Taiyuan, also called Jinyang. During the feudal regime of China, Jinyang was the capital of Zhao (later moved to Handan, Hebei) and one of the 36 counties of Qin during the reign of Qin Shihuang. "The official control of mountains and rivers is the foundation of Hedong, and it is also a battleground in ancient and modern times." Notes on Reading Historical Records. Volume 40. Shanxi "tells us that Jinyang happened in the war history of Zhao, Hou Yan, Qian Yan, Pre-Qin and Northern Qi from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, which is not the theme of this article. Rong Guoer recounts the votes again, so I'll skip it here. Guo Er explained in the last article that the defending war in Taiyuan was a naked war massacre, and it is not too much to describe the defending war in Taiyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty with "inhumanity". For details, see: Taiyuan Defence War, a massacre war with no conscience. This paper will expound the value of defending Taiyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty and the reasons why Taiyuan can persist for a long time and finally fall. On the Historical Significance of Defending Taiyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty! On September 3rd, AD 1 126 (the first year of Song Jingkang), Taiyuan was trampled by the Jin Army and finally fell. However, the soldiers and civilians in Taiyuan have shown a strong national cohesion and a brave and fearless anti-gold spirit of pursuing peace and seeking justice without fear of * * * and defending * * * without fear of sacrifice. It can be said that such a popular spirit really defeated the arrogance of Jin Jun and greatly stimulated the anti-Jin craze of the military and civilians in the Northern Song Dynasty, thus exerting its inestimable influence. Therefore, in the protracted defending battle of Taiyuan, it is undoubtedly a blow to the invaders. After the invasion of the Northern Song border, the invincible and unstoppable First Route Army suffered an unprecedented blow. At the same time, the strong fighting capacity generated by the whole people forced his troops to build a strong city, and Chen Bing, the teacher of his diligent king, could not be separated for a long time, which directly relieved the pressure of Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. This indirectly buffered the strategic deployment of the Jin army to surround Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and forced the troops that could not leave to retreat. Let the Jin ruling regime fly high, capture Kaifeng in one fell swoop, and ruin the ambition of the Northern Song Dynasty regime. "Free from the capital, not driven by the victorious division, no defense." However, those who died to make peace with him thought that Taiyuan had not yet arrived, and the sticky army was trapped in Cheng Jian, so they could not meet in the city. "In addition, the soldiers and civilians in Taiyuan City adhered to the spirit of" doing whatever they want and doing what they can ",fought bloody battles and defended their homes to the death, and set up a bright and dazzling national flag. It is in this spirit that people of all ages in the Northern Song Dynasty spontaneously threw themselves into the wave of anti-gold. First of all, after the fall of Taiyuan, the sticky army continued to deepen. Fenzhou, standing on the enemy's southward road, can persist for more than a month in the case of the enemy's disparity in strength and the shortage of food. " Sticky, stuck in Fen, Ze and other states. "Although Fen was tired of food and lacked soldiers, Zhang Kejian, the magistrate, insisted on treating the enemy." Besides, in Volume 56, when Xu Jinguo's army attacked Shouyang in the east, it was just a flat place, because the people in the city were soldiers, and Xu Jinguo's army of more than 10,000 people could not advance at all. Shouyang is a small city, but people are attached to it. Every three people are attacked, and Admiralty can't pull it out. " "Three dynasties north alliance. Volume 56 "Also, when he attacked the Pingding Army (Pingding in Shanxi), thousands of people died in the battle to occupy the Jingxing checkpoint. "He attacked Pingping's army and tried to attack Jingxing. Three thousand soldiers were killed. " "Three dynasties north alliance. Volume 56 "Finally, we split up with Wobing and attacked the Pingding Army, losing more than 10,000 people. "You can't leave the mold. If the soldiers attack it together, they will also pull it out at the expense of ten thousand people." Even so, the anti-gold heat wave is wave after wave, wave after wave. Just after the Jin army annexed the whole Shanxi, people all over the country spontaneously formed a wave of folk anti-Jin armed forces. Then, guerrilla warfare against 8 jin j also broke out one after another. For example, Zhang Heng, a strong man in Taiyuan, created enemy situations many times when there were only a dozen people. With the continuous growth of the team, many enemy generals were captured alive in the subsequent war. "Jingkang, Liangjiang people don't follow the gold, they all gather in Taihang Mountain." There are 2000 righteous men in Taiyuan, traveling between Lanzhou and Xi 'an. It was an autumn, and the Golden Man was defeated in Zhou Xian, and his first general was captured. For example, Liang Qing, a native of Pingyang, was called Brother Liang. When he was promoted to righteousness, only a few dozen people fought against thousands of enemy troops, but he captured the commander-in-chief of the Jin army alive and defeated the enemy troops and fled. "Liang Qingzhe, Huai, Wei, gathered one thousand people to break the mountain county, and the judge of Pingyang House asked for it with an army and dared not enter. "After staying for a few days, they all got Umasone and rode five hundred horses with Shuanghui, but they fought with their own soldiers and were defeated and killed by the Qing army. Shanxi tongzhi. Volume 53 For example, many civilian armed forces active in Zezhou, Luzhou and Lvliang frequently attack the enemy in the form of guerrilla warfare against Jin invaders; Sometimes they get together and launch a large-scale army ambush, which indirectly collapses the long-term occupation of Shanxi by the ruling regime of Jin State. Although, the fact that Taiyuan City fell has been engraved as history. However, the fearless, selfless and fearless souls of Shanxi people and soldiers among them are not afraid of death, and Taiyuan will exist forever. On the reason why Taiyuan Defence War can be held for a long time in the Northern Song Dynasty! The invincible sword is the servant of justice, because justice is the supreme endorsement. If we argue about the right and wrong of defending Taiyuan, it will inevitably involve the inter-ethnic war during the feudal regime in China, that is, is the party that started the war a just war or an unjust war? As Webster said, as long as you attack with the sword of justice, no matter how weak your arm is, it will be strong. If we want to say the reason why Taiyuan Defence War in the Northern Song Dynasty can be held for a long time! Let's start with the Khitans after the founding of the People's Republic of China. At that time, Jurchen, who lived between Baishui in Montenegro, suffered from the brutal racial oppression of Liao rulers all the year round, so Akuta led Jurchen to launch a resistance struggle. This is a struggle for the rights and interests of national oppression and freedom, and it is also a just war. However, just after the female Jin Dynasty replaced the dominant position of the Northeast Liao regime, the rising Jin Dynasty regime in the Northeast did not conflict with the inland Northern Song Dynasty, nor was it bullied by the Dasong regime. It stands to reason that Jin and Song should have been friendly and developed harmoniously. However, for the sake of insatiable selfish desires, the powerful people of Jurchen and Haozu are uncharacteristically planning a lasting war of aggression with all their resources. Thus, the people of the Central Plains were brutally killed and plundered. Therefore, the armed behavior for the purpose of invasion and plunder is an unjust war and will inevitably be attacked and resisted by just people. We can find the answer by repeatedly causing the soldiers and civilians in Hebei, Henan, Shanxi and other regions to swear to the death on the way south. This is a contest between justice and injustice, the most representative of which is the Taiyuan Defence War led by Bing Wang, a patriotic star in the Northern Song Dynasty. From this point of view, Taiyuan was able to stick to the isolated city for nine months under extremely difficult and difficult conditions because the war was just. The reasons for Taiyuan's persistence can be explained by the following seven points: First, after the demise of the Liao Empire, the slave nobles' strong predatory thoughts and possessive desires increased day by day. Anyone who has read this historical cycle a little knows that the places trampled by Jin Guo fighters carried out terrible massacres, their barbaric acts and heinous barbaric burning and looting. Guo erxian took the conquest of Shanxi by sticky Han as an example. After Xu Jin's army captured Shaanxi, it launched a large-scale arrest operation. After that, many unarmed people were openly trafficked to ethnic minority areas such as Uygur, Shiwei and Korean. Some people are still detained in the clouds, begging in the streets because of lack of clothes and food. The commander-in-chief of the Jin army was afraid that these people who lacked food and clothing would make trouble, so he induced them to kill them. "There are so many poor people, and they are afraid of causing trouble. In the name of helping the poor by decimeter, they lured 3,000 people out of the city, so that the soldiers were trapped." It is precisely because of this ruthless behavior of the invaders that the soldiers and civilians in Taiyuan and even Shanxi are currently in danger. In order to resist aggression and plunder and defend the country to the death, it has played a lofty consciousness and a desperate and indomitable spirit. This is the fundamental reason why Taiyuan can persist for nine months. Second, Taiyuan's army and people are United and determined, and * * * supports Wang Bing's resolution to kill the enemy to the death, which undoubtedly laid a decisive role in defending Taiyuan. During the period of defending Taiyuan, the people in the city, regardless of age, actively participated in the war and all the people were soldiers. "Taiyuan City is forty miles, and the people are very strong. All the people between the ages of fifteen and sixty are soldiers." Long-term editorial supplement of the history of continuing education as a mirror. Volume 56 ""Houses are demolished to connect them; Send troops from time to time, rob thieves' villages and plunder firewood; "When we run out of food, it will be difficult to kill the elderly and pay for the army." Volume 53, edited by the North League of the Three Dynasties, shows that the army and the people in Taiyuan are United and generous to the enemy, which has provided great human and material assistance to the defenders in Taiyuan in many aspects. Third, people in the surrounding areas of Taiyuan City also voluntarily and spontaneously formed anti-gold armed forces. The folk anti-Jin armed forces, including the villagers in Xishan and the Shanxi Nomads, and the soldiers and civilians in Fenyang and Shouyang all rose up against the invaders and died, thus indirectly binding and attacking the main force of Shanxi Nomads and supporting Taiyuan City. Fourthly, the patriotic belief and outstanding military ability of the commander-in-chief of Taiyuan are also the main factors for his long-term adherence to Taiyuan. Wang Bing was born in a noble family, fought in the south and fought in the north, and served as a soldier all his life. He has profound practical experience and extraordinary leadership. We know that Wang Bing was not a local official in Taiyuan, but was appointed at a critical moment. Because, when he followed the traitor Tong Guan to patrol Hedong, he was attacked by the State of Jin. After Tong Guan fled for fear of sin, Wang Bing took the national justice as his responsibility, and still stood up and led the soldiers and civilians in Taiyuan to fight against the invaders. He is determined and persevering, showing the patriotic heart of "I die a country's life, I die gloriously, though I die, my spirit is immortal, I succeed and achieve great harmony". For the northern regime, Wang Bing was not a foolish and loyal move. He defended the state power and people with his own blood and life, not the fatuous and cruel feudal regime. Just like facing the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty who cut land for peace in order to drag out an ignoble existence, he severely criticized them. At the same time, refusing to accept the imperial edict of ceding land to the city, these measures have played a vital role in stabilizing people's hearts, consolidating military morale and defending Taiyuan. Fifth, Wang Bing led the soldiers and civilians in Taiyuan to fight to the death, not trying to be brave, because he not only had a firm belief in sharing life and death in Taiyuan, but also mastered very full military common sense and superb leadership skills. 1 126 (the first year of Song Jingkang) In June, when the Northern Song regime appointed Bing Wang as our ambassador to the Jianwu Army, it was described in the letter of appointment: "I am a great man, and I have a deep mind, so I learned to bend my bow and build a sword, angrily attack Shanxi, and my name was shocked beyond the Great Wall." "The commander-in-chief's strategy, prepared strictly, belongs to the heart of the soldiers and the people. It is fatal, its spirit can be used by many people, and its prestige can be defeated by traitors. " "Three dynasties north alliance. Volume 48 "Therefore, it is because of Bing Wang's brave leadership that he defeated the repeated accusations of the Xu Jinguo army. Therefore, Commander-in-Chief 8 Jin J hates his guts. After Taiyuan City was breached, he swore at his body and trampled on it. "When the city was destroyed, it was difficult to find its body, which made Zhang Xiaochun check it. He cursed the body, and all the soldiers practiced together, and they were wild and violent. " "Yongle ceremony. The remnant volume 10390 is described in Yongle Dadian. "Taiyuan's ambition has made great contributions to defending Taiyuan. This evaluation is a fair conclusion made by history. "The first year of Song Jingkang, Taiyuan garrison, made a lot of credit. The city fell, and the tired soldiers all wanted Simon, so there was no reason why Simon couldn't get out. The army has entered the city, and in desperation, they advised the soldiers to surrender, sighing that the soldiers trapped in the city had no fighting spirit, the door was blocked and the sky died. Do you cherish death? If you disobey your destiny, you will lose the court! So he went to Fenshui and died. General manager Han's men killed 36 people. The siege lasted 260 days. Nine times out of ten people in this city will starve to death. If you can't persist, it is the beginning of breaking. " "Yongle ceremony. Scrap 10390 "Sixth, the objective conditions such as the steep geographical location and indestructible city defense facilities of Taiyuan Mountain are also a major reason for long-term persistence. Taiyuan has been a military stronghold in the northern region since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Located in the deep mountains overlooking Xiongguan Wan Li, it has been regarded as an important town that is easy to defend but difficult to attack since ancient times. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period, "Zhao Xiangzi was dominated by Jinyang City, and Zhibo took the land of Sanjin as a prisoner". The allied forces of Zhibo dug Fenhe River and irrigated Jinyang City with water, even for a long time, and it ended in the division of Jin by the three tribes. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizu, Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi tried to eliminate the Northern Han regime entrenched in Jinyang. First the army besieged, then set fire to it, and even flooded Jinyang. It took a long time to capture Taiyuan city and paid a considerable price. In other words, the battle of Taiyuan between Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi and the Northern Han regime was extremely expensive. After entering the city, all the people in the city dispersed, and the city was set on fire, so this ancient city of Jinyang with a thousand-year history instantly turned into a cloud. In 982 AD (the seventh year of Taiping and Xingguo), Pan Mei planned a new Taiyuan City in Tang Ming Town, which is adjacent to Yangqu and Jinyang under the jurisdiction of Taiyuan Government. There are more than ten miles of Joo Won? in the city and five miles in the city. "Fucheng, peaceful and rejuvenating the country for seven years, was forced by Yuci and moved back to Tang Ming Village, Yangqu County, and was ruled by the government." Luocheng takes 270 steps in ten miles on Monday and Zicheng takes 157 steps on Friday. ""Yongle ceremony. Volume 520 1 "Taiyuan City became one of the most prosperous cities in the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties after more than one hundred years of governance in the Northern Song Dynasty. Folk call it: "Flowers and flowers really set the house, beautiful Taiyuan City. "Wang Shizhen praised:" Taiyuan City is magnificent, with 25 buildings on the first floor, which is not as good as Shen Jing. "Famous historical figures in the Song Dynasty such as Fu Yi, Han Qi, Pang Ji, Ouyang Xiu, Sima Guang and Wen Yanbo all worked in Taiyuan. Therefore, the natural geographical location, together with the prosperous economic foundation and prosperous cultural factors, made Taiyuan the economic and cultural frontier of Zhao and Song Dynasties. Therefore, all these factors under the subjective or non-subjective historical laws have created preconditions for the lonely and helpless Taiyuan. Seventh, the local folk customs are resolute, and the soldiers and civilians compete with swords and spears, and the people are all armed with swords and spears. This long-standing social atmosphere is also an important reason why Taiyuan can stick to it for a long time. During the feudal regime's separatist regime, Taiyuan was at the military crossroads where northern Tibetans invaded the Central Plains, so wars broke out again and again. Therefore, in order to protect themselves, the local people have formed the customs and habits of training troops. History records that "he is good at shooting and practicing martial arts, and many people dare to die." History of song dynasty. I can ride a horse all the time and meet the fence backwards. "He raised his whip and asked why Jiang Ge was not in this state." Jin Shu. Volume 43 ""Bing is close to De, vulgar is martial arts, and mountains and rivers are around. It was called an important town in ancient times. The appointees must be civilian and military personnel. " "General inspection of files. Volume 3 16. Therefore, the wind of practicing martial arts in Taiyuan has a long history, especially in the Song Dynasty, the custom of practicing martial arts for everyone is growing day by day. According to the history book "turtle guide's words and deeds". Volume 6, Taiyuan likes shooting, so there are bow and arrow clubs among the people. "In taiyuan, have to drive away. So, you can be complacent or you can put weapons in it. " As a result, the local government of the imperial court effectively organized many martial arts practitioners, formed a folk armed force, and then conducted planned and purposeful drills on it. Finally, this custom of everyone practicing martial arts and well-trained militia has effectively played its role in the face of war or barbarian invasion and plunder. However, Taiyuan City finally fell. An analysis of the reasons for the defeat of Taiyuan Defence War in the Northern Song Dynasty! First, it is because the rulers of Zhao and Song Dynasties are weak, ignorant and extravagant. As we all know, at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Song Zhao Group, represented by Evonne in Song Huizong and Zhao Huan in Song Qinzong, had already laid a curse for the invasion and destruction of foreign countries because of extravagance and corruption during the reign of Song Zhao Group. Even in the face of a cruel and fierce war, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty constantly suppressed the domestic people by force, and at the same time, they were servile to the female gold regime and sealed off the city for land, which was tantamount to exposing their cowardice and incompetence. Second, in the face of the brutal killing of the 8 Jin Army, the officers and men in the queue, the officers and men in the reserve team and the people in Taiyuan actively participated in the battle sequence, and spontaneously and consciously fought against the 8 Jin Army to defend the country. On the other hand, the rulers and traitors in the Northern Song Dynasty did not choose brave generals to deploy military resistance. Instead, listen to the treacherous court official's words, and reject and frame loyal ministers and good generals. In order to muddle along, to be humble, to disregard the national justice and the country, and to preserve their ruling rights, some countries were handed over to the Jin regime. This is the main reason why Taiyuan city and even half of the country fell. Thirdly, the strategic and tactical decision-making mistakes of Song Jun, who was reinforced by various military forces in the Northern Song Dynasty, were also an extremely important reason for the isolation of Taiyuan City. First of all, at the beginning of the siege of Taiyuan, the soldiers of Shuozhou led by Sun Yi and the army commanded by Zhe Ke Hill should take advantage of the opportunity of "being in harmony with the right time and the right people" to bypass their main battle forces and adopt the strategy and tactics of "encircling Wei to save Zhao" in the 36 plans to attack the stronghold of 8 Jin Army. However, who reinforced Taiyuan and ignored this great opportunity, and then all the way to Taiyuan, which was besieged by heavy troops. In the end, isolated and helpless, the soldiers went deep into enemy-occupied areas with heavy troops. Because the enemy troops were outnumbered, they were all wiped out by the Jin army. "Taste refers to the thief's first offense in Taiyuan, asking for help. However, although you are willing to help Taiyuan, but you have no ability to help Taiyuan, what can you do? When the Korean War exhausted himself from the cloud, he went to countless places in the cloud from Huairen East of Mayi in Shuozhou. You can inquire about it in Fuzhou. From Wushuo East to Yunyun, the road is close to Jiaocheng, which is fairly smooth. Don't worry. If Yi and Ke Qiu met Wu Shuo's and Lin's government's divisions and tried their best to smash the clouds, the people who were stuck at that time and the treasures of their flesh and blood were all in the clouds, leaving only the old and weak. I heard that I was going to attack the place I wanted to save, so I rushed to Taiyuan to save Yun Chang. He said, "Lead the king and troops to attack it." It is natural that those who bring together the interests of the Ukrainian people will turn their backs on what they used to worry about, and they themselves will become chaotic. It is only natural that Taiyuan should be solved and the thief's nest should be flat. "Secondly, Qin, a famous frontier soldier in the Northern Song Dynasty, was led by an agreement" Zhong Shizhong "from Hebei and Yao Gu from Hedong. Secondly, he planned to form a tactic of encircling and besieging the 8 Jin Army in Taiyuan. So, the soldiers from Hedong and Hebei who met each other marched at a speed of 40 miles every day. After attacking Taiyuan thousands of miles away, Chen Bing surrounded the 8 Jin Army. It can be said that there seems to be no flaw in this tactic. Once the encirclement strategy can be realized, Taiyuan will stick to the siege of waiting for assistance. However, because of the selfish distractions of Zhong, the deputy envoy of Hebei Province, he was afraid of taking it from Hedong and made Yao go first. So, throwing away heavy equipment, the soldiers were tired and hungry, and marched into Taiyuan at a speed of 80 miles a day, so that they were wiped out by the enemy because of impatience. From ancient times to the victorious army, teachers thought they would succeed first, so they walked 80 miles a day. "It is worth mentioning that in 53 volumes, the last rescue operation by the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty to solve the siege of Taiyuan shows that Song Jun has an absolute advantage in deploying reinforcements. However, in military operations, there are many factors such as disunity, disunity, command system failure, greed and selfishness of commanders for quick success and instant benefit. As a result, some people "looked at the dust and went away", while others "faced off" and finally ended in failure in rescue. Therefore, repeated rescues and defeats are also one of the main reasons for the final fall of Taiyuan. " Unfortunately, all ministers have their own opinions. The rest, Jiaoan Festival was defeated by Tuanbai, Jiaocheng, Yangzhi in Yuxian, Nanguan, Fan Qiong in Jiexiu, Liu? "When Zhang Hao was defeated by Guo Zha, both of them left in dusty hope or retreated in confrontation, and there was no discipline." North Korea and North Korea will make up. Volume 47.