1. Expose the fatuous and corrupt rulers.

example

Guo Huaqing Palace

Du Mu

Looking back at Chang 'an, Mount Li is like a pile of splendid scenery, and the gates of Huaqing Palace on the top of the mountain are opened in turn.

As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south.

This poem chooses to send litchi to the imperial concubine Feitian, vividly revealing that the rulers, in order to satisfy their appetite, do not hesitate to mobilize the masses, wasting people and money, and effectively castigate the arrogance and extravagance of Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei. The first two sentences of the poem pave the way for the background, and the last two sentences introduce the theme of the description and prompt the theme of the poem. The juxtaposition of the two concrete images of "galloping the world of mortals" and "princess laughing" makes people think and leaves suspense. Although the word "unknown" is three words, it is thought-provoking and intriguing.

2. Reflect the pain of leaving chaos

example

spring scenery

Du Fu

Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.

Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.

The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.

Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.

In July (756), in the fifteenth year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion captured Chang 'an, and Su Zong ascended the throne in Lingwu, changing Yuan to virtue. On his way to Lingwu, Du Fu was captured by the rebels to Chang 'an, and wrote this poem the following year (the second year of Zhide). The poet witnessed Chang 'an's flute falling and homesickness in adversity, and he couldn't help feeling deeply. One or two couplets of poetry, writing about the defeat of Spring City, are full of sighs; Three or four couplets are about relatives, full of feelings of separation. The whole poem is calm, sincere and natural, which embodies the poet's feelings of loving the motherland and caring for his family. Modern people such as Xu Yingpei and Zhou Rongquan commented on this poem: "The meaning is straightforward, the scenery is not free, the feelings are strong but not floating, the things are rich but not miscellaneous, and the meter is rigorous but not rigid." This theory is quite appropriate. "A letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold" is also a famous saying that has been passed down through the ages.

3. sympathize with the people's suffering

example

The autumn wind broke the hut.

Du Fu

(The whole poem is abbreviated)

This is Du Fu's song of self-injury and poverty. In the autumn and August of the second year of last Yuan Dynasty (76 1), the roaring autumn wind swept away the thatch on the thatched cottage next to Du Fu's Huanhuaxi, and it rained cats and dogs at night, so the house leaked and the bed was wet. Faced with this tragic situation, Du Fu not only lamented his own experience, but also further thought about when all the "poor people in the world" like himself could get rid of their suffering. This noble feeling of caring for the country and the people and putting others before oneself has always been praised by people. This is an ancient poem. Sentence patterns are uneven in length and rhyme changes many times, giving people a sense of unevenness and twists and turns, which is helpful to express a bumpy life and a sad and depressed mood. Poetry in the Tang and Song Dynasties goes like this: "Writing directly, seeing the power of the pen, is extremely boring. There will be an uproar when you enter the house. Put away your pens and collect them. If the dragon loses its tail, it's not just about seeing this old idea. Without this intention, the poem can't be done. "

example

An old man selling charcoal

Bai Juyi

An old man selling charcoal cuts wood and burns charcoal in the mountains in the south all year round.

His face was covered with dust, which was the color of smoke burning, his temples were gray, and his ten fingers were burnt black.

What is the money for selling charcoal for? Buy clothes, buy food in your mouth.

Pity that he is wearing thin clothes, but he is worried that charcoal can't be sold, hoping it will be colder.

At night, it snowed a foot thick outside the city. Early in the morning, the old man drove a charcoal wheel to the market.

Cows are tired and people are hungry, but the sun has risen very high. They are resting in the mud outside the south gate of the market.

Who is that proud man riding on two horses? It was the eunuchs in the palace and eunuchs who did it.

The eunuch, with documents in his hand and the emperor's orders in his mouth, shouted at the petrified palace.

A load of charcoal, more than 1000 kilograms, eunuch attendants to drive away, the old man is helpless, but there is no way.

Those people put half a piece of red yarn and a piece of silk on their heads as the price of charcoal.

The whole poem has gone through the tragic process of selling charcoal, burning charcoal, transporting charcoal and being plundered by imperial envoys. Take advantage of the unfortunate experience of selling charcoal Weng to express grievances for the people, reflect the bitterness and pain of the broad masses of working people with the image of selling charcoal Weng, and attack the palace market, one of the evils of the middle Tang Dynasty, and the cruel exploitation of the working people by the ruling class.

This poem has profound ideological content and artistic characteristics. The poet used "what a poor hope!" These words express the only hope of the old man who is almost on the verge of life, which is the center of the whole poem. All other descriptions focus on this poetic eye. In the way of expression, contrast and contrast are flexible. The fate of the old man, highlighting his old age with "grey temples" and the hardships of "reducing salary and burning charcoal" with "dust fireworks", set off the desolation and viciousness of Nanshan and aroused people's sympathy. All this reflects the burning of old people's hopes: selling charcoal to get money, buying clothes and food. The old man wears simple clothes, and then uses the "one foot of snow" at night and the "ice trace" on the road as a foil, which makes people feel that the old man is pitiful. All this just reflects the fierceness of the fire of hope for the elderly: it is freezing in the cold, charcoal is expensive, and you can change more clothes and food. Next, "the cow is hungry" and "two riding" reflect the disparity between workers and rulers; "A cart full of charcoal, a thousand Jin" and "Half a horse's red yarn, a foot's silk" contrast the cruelty of plunder in the "palace market". As far as the whole poem is concerned, the burning of the fire of hope in front is precisely to set off the sadness and pain of hope behind.