Let me introduce the flowering and fruiting habits of eggplant.
Eggplant is a temperate vegetable crop, and its optimum growth temperature is 20℃ ~ 30℃. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, the fruit will be stunted. When the temperature is lower than 17℃, the growth will be slow, the flower bud differentiation will be delayed, the pollen tube elongation will be delayed, and the fertilization will be poor, which will easily lead to flower dropping. Below 65438 00℃, resulting in metabolic disorder. Cold damage occurs below 5℃. However, when the temperature is higher than 35℃, the flower organs of eggplant will be stunted and the yield will be reduced.
The branching habit of eggplant is pseudo binary. When the main stem grows to 5 ~ 14 leaves, it will open the first flower and bear the first fruit, which is called "root eggplant" or "door eggplant". The axillary lateral branches of the lower leaves of the flower are particularly thick, forming a growth trend similar to that of the main stem, thus forming a considerable bifurcation in morphology. After the main stem and lateral branches bear 2-3 leaves, they branch and blossom again, and each main branch bears a fruit, which is called "opposite eggplant"; Then continue to branch and blossom in the same way, and the fruits one after another are called "four-sided bucket", "four-sided wind" and "starry sky"
Most eggplant flowers are solitary, and some varieties have branched pedicels, forming short racemes of 2 ~ 6 small flowers. The eggplant flower is bisexual, the corolla is purple or lavender, the anthers are 5-8, the filaments are short, the anthers are long, narrow and oval, and they are inserted around the pistil, and the anthers are two-celled, and the pores are cracked; Pistil 1, located in the center of the flower. According to the morphology and development of floral organs, eggplant flowers can be divided into four types, namely long style flowers, middle style flowers, short style flowers and sterile flowers. Flowers with longer style than stamens are called long style flowers; The flowers that are flush with each other are called China Wind Flowers; Flowers whose style is shorter than stamens and whose stigma is not exposed are called short style flowers. Because the flowers of eggplant are mostly drooping, and there are small holes scattered at the top of anthers, under natural conditions, the stigma of long stele flowers is easy to get pollen, and the fruit setting rate is high, while the pollen of short column flowers is not easy to fall on the stigma of this flower, which often leads to poor fruit development or even fruit drop due to poor pollination.
Eggplant is a self-pollinating crop, most flowers bloom in the morning, anthers are opened and pollinated at 5 ~ 8 am, and natural pollination is usually carried out at 7 ~ 10 on sunny days during the half-open to full-open petals. Eggplant pollen has germination ability from 1 day before flowering to 2 days after flowering, and pistil has fertilization ability from 2 days before flowering to 3 days after flowering, but pollination and fertilization have the highest seed setting rate and the largest number of single fruit seeds on the day of flowering. Eggplant fruit is a berry, and it takes about 20 days from flowering to commercial fruit ripening. It takes about 30 days from the maturity of commercial fruit to the maturity of seeds. Eggplant seeds are nearly round, with smooth seed coat, central uplift and bright yellow or yellowish brown. The 1000-grain weight of seeds is about 4 grams. Under the condition of sealed storage at room temperature, the germination period is generally 3 ~ 5 years.
Cultivation of solanaceous vegetables
Eggplant vegetables mainly include tomatoes, peppers and eggplant, which belong to Solanaceae in taxonomy.
Eggplant vegetables are warm, neither cold nor hot. When the temperature is lower than 10℃, the growth will stagnate, and when the temperature is higher than 35℃, the plants are prone to premature aging. Strong light and good ventilation are required in the main planting period, which belongs to semi-drought-tolerant vegetables. Seedling growth is slow, seedling age is long, and seedling needs to be raised; Lush branches and leaves, easy to grow adventitious roots on stem nodes, suitable for regeneration cultivation and cutting cultivation; There are many branches that need pruning; Long cultivation period, high yield and great demand for nutrients, especially phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
Section 2 Eggplant
Eggplant is an annual vegetable of Solanaceae, native to India.
I. Biological characteristics
(A) morphological characteristics
The root system is developed, and the depth can reach more than1m. The main root groups are distributed in 30cm soil layer. Lignification is early, regeneration ability is slightly poor, and adventitious roots are weak. The stem is upright, stout, with many branches, open posture and neat branches, belonging to "pseudo-dichotomous branches". Simple leaves, large, alternate.
Most bisexual flowers are solitary, but there are also 2 ~ 4 flowers in clusters, white or purple, and the base is combined into a tube. When flowering, the apical pore of anther is cracked and scattered. Calyx persistent, with thorns. The self-pollination rate of eggplant is high, and the natural hybridization rate is between 3% and 6%. According to different styles, it can be divided into long style, medium style and short style (Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2 Patterns of Eggplant
The stigma of long-column flower is higher than anther, and the flower is large and dark, which is easy to pollinate on the stigma and is a healthy flower. The stigma of stele flower is flush with the flower, and the pollination rate is lower than that of long stele flower. The stigma of short-column flower is lower than anther, the flower is small, the pedicel is thin, there is little chance of pollination on the stigma, and it usually blooms almost completely, which is an incomplete flower.
The fruit is a berry, round, long rod-shaped or oval, with purple, reddish purple, green, white (light green) and so on. The seeds are oblate, the pericarp is smooth and hard, and the 1000-grain weight is about 5g.
(b) branching and fruiting habits
Branching results are more regular. When the main stem grows to a certain number of leaves, after the terminal bud differentiates into flower buds, the two leaf axils adjacent to its lower end extract side branches to replace the main stem, forming "double-branch false axis branches"; After 2 ~ 3 leaves are born on the lateral branches, the terminal buds are capped, and the two axillary buds at the lower end of the branches produce two lateral branches. So they continued to grow upwards, blossoming and bearing fruit one after another. According to the order of fruit formation, they are called Menqie, Duqie, Simen Bean, Bafangfeng and Mantianxing respectively (Figure 6-3). Actually, there are only 1 ~ 3 branches, and the effect is good. The upward branch and result depend on the level of management technology to some extent.
Figure 6-3 Fruiting Habits of Eggplant in Branch School
Fruit development has gone through budding stage and petal exposure stage. Flowering period, petal withering period, dazzling period (the fruit is swollen and exposed from the film, as bright as an eyeball). Commodity maturity and physiological maturity. The number of days experienced in each period depends on the culture conditions. Different varieties are different. Generally, it takes 8 ~ 12d from flowering to blooming, 13 ~ 14d from blooming to commodity maturity, and about 30 days from commodity maturity to physiological maturity.
(3) Environmental requirements
The optimum temperature of fruiting period is 25 ~ 30℃. When the temperature is lower than 17℃, the growth is slow, when the temperature is lower than 15℃, the flower will drop, and when the temperature is lower than 10℃, the metabolism is unbalanced.
The requirements for illumination time and intensity are high. Under the condition of long sunshine and high intensity, eggplant grows vigorously, with good flower bud quality, high fruit yield and good coloring.
It is suitable for cultivation in soil with rich organic matter and strong water and fertilizer conservation ability. Eggplant has a large demand for nitrogen fertilizer, which delays flower bud differentiation and obviously reduces the number of flowers, especially in full bloom. If nitrogen is insufficient, more short flowers will appear and plants will not develop well. Under the condition of low nitrogen fertilizer level, the effect of phosphorus fertilizer is not very significant. The absorption of potassium increased sharply in the later period.
Second, the variety type.
According to the shape of eggplant fruit, it can be divided into round eggplant, long eggplant and egg eggplant.
(a) round eggplant
The plants are tall, with stout stems, large, wide and thick leaves, and the plants grow vigorously, most of which mature late. The fruit is large, with spherical, oblong and oblate shapes. The fruit has dense texture, thick and hard skin, and is resistant to storage and transportation. However, the resistance to shade and moisture is relatively poor. It is mostly used for eggplant cultivation in the open field, and it is also used for late-maturing and high-yield cultivation in small arch sheds and some greenhouses, but it is less cultivated in greenhouses. The better varieties are Beijing Wu Ye Eggplant, Liu Ye Eggplant, Shanghai Eggplant 1, Yan Feng No.2, Tianjin Kuaiyuan Eggplant, Gaotang Ziyuan Eggplant, Tianjin Eryi Eggplant, Dayuan Eggplant, Anyang Eggplant and Xi 'an Dayuan Eggplant.
(2) Solanaceae
The plant has medium height, medium growth potential, many branches, upright branches, small and narrow leaves, green, small plant type and suitable for close planting. The pattern is small, mostly lavender. There are many fruits, but the single fruit is lighter. The fruit is rod-shaped, the length is between 25 cm and 40 cm, and the fruit shape index is above 3 ~ 4 according to different varieties. Thin peel, soft pulp, few seeds, fruit is not resistant to extrusion and poor storage and transportation capacity. Most of these varieties are precocious. It is more resistant to shade and humidity and suitable for protected cultivation. In open field cultivation, except for some traditional eggplant varieties cultivation areas, it is generally used less in other areas. The better varieties are Ziyang eggplant, Eagle-billed eggplant, Zhu Lan Chang Ru, Nanjing purple noodle eggplant, Xuzhou eggplant, Jinan eggplant, Su Qi eggplant, Qiqi eggplant 1 and so on.
(3) Eggplant
Also known as dwarf eggplant. The plant is short, with small branches and leaves and moderate or weak growth potential. The pattern is small, mostly lavender. The fruit is small, oval, rectangular, bulb-shaped, with deep purple or reddish purple skin, many seeds and poor quality. Low yield and good early maturity, mainly used for early maturity cultivation. This kind of eggplant has strong adaptability and can be cultivated in open field and protected field. However, because of its short fruiting period and poor fruit quality, it is mainly used for open field cultivation in spring, small arch shed cultivation and early maturity cultivation in plastic greenhouse. The better varieties are Jinan Zaoxiaochangqie, Guan Qi, Liaoqie No.2, Liaoqie No.3 and Neicut No.2. ..
Third, the farming season and stubble arrangement
In the frigid area of the Three North Areas, the crops are sown once a year after the final frost, and the seedlings are temporarily pulled out in early first frost. In North China, it is cultivated in the open field in spring, and it is early-maturing. In the open field, plant summer eggplant after wheat harvest and pull out seedlings when early frost comes. Most of the Yangtze River basins are planted after Qingming Festival, with fast-growing vegetables planted in spring as the first crop and vegetables planted in autumn and winter as the second crop. In the frost-free area of South China, it can be cultivated in the open field all year round. Sowing in early August in winter and harvesting in February 10- 12 is one of the main varieties of vegetables transported northward in southern China.
The main stubble times of greenhouse cultivation are winter and spring stubble, spring stubble, autumn and winter stubble, large and medium shed spring stubble, year-round stubble and early spring small arch shed covering cultivation. Please refer to Tomatoes for details.
Fourth, cultivation techniques.
(1) Grafting Cultivation Techniques of Eggplant in Greenhouse in Winter and Spring
1. Variety selection should choose varieties with low temperature resistance, strong and weak light resistance, disease resistance and fruit quality, shape and color in line with consumption habits. At present, eggplant and Solanum nigrum are the main varieties, and the better varieties are eggplant, Solanum rostratum, eggplant, Su Qi eggplant, Suqian eggplant and Qieggplant 1.
2. Grafting is the key to seedling raising. Scion seedlings are usually sown from early August to early September, and the seedling raising period is about 75 days. The sowing date of rootstock seedlings varies with varieties, with Tolu barmby scion sowing 25 days earlier, GRP sowing 20 days earlier and red eggplant sowing 7 days earlier.
Splitting grafting or butt grafting is basically the same as tomato grafting. Grafted seedlings can be planted after they survive completely.
3. After fertilizing and leveling the border, apply base fertilizer, with 9 ~ 65438+ 100m3 of decomposed chicken manure or 0/2m3 of decomposed pig manure per hectare, then apply 375~450kg of potassium sulfate, and turn it deeply for 2 ~ 3 times after fertilizing.
Cultivate with ridges or high ridges. Ridges are 55 ~ 60 cm wide and 15 cm high, and every two ridges are covered with a layer of plastic film.
4. Plant when the seedlings have 5 ~ 6 true leaves. Planting density varies with pruning method and variety maturity. The plant spacing of common pruning method is 40m, and that of double stem pruning method is 30 ~ 30~33cm. Water the seedlings thoroughly the day before planting. The grafted seedlings are inserted with clips, and the interface is 3 ~ 4 cm high from the ground.
5. Tian Tuan management
(1) The daytime temperature is 30℃, and the nighttime temperature is not lower than 15℃. After delaying emergence, the temperature is reduced to 20 ~ 30℃ during the day and 65438 05℃ at night. During flowering and fruit setting, the temperature is 20 ~ 30℃ during the day and 15 ~ 20℃ at night. In winter, it is necessary to strengthen cold protection and warmth, with the temperature of 20 ~ 32℃ during the day, 13 ~ 15℃ at night, and the lowest 10℃. In spring, four-level temperature change management is implemented, that is, 25 ~ 30℃ in the morning, 28 ~ 20℃ in the afternoon, 20 ~ 13℃ in the middle of the night and 10℃ in the middle of the night, and the ground temperature is kept above 13℃.
(2) Illuminated eggplant likes light, and the lighting conditions can be improved by hanging reflective curtains, wiping films and extending the lighting time. In the fruiting period, it should be pruned and raked regularly to maintain good light transmittance in the field.
(3) Fertilization and water management After watering the planting water, it is generally not watered before fruit setting. When about 50% of the tomatoes bear fruit, topdressing and watering begin. Generally, topdressing should be done every 15d in low temperature period and once every 1 0d in high temperature period. Combined with irrigation topdressing, chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer were applied alternately, with urea of 300kg/hm2 or human manure 15 000kg/hm2 each time.
(4) For hormone application, 40 ~ 50mg/L anti-falling agent can be sprayed at the flowering stage, and calyx, petals or flowers can also be coated with high-yield agent No.2 ... The solution of 1000 times can be added to the flowers to prevent the spread of gray mold. 20 ~ 30 mg/L of 2,4 ~ D can also effectively prevent falling flowers, but it can't spray flowers.
(5) When the plant regulation density is high, the double stem pruning method is adopted, and when the density is low, the common pruning method is adopted. The common pruning method is only to remove the side branches below the door eggplant; Double stem pruning keeps two lateral branches after eggplant sets fruit, and all subsequent lateral branches are removed, as shown in Figure 6 ~ 4. In addition to pruning, old leaves and diseased leaves should be removed in time.
Figure 6-4 Schematic diagram of eggplant double stem pruning
6. Regenerative cultivation Choose a greenhouse with light diseases, few plants and no obvious decline in early summer growth for regenerative cultivation. In the lower part of the trunk, three sections of the main stem are cut upward from the joint, and a layer of oil is coated on the cut sections to prevent water loss and bacterial invasion.
Pull out weeds after cutting, move them out of the house together with the cut stems, and water them 1 time to promote the growth of new branches. Spraying drugs to prevent diseases before sprouting of new branches. When the new branches are about 10cm long, one new branch is left as a new plant for each old trunk, and two new branches can be left to bear fruit when there are no plants nearby. The sprouts on the rootstock should be removed in time. Apply 225kg/hm2 compound fertilizer when new plants germinate, and then irrigate to promote the growth of new plants. Eggplant is not irrigated or topdressing at the fruit-setting stage. Urea is applied at 225kg/hm2 after fruit-setting, and fertilizer is applied again at the beginning of harvesting to promote the growth of seedlings and fruits.
When the outside temperature drops to about 10℃, the film should be buckled and covered with grass, and the minimum temperature at night should be kept above 10℃.
(2) Key points of eggplant annual cultivation in plastic greenhouse.
1. It is appropriate to choose middle and early maturing varieties with strong cold tolerance.
2 Key points of raising seedlings in greenhouse or hotbed: the suitable seedling age of self-rooted seedlings is about 100 ~ 1 10d, and that of grafted seedlings is about 120d. 5 ~ 7 days before planting, the seedlings are tempered.
When the temperature in the greenhouse is stable above 10℃, it can be planted. The planting density is the same as that in the greenhouse.
4. Keep high temperature in the field management seedling stage, 28 ~ 30℃ during the day and above 10℃ at night. Generally, water is not used during flowering and fruit setting, and a little water can be poured before flowering when there is obvious drought. Meneggplant generally begins to fertilize after fruit setting, applying 375 ~ 450 kg/hm2 compound fertilizer, and then watering. The growth is accelerated in the fruiting period, and the management goal is to promote seedlings and attack fruits. Keep the temperature at 25 ~ 30℃ during the day and at 13 ~ 17℃ at night. Scrub the greenhouse film frequently to increase the light transmittance.
Conventional pruning methods were used to remove the lateral branches below Meneggplant and the redundant lateral branches above it.
After harvest, top dressing irrigation should be strengthened, and the irrigation amount can be increased when the local temperature reaches above 65438 05℃. In order to prevent high temperature hazard, topdressing and irrigation should be done in time. Generally, it should be watered 1 time in 7 ~ 8 days, and topdressing 1 time in half a month.
5. The cutting period of regeneration cultivation is the same as that of greenhouse. The cutting part is located at the upper part of the two primary branches below the eggplant, leaving a Y-shaped trunk. Postharvest management is basically the same as greenhouse management. When the temperature drops to 13℃, the plastic film is reversed, and the lowest temperature in the shed is usually 5℃ before severe frost in autumn, so the harvest can be completed in time.
(3) Harvest
Eggplant is the product of fresh and tender fruit, which needs to be harvested before the seeds become hard. The suitable harvesting criteria are: the fruit grows to the appropriate length and thickness; The color of fruit base becomes lighter, and the color of other parts becomes darker; The peel hardens, and the fruit surface is pressed by hand, which is elastic; The peel brightens and dries.
The fruit handle of eggplant is thick and hard, so it should be cut open or cut off with scissors or blades, not dragged hard.