "Shang Jun is also despicable. It is not the essence to trace his desire to be filial by the emperor's skill and to hold the theory of floating. What's more, punishing the son of God, bullying Wei Jiangang, and ignoring Zhao Liang's words are enough to discover the kindness of Shang Jun. I tried to read Shang Jun's gauntlet, which is similar to others' practice. The pawn is notorious in Qin, and he is married! " Later generations also said: "Wei Yang entered Qin, so he refined his sword. You don't have to be king, but you can meet your relatives. Politics must be reformed and rituals must be followed. He bullied General Wei and blamed the Qin people. How to do it, travel against the enemy! However, some people affirmed Shang Yang, such as Wang Anshi: Since ancient times, people have been sincere, and a word is more important than gold. Today's people must be Shang Yang, who can make politics imperative. This is affirming Shang Yang's strategy of governing the country. " Zi Zhi Tong Jian said: "A man who believes in his husband is a great treasure for a man. The country is protected by the people and the people are protected by trust. It is impossible to convince the people, and it is impossible for them to defend the country. Therefore, the king of ancient times did not bully the four seas, the king did not bully his neighbors, the people did not bully for the good of the country, and the relatives did not bully for the good of the family. On the contrary, those bad people bully their neighbors, their people, even their brothers and their fathers and sons. Do not believe, do not believe, centrifuge up and down, and you will lose. What a pity! Harvest can't cure injury, and harvest can't make up for death! In the past, Qi Huangong didn't back the alliance of Cao Mo, Jin Wengong didn't covet the original benefits, Wei Wenhou didn't abandon the dangerous period, and Qin Xiaogong didn't waste the reward of moving wood. The way of these four monarchs is not the quintessence of China, while the Shang monarchs are especially mean, in a world of war and attack. The world tends to deceive, but they still dare not forget to believe in animals and their people. The situation is the governor of the four seas! " Although Shang Yang is mean, the so-called "gone with the world" is understandable, but it shows Shang Yang's integrity. In modern times, although there are a few different voices, most people admit that Shang Yang is a hero who dares to touch the old forces and dare to reform. [Edit this paragraph] Shangluo Square was called Shang in ancient times, and it was also a fief. Shangyang Square, located in the west gate of Shangluo City, is an important part of Danjiang Park National Water Conservancy Scenic Area in Shangluo City. The upper part is connected with Xian 'e Lake Tourism Resort, and the lower part is connected with Danjiang Eco-cultural Tourism Corridor. With the sculpture of Shang Yang, a famous reformer in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period as the theme, this square is a comprehensive urban cultural square integrating leisure, entertainment and assembly, and decorated the west gate of Shangluo City. More than 40,000 trees and shrubs have been planted in Shangyang Sculpture Square in Shangyang Square. The main plants are more than 30 kinds of precious seedlings such as centennial ginkgo, Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Albizia Albizia, Sophora japonica, Luan tree, Lagerstroemia indica, Bauhinia, Photinia, peach blossom and cherry blossom, especially 14 landscape trees from six counties and one district of Shangluo, which highlights the regional characteristics of Shangluo ecological garden city and afforests 65,438+. The landscape project is based on the historical theme that Shangluo was once the fief of the reformer Shang Yang. In order to carry forward the humanistic spirit of Shang Yang's reform and self-improvement, and shape the cultural character of Shangluo city, the statue of Shang Yang, the pillar of Shang Jun's merit, the landscape relief and sketches of pre-Qin cultural elements were built. [Edit this paragraph] Although Shang Yang was killed, the new law was not abolished. The new law has adapted to the development trend of the times, which is why Qin Huiwen did not abolish the new law. Shang Yang's political reform was the most thorough one in the Warring States Period. It not only promoted the development of Qin society, but also promoted the change of patriarchal clan system to centralization of authority, which laid the foundation for Qin Shihuang to establish a unified empire and had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Therefore, some people in later generations said, "Qin politics and law will still be won in a hundred years." During the ten years of Shang Yang's political reform, the Qin people rejoiced, there were no thieves in the mountains, and the family provided enough for people. People brave public war, fear private struggle, and govern villages and towns. -Historical Records and Biography of Shang Jun