China's second largest plain. Located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It starts from Taihang Mountain and Western Henan Mountain in the west, reaches the Yellow Sea, Bohai Sea and Shandong Hill in the east, starts from Yanshan Mountain in the north, reaches Tongbai Mountain and Dabie Mountain in the southwest, reaches northern Jiangsu and Anhui in the southeast, and is connected with the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It extends to seven provinces and cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu. It covers an area of about 300,000 square kilometers. Mainly from the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River, Luanhe River alluvial, so it is also called Huanghuaihai Plain. The lower reaches of the Yellow River naturally cross the middle and are divided into two parts: the Huanghuai Plain in the south and the Haihe Plain in the north. Over the past century, the Yellow River has reclaimed 2300 square kilometers of land here. The plain continues to extend to the ocean, the fastest being the Yellow River Delta, with an average of 2-3 kilometers per year. The terrain is low and flat, mostly below 50 meters above sea level, and the eastern coastal plain is below 10 meters above sea level. Slightly inclined from west to east. It mainly belongs to Cenozoic giant depression with a sedimentary thickness of about1500 ~ 5000m. There are many low-lying areas and lakes and swamps on the plain. Concentrated in the northern part of the Yellow River alluvial fan between Baoding and Dagu, Tianjin. The contact area between the eastern edge of alluvial fan and Shandong hills has poor drainage and high groundwater level, which is easily threatened by floods and forms saline-alkali land. 1949, it was reformed and managed. It belongs to a warm temperate continental climate with obvious changes in four seasons. The Huaihe river basin in the south is in a transitional area to the subtropical zone, and the temperature and precipitation are higher than those in the north. The average annual temperature in the plain is 8 ~ 15℃, and it is cold and dry in winter. The average temperature in Leng Yue (65438+1October) is 0 ~-6℃, the average temperature in the hottest month in summer (July) is 28℃, and the average annual precipitation is 600 ~ 800 mm; The frost-free period is 6 ~ 8 months; There is plenty of sunshine, and the average sunshine hours in most years are 2300 ~ 2800 hours. Most crops are planted three times a year, and two times a year in the south. The soil is deep and fertile. The main food crops are wheat, rice, corn, sorghum, millet and sweet potato, and the cash crops are mainly cotton, peanuts, sesame seeds, soybeans and tobacco. Rich in mineral resources, such as coal, oil and iron ore, China's famous Dagang Oilfield and Shengli Oilfield. The eastern coasts of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea are flat and suitable for drying sea salt. There are famous Luchang salt area and Subei salt area, and there are also important saline-alkali industrial bases. North China Plain is the cradle of ancient culture in China, with many ancient cities, such as Beijing (Hebei), Handan, Kaifeng, Shangqiu and Huaiyang.
2。 Plains of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
The banded plain in the middle and lower reaches east of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in China. Huaiyang Mountain and Huanghuai Plain are in the north, and Jiangnan hills and Zhejiang and Fujian hills are in the south. It is alluvial from the Yangtze River and its tributaries. It covers an area of about 200,000 square kilometers. The terrain is low and flat, and the altitude is mostly about 50 meters. The middle reaches include Jianghan Plain in Hubei, Dongting Lake Plain in Hunan and Poyang Lake Plain in Jiangxi. The downstream plains include the plain along the Yangtze River and Chaohu Lake in Anhui Province (the central plain of Anhui Province), and the Yangtze River Delta between Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Most of the climate belongs to the north subtropical zone, and a small part belongs to the northern edge of the middle subtropical zone. The annual average temperature is 14 ~ 18℃, the most Leng Yue average temperature is 0 ~ 5.5℃, the absolute minimum temperature is-10 ~-20℃, the hottest month average temperature is 27 ~ 28℃, and the frost-free period is 2 10 ~ 270 days. For agricultural crops, the annual precipitation is 1000 ~ 1400 mm, which is concentrated in spring and summer. Zonal soil is only found in low hills and gentle hills, mainly yellow brown soil or yellow cinnamon soil. The southern margin is red soil, and most of the plains are paddy soil. With developed agriculture and high land reclamation index (62. 1% in Shanghai and 45.6% in Jiangsu), it is an important grain, cotton and oil production base. Rich in rice, wheat, cotton, rape, silkworm, ramie, jute and so on. Rivers and branches crisscross, and lakes are dotted. The lake covers an area of 20,000 square kilometers, equivalent to 10% of the plain area. Large lakes, including small lakes, have an area of10.3 million square kilometers, accounting for more than 20% of the plain area of the two lakes, which is the place with the largest number of lakes in China. There are many freshwater lakes such as Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake and Chaohu Lake, which are connected with the Yangtze River and have the functions of regulating water volume and reducing flood peak. They produce fish, shrimp, crab, lotus, water chestnut and reed, as well as world treasures such as Chinese sturgeon, Chinese alligator and baiji. Aquatic products occupy an important position in China and are known as the land of plenty. It is one of the most economically developed areas, including Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Nanchang, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nantong, Wuhu and Changsha. The main industries are steel, machinery, electricity, textiles and chemistry, and it is an important industrial base. The plain is located in the hub of China's north-south and east-west transportation networks, with developed land and water transportation. The Yangtze River runs through the middle and becomes an east-west waterway artery, and its many tributaries form a huge waterway network.
The banded plain in the middle and lower reaches east of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in China. It is one of the three major plains in China. Located along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River east of Yichang, Hubei, it consists of two lakes (Jianghan Plain in Hubei and Dongting Lake Plain in Hunan), Poyang Lake Plain, Jiangsu-Anhui Plain along the Yangtze River, He Lixia Plain and Yangtze River Delta Plain, covering an area of about 200,000 square kilometers.
The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are located on both sides of the Yangtze River and its tributaries east of Wushan, and are divided into four parts by the surrounding low hills (see Jiangnan hills): the two lakes plain, the Poyang Lake plain, the central Anhui plain and the Yangtze River Delta, with an area of 300,000 square kilometers and an altitude of less than 50 meters. The Yangtze River Delta is located in the east of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, north of Hangzhou Bay and south of Toarey Yang Canal, with an area of about 50,000 square kilometers, and the elevation is mostly below 10. Known as "Water Town Zeguo", it is one of the most densely populated areas in China.
The two lakes plain is bounded by Jingjiang River, which is called Jianghan Plain in the north and Dongting Lake Plain in the south. Jianghan Plain is mainly formed by alluvial deposits of the Yangtze River and the Han River. Since the entrance of Jingjiang North dike into Jianghan Plain was completely blocked around 1300, the sediment carried by Hanjiang River has played a major role in the development of Jianghan Plain, and its delta has become an important part of Jianghan Plain. The terrain of the Hanjiang River Delta is also slightly inclined from northwest to southeast, and there are many lakes in the southeast front. Dongting Lake Plain is mainly formed by the Yangtze River sediment from the south bank of Jingjiang River passing through Taiping, Ouchi, Songzi and Tiao County (blocked at 1958). The area is about 1 1,000 square kilometers. Most of them are below 50 meters above sea level, high in the north and low in the south, with dense water networks and fertile soil. The flood plain in the middle of Poyang Lake Plain, except the red mounds at the edge, is mainly formed by the scouring and silting of rivers such as Jiangxi, Fuzhou, Xinjiang, Poyang Lake and Xiushan, among which Ganjiang is the main one. It covers an area of about 20,000 square kilometers. The terrain is low and flat, most of which are below 50 meters above sea level. The water network is dense, and the surface is covered with red soil and river alluvium. The plain along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu and Anhui mainly refers to the long and narrow alluvial plain distributed along the banks of the Yangtze River between Hukou and Zhenjiang, including Wuhu Plain and Chaohu Plain. The width and width of the plain alternate, the river flows in and out, and the velocity is gentle; Since Datong, every time supported by the tide, the flow velocity has slowed down and the sediment deposition has been strengthened. Especially when the river passes through the rock head forced by the rock mound, river branches and sandbars appear between the branches. There are many lakes on both sides of this river. The Yangtze River Delta is developed from the estuary below Zhenjiang. To the north of the delta is the He Lixia Plain. The plain is a dish-shaped depression with high, middle and low levels in the Zhou Dynasty. The northern edge of the depression is the old course of the Yellow River; The southern margin is the delta on the north bank of the Yangtze River; The west edge is Hongze Lake and Yunxi levee; The eastern edge is the coastal plain of northern Jiangsu.
The banded plain in the middle and lower reaches east of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in China. Huaiyang Mountain and Huanghuai Plain are in the north, and Jiangnan hills and Zhejiang and Fujian hills are in the south. It is alluvial from the Yangtze River and its tributaries. It covers an area of about 200,000 square kilometers. The terrain is low and flat, and the altitude is mostly about 50 meters. The middle reaches include Jianghan Plain in Hubei, Dongting Lake Plain in Hunan and Poyang Lake Plain in Jiangxi. The downstream plains include the plain along the Yangtze River and Chaohu Lake in Anhui Province (the central plain of Anhui Province), and the Yangtze River Delta between Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Most of the climate belongs to the north subtropical zone, and a small part belongs to the northern edge of the middle subtropical zone. The annual average temperature is 14 ~ 18℃, the most Leng Yue average temperature is 0 ~ 5.5℃, the absolute minimum temperature is-10 ~-20℃, the hottest month average temperature is 27 ~ 28℃, and the frost-free period is 2 10 ~ 270 days. For agricultural crops, the annual precipitation is 1000 ~ 1400 mm, which is concentrated in spring and summer. Zonal soil is only found in low hills and gentle hills, mainly yellow brown soil or yellow cinnamon soil. The southern margin is red soil, and most of the plains are paddy soil. With developed agriculture and high land reclamation index (62. 1% in Shanghai and 45.6% in Jiangsu), it is an important grain, cotton and oil production base. Rich in rice, wheat, cotton, rape, silkworm, ramie, jute and so on. Rivers and branches crisscross, and lakes are dotted. The lake covers an area of 20,000 square kilometers, equivalent to 10% of the plain area. Large lakes, including small lakes, have an area of10.3 million square kilometers, accounting for more than 20% of the plain area of the two lakes, which is the place with the largest number of lakes in China. There are many freshwater lakes such as Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake and Chaohu Lake, which are connected with the Yangtze River and have the functions of regulating water volume and reducing flood peak. They produce fish, shrimp, crab, lotus, water chestnut and reed, as well as world treasures such as Chinese sturgeon, Chinese alligator and baiji. Aquatic products occupy an important position in China and are known as the land of plenty. It is one of the most economically developed areas, including Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Nanchang, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nantong, Wuhu and Changsha. The main industries are steel, machinery, electricity, textiles and chemistry, and it is an important industrial base. The plain is located in the hub of China's north-south and east-west transportation networks, with developed land and water transportation. The Yangtze River runs through the middle and becomes an east-west waterway artery, and its many tributaries form a huge waterway network.
3。 Northeast Plain [the largest plain in China]
Northeast Plain is also called Songliao Plain. Located between Daxing 'anling, Xiaoxing 'anling and Changbai Mountain. It starts from the middle reaches of Nenjiang River in the north and reaches Liaodong Bay in the south. It is about 1000 km long and about 400 km wide from east to west. It is mainly alluvial from Liaohe River, Songhua River and Nenjiang River. Most of them are below 200 meters above sea level. The Songliao basin near Changchun is slightly higher (200 ~ 250 meters). The southern part of Songliao Basin is called Liaohe Plain, and the northern part is called Songnen Plain.
The Northeast Plain is located between Daxinganling and Changbai Mountain, including Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces and a part of Inner Mongolia. Covering an area of about 350,000 square kilometers, it is the largest plain in China.
The Northeast Plain consists of three parts. It is called Songnen Plain in the north, Liaohe Plain in the south and Sanjiang Plain in the northeast. The north and south plains, also known as Songliao Plain, are the main components of the Northeast Plain. Because it is alluvial from Songhua River and Nenjiang River, the ground is flat and the altitude is mostly below 200 meters. Standing on the plain, you can see the vast plain.
Sanjiang Plain in the northeast is a low-lying and flat plain. In the past, this was an intermountain basin. Every rainy season, floods from the three major rivers roll in and flock to this low-lying Yuan Ye with poor drainage, resulting in flooding of rivers. Coupled with the high latitude, long winter, low temperature and weak evaporation in this area, the accumulated water on the ground is evaporated.
If it can't be sent out, it can't seep down and can't be discharged. Years of accumulated water has evolved into a famous everglade in China, and it has become a "wolf except rabbits, and weeds grow without threshing" in the northern wilderness.
After 1949, thousands of army commanders, educated youth and cadres and the masses, with lofty aspirations of developing the frontier and building the motherland, went to the "Great Northern Wilderness", reclaimed thousands of acres of wasteland and established tens of thousands of farms, and worked hard in this eternal wasteland.
Although the northeast plain is cold in winter, it is very hot in summer. Although there are many swamps, the soil is full of water. People make full use of the favorable factors in the unfavorable conditions. Make maximum use of the black soil with deep soil layer, vast arable land and large fertile land area, adopt the principle of comprehensive development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-fishing, drain swamps, reclaim wasteland, build commodity grain bases, set up modern factories and new countryside, and turn the eternal wasteland into fertile land and the "Great Northern Wilderness" into fertile land.