Cities, unless you have a courtyard.

banana

After ploughing and weathering, planting holes should be opened according to plant spacing. The planting holes in mountain banana orchards should be appropriately deepened and expanded, and the width and depth are about 1 m respectively. Sufficient decomposed base fertilizer should be applied and fully mixed with topsoil. Planting holes should also be opened in Pingjiao Garden, each with a width of about 0.5 meters. Flat banana plantations with high water level can be turned into banana beds or small mounds slightly above the surface, and then holes are opened for planting.

The planting depth should be 1~2 cm, slightly deeper than the original depth of budding seedlings. Too deep planting will inhibit growth. The mountainous area is slightly deeper than the flat land, and the autumn sowing is slightly deeper than the spring sowing. Shallow planting is easy to expose bulbs, which is not conducive to the growth of banana plants. After planting, cover it with fine soil, tamp it with your feet, and then water your feet. Planting in autumn or dry season should be covered with grass near banana head to reduce water evaporation. Improve the survival rate.

Planting banana test-tube seedlings (nutritious cup seedlings), pit opening (hole planting) should be carried out at the same time as applying base fertilizer, the hole planting width is 60cm× length is 60cm× depth is 40cm, and the base fertilizer is mainly decomposed soil miscellaneous fertilizer, about 20-25kg per plant, 50kg of calcium superphosphate and 25-30kg of potassium sulfate are added per mu, and mixed with soil miscellaneous fertilizer for half fermentation. Then put the seedlings into the hole, carefully cut the plastic bag of the nutrition cup with a knife (try to avoid the roots), fill it with broken soil and compact it slightly. It is inappropriate to bury the soil so deep, about 8~ 10 cm, between the base of the pseudostem and the long root, so as not to be exposed. Finally, spray enough water on the roots, then water or spray water on the leaves regularly to keep the soil moist until two new leaves grow. Watering is an important step. While keeping the soil moist, it is best not to overdo it, otherwise the roots will rot and the seedlings will die. If the weather is dry and the sun is strong, it is best to shade with leaves and other things, or cover the pit with straw.

In addition, banana seedlings should be planted in grades according to the size of seedlings, and seedlings with the same size should be planted in each cluster to prevent uneven growth after planting, and strong seedlings should inhibit weak seedlings. When sucking seedlings, the wounds and noses of seedlings should be in one direction, which is convenient for management.

The planting method without using artificial fertilizers and chemicals is called organic planting of bananas. Its purpose is to produce "organic food" (called "green food" in China) to meet people's growing health and safety needs, which has become a trend in developed countries and regions. From the producer's point of view, the organic cultivation method is much more difficult than the cultivation method using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and it also requires much higher quality of producers. First of all, there should be a big change in the concept of producers. We should not only consider the acceptable minimum output target, but also pay attention to the quality indicators, especially the residues of pesticides and chemicals. Secondly, in order to meet the minimum yield requirements, producers must have a deep understanding of the growth and development characteristics of bananas, the occurrence law of pests and diseases, natural fertilizers and natural pesticide resources, and know how to apply bananas when they are most needed. Third, producers must also be aware of the risks that may be brought about by not using artificial drugs. Ordinary banana farmers are afraid of losses caused by management mistakes and often overuse chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In order to increase the banana fruit and yield in many banana producing areas in China, the widely used banana fruit "swelling agent" seems to be unacceptable in the international banana market. Organic cultivation of bananas not only includes pre-harvest management, but also means reducing or not using any preservatives in post-harvest treatment.

Principles of Tree Management in Banana Organic Cultivation

First of all, to maximize the early rapid growth of banana plants, forming the largest number and area of leaves; Synthesize the most photosynthetic products to ensure the maximum distribution of photosynthetic products to banana fruit formation; The second is to promote the maximum formation of banana fruit. These two points are completely harmonious in banana cultivation.

(2) Natural management methods and risks in organic cultivation.

If the management of trees is evaluated by economy and food supply, it is of course the best to ensure stable, high-yield and high-quality banana fruits every year. It is precisely because of fear that this goal cannot be achieved that banana farmers generally use a large number of artificial pesticides and fertilizers, and even prefer to pay more to feel at ease.

Banana farmers who use natural methods to produce bananas may have different production goals, and their focus is more on quality indicators related to chemical residues and natural planting. Even they are prepared to accept lower and more unstable output to achieve this goal. So they have to bear certain financial risks. Adopting risk management method is beneficial to banana farmers who practice organic cultivation.

The first step of risk management is to determine what kind of risk to take. It is necessary to know clearly what kind of quality and what kind of output are acceptable. According to your financial goals, the market you are facing and the cultivation techniques you want to adopt, the above indicators may change. Generally speaking, banana farmers who practice natural or organic cultivation face two choices: one is to accept what nature can provide as much as possible; The second is to set goals within their skills. The latter faces greater challenges; They need to master cultivation management skills more than those banana farmers who rely on artificial pesticides and fertilizers.

(3) Main measures of banana organic cultivation

1. Choosing the most suitable eco-geographical area and microclimate, the average and extreme value of precipitation, annual distribution, humidity and wind all affect the growth cycle and the intensity of pests and diseases of bananas. In other words, all banana varieties should be planted commercially in the most suitable climate zone. Suitable microclimate environment should also be selected for mountain conditions. Planting bananas in the most suitable ecological environment will undoubtedly greatly reduce the risk of organic planting.

2. Pay attention to the suitable soil type, the previous crops and the surrounding plant types, that is, the chemical composition and physical properties of the soil, especially the content and lack of elements in the soil (preferably high potassium soil) and the drainage capacity of the soil, which greatly affect the growth and growth cycle of bananas, and the yield of bananas is directly related to the plant size; The growth rate affects the yield of banana fruit in a certain period. The fertile clay loam with rich organic matter has good soil fertility foundation and strong water and fertility conservation, and does not need frequent fertilization. If there are more pre-plants around the planned banana garden, the probability of banana infected with mosaic heart rot will be greatly increased. As a rice field crop or sugarcane, it will greatly reduce the chance of nematode disease. These all involve the frequency of drug use and the cost accounting of management in banana cultivation.

3. Choose varieties with strong resistance to pests and diseases, such as golden finger banana, leaf spot, Panama disease, ring groove nematode, etc. If the resistance to weevil and bunchy top disease is improved, the dependence of varieties on chemical fertilizers and pesticides can be completely reduced by using clean breeding materials and paying attention to the hygiene of banana orchards and crop rotation.

4. Implement crop rotation to reduce the base of pests and diseases. For example, in some reclamation areas in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, banana and sugarcane rotation is adopted, and planting 1 sugarcane for every 2-3 bananas is helpful to overcome the influence of soil-borne Panama disease and Fusarium wilt. In dry land, banana and sugarcane rotation can also reduce the harm of root-knot nematode disease.

5. Applying natural organic fertilizer rich in chlorine and potassium, such as livestock manure, planting green manure crop organic fertilizer, can slowly release nutrients for banana plants to absorb and utilize, improve the availability of nutrients in the soil, just meet the needs of sustainable growth of bananas, and overcome the contradiction between a large number of chemical fertilizers leaching and polluting surface water in tropical and subtropical climate. Organic fertilizer can also improve the water-holding capacity of soil and reduce the irrigation demand of banana plants. Organic matter can improve soil aeration and stimulate the activity of soil microorganisms, thus controlling soil nematodes. Experiments show that the application of organic fertilizer in sandy soil can greatly reduce the density of nematodes.

6. Use less pesticides or natural botanical pesticides to protect the biodiversity of banana plantations. For example, after deep digging, Australia is trying to use rape plants as green manure and natural nematicides to control banana root nematode disease. There are many kinds of natural plants used as pesticides in China, which deserve further research and application.

7. In the process of post-harvest treatment, reducing or not using fungicides first lies in high-level management before harvest to produce high-quality bacteria-free banana fruits. Secondly, bananas are mostly fresh fruits, which can be bought and sold in the market all year round, and generally do not need to be preserved for a long time. Therefore, fungicides can be reduced or not used to ensure that consumers can eat healthy banana and fruit food.

orange

(1) Before the garden is built, underground irrigation and drainage pipelines shall be laid. The planting holes are punched mechanically, and the seedlings are potted seedlings. Row spacing and plant spacing are 6 ~ 8m× 4 ~ 5m. After the seedlings are planted to the young tree stage, the trunk is covered with foam pipes to prevent the harm of animals and insects in the field. ⑵ No-tillage management is adopted in the whole garden, grass is planted between rows, and artificial grass (mainly gramineous grass) or natural grass is mowed regularly; Chemical weeding between plants. The commonly used chemical herbicide is glyphosate (Roundup). ⑶ Fertilization: The orchard regularly diagnoses the nutrition of leaves and soil to guide fertilization. The Citrus Research and Education Center of the University of Florida recommended that the fertilization standard for citrus fruit trees should be 7.5 ~ 22.5 kg nitrogen per 667m2 and K2O0.32kg K2O per 100kg fruit. Fertilization methods include soil fertilization and micro-spray fertilization, and foliar fertilization is being studied in recent years. Traditional soil fertilization is carried out four times a year, and mechanical tillage is combined with irrigation, that is, early spring (accounting for 65,438+0/4 of the total)/April-May (accounting for 65,438+0/3 of the total), fruiting period in June (accounting for 65,438+0/4 of the total) and autumn (65,438) In recent years, it has been developed into a long-acting granular fertilizer, and the application time is April-May and autumn (10 ~ 1 1). Micro-spray fertilization, that is, fertilizer is dissolved in irrigation water according to a certain proportion and combined with micro-spray irrigation for fertilization. Foliage fertilizer, in order to reduce or avoid the leaching loss of fertilizer and its pollution to water resources and eutrophication of water bodies, in recent years, foliar fertilizer is being studied to replace soil fertilization, and 0.2% ~ 0.6% urea 10 ~ 12 times is sprayed on the leaves every year. (4) All citrus production gardens are irrigated by automatic irrigation, mainly by micro-spray irrigation in the tree tray under the canopy. The recommended irrigation standard in California with dry climate is twice a week, especially three times a week when it is dry, and each adult tree is 50 gallons (about 227.3L). Install two sprinklers under each canopy, spraying water for 5 hours at a time. The added water is melted snow water. 5] Pruning young trees is generally not pruned. After the tree grows to a certain size, mechanized pruning should be adopted as soon as possible to trim the crown into a flat head or tower shape. Although this pruning method can improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions between tree crowns to a certain extent, its main purpose is not to improve fruit yield and quality, but to reduce costs and facilitate orchard management and mechanized operation. [6] Pest control should try to control the amount of pesticides used in the field. For example, the citrus production garden in Florida generally sprays pesticides no more than four times a year. Biological control is the main way to control Ceratoides. Using wax gourd with yellow skin imported from Mexico, the natural enemy, the honeybee fly, was artificially cultivated indoors and released into the field in February-June165438+1October of the following year to control the number of Ceratoides.

strawberry

Strawberry seed is an economic crop with developed root system, strong adaptability, early fruiting, high yield, fertilizer saving, easy management and good benefit. Under general operating conditions, if planted in late August or early September of that year and harvested at the end of May of the following year, the fruit yield per mu (1 mu = 667 square meters, the same below) can reach 1500 ~ 2000 kg, and the income per mu can reach 5000 ~ 7000 yuan. According to the experience of planting strawberries in Wuhan in recent years, to plant strawberries well, we must first choose suitable soil, that is, choose fields with high terrain, flat ground, rectangular north-south direction, convenient irrigation and drainage, and loose soil. It is best to plant strawberries in alluvial soil of rivers and streams, which belongs to silt-raised fields or mud-sand fields. This kind of field has high soil fertility level, good fertilizer supply performance, strong fertilizer conservation effect and easy early development. Therefore, we should pay special attention to the following links in cultivation techniques.

Berries are suitable for planting in sunny and hydrophobic soil. The soil depth is about 8- 10 inch. The sowing date is February or September-65438+February, and the optimum germination temperature is 15-25℃.

For large strawberries, the row spacing should be 12 inch and the plant spacing should be about 18 inch. It is necessary to remove the vines of the plants in time to facilitate strawberry fruit. Strawberry production is cyclical, so it is best to cultivate some new plants a few years before planting.

If you don't like strawberry management, you can plant a strawberry every 18-24 inches to make strawberries bloom everywhere. Of course it will be a little messy, and the strawberries are not big. If you want to avoid this situation, you can remove some vines appropriately.

In autumn, plants should be covered with a layer of soil to prevent frost. After the soil freezes, you can sprinkle 3-4 inches of hay on the plants. The next spring, when new leaves grow, they are moved to hay. When the weather is warm and stable, remove the mulch from the plant surface. But leave some hay between rows to prevent weeds from growing and keep soil moisture.

1. Select high-quality varieties, such as Fengxiang, Zhangji, etc., with early maturity and shallow dormancy, suitable for greenhouse cultivation, high yield and storage and transportation resistance. 2. Strawberry seedlings are strong and generally propagated by vines and underground vines. First of all, a breeding nursery must be established. Nursery land requires loose soil, no weeds and sufficient fertilizer and water conditions. Generally, the breeding nursery should be plowed half a month in advance. When preparing soil, 2500 kg of decomposed column fertilizer and 30 kg of cake fertilizer are applied per mu as base fertilizer, and then the border is ditched with a width of 2 meters. Choose healthy mother plants and transplant them at a density of 200 cm× 70 cm, so that there is enough space and light for the growth of stolons. If farmers do not set up a special breeding nursery, they can also choose a good breeding base in the producing area after the fruit is harvested at the end of May of that year, and leave 1 row every three rows to increase the spacing between rows and plants. Then loosen the soil and level it, guide the newly grown stolons into the space around the mother plant, and bury the base of the leaf cluster on the stem node in the ground. When a new seedling with 3-4 leaves is formed on the stem node, the seedling can be cut off from the mother plant and transplanted. As far as possible, select strong seedlings close to the mother plant for centralized transplanting. Generally, the closer to the mother plant, the earlier the new seedling takes root, the stronger it grows and the more vigorous it grows. 3. Improve the quality of transplanting, generally from early August to early September. Choose cloudy or rainy days for transplanting, and try to avoid sunny and hot noon to prevent seedlings from burning. Before transplanting, 2,500 kg of decomposed manure, 50 kg of cake fertilizer, 50 kg of calcium superphosphate and 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are 15% respectively) were applied to Honda as base fertilizer. Then make a high ridge, with a ridge top width of 30 cm, a ridge bottom width of 60 cm, a ridge height of 30 cm and a trench width of 30 cm. Before transplanting, spray 200 grams of 50% butachlor and 60 kilograms of water per mu to control weeds. Black film is spread on the ridge surface to improve the soil temperature and prevent the fruit from being polluted when it touches the ground, which will affect the coloring and quality. Plant 2 rows per ridge, plant spacing18 ~ 20cm, and plant 7000 ~ 8000 plants per mu. 4. Scientific management (1) If there is no black film on the ridge surface, a thick soil cultivation should be carried out in late September in combination with loosening soil and weeding to promote more roots of seedlings and prevent the old seedlings from being exposed. (2) Covering the winter until the middle and late June 10. When the temperature drops below 15℃ during the day or below 8℃ at night, build a greenhouse as soon as possible, with a width of 6-9 meters and a center height of 2.5 meters. The covering material is a PVC film with a thickness of 0.08 cm. From late March to early April of the following year, with the temperature rising, the films on both sides of the greenhouse began to be peeled off to reduce the temperature in the greenhouse and improve the ventilation transparency. The temperature in the greenhouse should be within 30℃ during the day, 20 ~ 25℃ during the day after flowering, and not lower than 5℃ at night. (3) The flowers on the third and fourth branches of onion inflorescence are often sterile or only ineffective. When the buds begin to separate from each other before flowering, the bud thinning time should be no later than 1 flowering period. Conditional farmers, it is best to put a group of bees in the shed from the beginning of strawberry flowering, which is conducive to flowering and pollination and improve the seed setting rate. (4) After strawberry berries are formed, when the fruits swell to about half the size of the fruits, 65,438+00 kg of ternary compound fertilizer (containing 65,438+05% of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively) is applied every 65,438+05 ~ 20 days for 3 ~ 4 consecutive times. (5) Exquisite harvest: harvesting begins in early February, and it is picked once every 1 ~ 2 days. The harvest period of a variety can generally last until the end of May. In a day, the suitable time for picking is in the morning, and the dew is dry until the summer heat comes. Fruits picked in wet dew or rain are perishable and should be avoided as much as possible. Pick gently, hold the fruit handle with your hand and pick it with the handle to avoid damaging the calyx, otherwise it will rot easily.