There were 13 dynasties, including the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the New Jin Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty (Yu), the former Zhao Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Qin Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. The capitals of these dynasties all reached1/kloc-. It is also the capital of peasant uprising regimes such as Chimei, Lvlin, Daqi (Huang Chao) and Dashun (Li Zicheng).
Luoyang (Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties, etc. ),
Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Wu Zhou, Hou Liang (909-9 13), Late Tang (923- Zhuang Zong, Ming Zong, Ming Di, the last emperor).
Nanjing ((Soochow, Four Kingdoms in Southern Dynasties, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ming Dynasty)
/kloc-in 0/95, Sun Ce crossed the river and occupied Danyang, Jiangcheng, Hushu and Moling counties. Around 208 years ago, Zhuge Liang sent messengers to Jiangdong to observe the beautiful scenery of Nanjing's mountains and rivers, and made a famous comment that "Zhong Pan, Shi Hu resides". 2 1 1 year, Sun Quan listened to Zhang Hong, a counselor, and moved from Jingkou to Moling, renamed Jianye. In 229, the rising sun was the capital of Nanjing, starting from Wuchang. Wushitoucheng site is located between Caochangmen and Qingliangmen in the west of Nanjing.
In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, and the reconstruction industry was Jianye. Later, in order to avoid the Jin emperor Sima Ye, it was renamed Jiankang. Si Marui, the king of Langtong, crossed the south, based on health. In 3 17, Si Marui acceded to the throne, which was the capital of Jiankang for the formal establishment of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty and Eastern Jin Dynasty.
In 420, in order to build health for Song Wudi and Song Liguo, Emperor Wu of Song proclaimed himself emperor. In 479, Xiao Daocheng proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Song Dynasty, for the sake of Qi State, Qi State and Du Health. In 502, he proclaimed himself Emperor Liang and Jian Kang. In 557, Chen Baxian proclaimed himself emperor for Chen Wudi, Chen Liguo and Jiankang.
Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were also called the Six Dynasties, so Nanjing was called the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties. Today, Nanjing Library retains the ruins of Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties. Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties was the largest city in the world at that time with a population of one million. Developed economy and prosperous culture have preserved the ancient Chinese culture in the south of the Yangtze River.
1356, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Qing Ji and changed Qing Ji Road to Yingtianfu. As a base, Zhu Yuanzhang called himself Wu Guogong. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself in Yingtian, with the title of Ming Taizu. Yingtianfu is the capital of Nanjing, and Kaifeng is the capital of Beijing. /kloc-stopped in Beijing in 0/378 and changed Nanjing as the capital. 1386, the capital city wall was completed. Nanjing was expanded on the basis of the old city of Qing Ji Road in Yuan Dynasty. The city consists of three parts, namely, the old city, the palace area and the garrison area. The latter two are extensions of the early Ming Dynasty. A masonry wall with a length of 33.68 kilometers was built around these three areas, which is now the Ming wall of Nanjing. It is the largest city wall in the world (followed by Paris; In China, followed by Beijing). The wall foundation of Nanjing City Wall is paved with strip stones, and the wall is built with big city bricks of about 10cm×20cm×40cm, mixed with soil. The bricks used were fired in 25 counties along the Yangtze River/Kloc-0, and transported to Nanjing for use. The names of production officials, potters and servants were printed on each brick, and its strict quality responsibility system can be imagined. Thirteen gates were built along the city wall, and towers were built on the gates. 1403, the capital of Ming Chengzu was Beiping. /kloc-at the end of 0/420, Ming moved its capital to Beijing with its capital in Nanjing. 1644, Emperor Chongzhen hanged Jingshan Park, and Beijing was trapped. Axe King and Zhu Yousong acceded to the throne in Nanjing.
Beijing (Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties)
The earliest name in Beijing was thistle. In 1 1 century BC, thistle kingdom was a enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which ruled northern China. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC), another petrel located in the southwest of the thistle kingdom swallowed thistle and moved its capital to Ji Cheng. From then on, Ji Cheng was the capital of Yan State until 226 BC, when Yan State was destroyed by the powerful Qin State. According to the research of archaeologists, Ji Cheng is in the southwest of Beijing. In 938, it became the capital of Liao. Liao was founded by the Khitans, a minority nationality who rose in the northeast of China. Because thistle is located in the south of its territory, it was renamed Nanjing and Yanjing. More than a century later, the Jin Dynasty established by another ethnic minority, Nuzhen, destroyed Liao and moved its capital to Yanjing on 1 153, renamed Zhongdu. 12 14 years, due to the attack of the emerging Mongolian army, the rulers were forced to move their capital to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). The next year, Mongolian fighters occupied the capital. 1267, Mongolian leader Kublai Khan ordered the construction of a new city in the northeast suburb of Zhongdu City. Four years later, the leader ascended the throne of the emperor in the capital under construction, and established the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China. All the new cities were built in 1276, which is what Italian traveler Kyle Poirot said in his travel notes: "The world is unparalleled". From then on, Beijing replaced Chang 'an, Luoyang, Bianliang and other ancient capitals and became the political center of China, which lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 191101October10, the bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in China, and the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate in February of the following year. At this point, the last feudal dynasty in China fell, and Beijing's history as an imperial city ended here.
Kaifeng (Wei, Hou Tang, Hou Jin, Hou Han, Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty)
In the history of China, Kaifeng was once called the Girder, the Capital of Song Dynasty, Tokyo, Bianjing and so on. This city has been built for more than 2700 years. During the Warring States Period, Wei, the Five Dynasties, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty all established their capitals in Kaifeng, so it was called "the city of the Seven Dynasties".
Hangzhou (Wu Yueguo in Southern Song Dynasty)
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wu Yueguo was in the southeast, with Hangzhou as its capital. At that time, Hangzhou was called Xifu or Xi Du, and the state belonged to Qiantang, which governed eight counties: Qiantang, Qianjiang, Yuhang, Anguo, Yuqian, Tangshan, Fuyang and Xincheng. Under the rule of three generations of wuyue and five emperors for 85 years, Hangzhou has developed into a national economic prosperity and cultural gathering place through the hard work of the working people. Ouyang Xiu described it in You Mei Tangji: "Since the Five Dynasties, there has been no war in Qiantang, and the people are happy and prosperous. More than 100,000 people, lakes and mountains, Bohai merchants, coming in and out in the smoke, can be described as bustling! " Qian Liu, king of wuyue, built a "sub-city" in Phoenix Mountain, Hangzhou, with a palace as the national rule, and a "Luocheng" and 70 Li of Fiona Fang as the defense. According to Wu Yue Shi, this metropolis starts from Wang Qin in the west, runs along Qiantang River to Jianggan, and is bounded by Qiantang Lake (West Lake) to Baoshi Mountain, and reaches Genshanmen in the northeast. Shaped like a waist drum, it is also known as the "waist drum city".
Yue attached great importance to the construction of water conservancy and introduced the water from the West Lake into the canal in the city. Along the Qiantang River, a hundred-mile revetment seawall was built by "stone pile method". In addition, Longshan Gate and Zhejiang Gate were built along Qiantang River to prevent salt water from flowing backwards, reduce tidal bore and expand land leveling. Using migrant workers to dig Pingjiang stone beach makes the navigation channel smooth and promotes the water traffic with coastal areas. Set up thousands of "Julio soldiers" to dredge and protect the West Lake from being blocked by weeds.
Three generations and five emperors in wuyue believed in Buddhism, and most of the temples, pagodas, classic buildings and grottoes around the West Lake in Hangzhou were built during that period. At that time, Hangzhou was called "Buddhist country".
In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), the capital was here, and the wall of Hangzhou was greatly expanded. At that time, it was divided into inner city and outer city The inner city, namely the Imperial City and Fiona Fang Jiuli, is surrounded by Phoenix Mountain, starting from Fengshanmen in the north, reaching Jianggan in the south, Wansongling in the west and Houchaomen in the east. Within the imperial city, there are many temples, halls and pavilions, and there are many palaces and royal gardens. The outer city crosses Wu Shan in the south, cuts Wulinmen in the north, connects West Lake in the right and Qiantang River in the left, which is magnificent. City gate 13, there is a moat outside the city. Because many people in the north moved south with the imperial court, the population of Lin 'an prefecture surged. During the reign of Xianchun (1265~ 1274), the number of residents increased to1240,000 (including several counties). As far as Qiantang and Renhe counties, where Hangzhou Fucheng is located, have a population of more than 430,000.
The increase of population has created conditions for the development of social productive forces and the prosperity of business. The prosperity of urban economy in the Southern Song Dynasty not only surpassed the previous generation, but also ranked among the top in the world. At that time, there were many manual workshops in Lin 'an, which produced all kinds of daily commodities, especially silk weaving. The weaving skills were superb, and many exquisite and precious silk products were produced, which enjoyed a high reputation throughout the country.
According to "Old Wulin Stories" and other books, there were 440 merchants in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, and all kinds of transactions were booming. Foreign trade is quite developed, and more than 50 countries and regions such as Japan, North Korea, Persia and Dalian have diplomatic and trade relations with it. The imperial court set up a "city shipping company" to take charge of its affairs. After transformation, the West Lake Scenic Area is more charming and attracts many Chinese and foreign tourists. Services such as restaurants, teahouses, art workshops, hotels and night markets are also very prosperous.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was the cultural center of the whole country, and the happiest mansion, Imperial College, as well as schools of martial arts, medicine, mathematics, history and other disciplines were established, with nearly 1,000 students from Fu Xue in Lin 'an, Qiantang and Renhe counties. There are many bookstores here, and the carved books are excellent. At that time, the painting art was very prosperous, and Ten Scenes of West Lake was inscribed by the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy.