Abel) belongs to Theaceae, which is the main endemic woody oil tree species in China. Camellia oleifera has a long life and strong adaptability. It can grow in hills, mountains, ditches and roadsides and does not compete with grain and cotton for land. Camellia oleifera can not only afforest barren hills and maintain soil and water, but also be an evergreen broad-leaved tree with thick leathery leaves and smooth trunk, which can play a role in fire prevention. Therefore, it is also an excellent tree species for fire forest belt.
I. Distribution and cultivation
The suitable cultivation area of Camellia oleifera refers to the suitable growth area of Camellia oleifera with oil production as the management goal. The distribution boundary of Camellia oleifera in China is 23 30' ~ 365 438+0 00' north latitude and 65 438+0 30' ~ 65 438+0 25' east longitude, and the main cultivation distribution area is 23 ~ 30 north latitude. In the distribution area, it belongs to the humid monsoon climate in the middle subtropical zone with rich hydrothermal conditions.
Counties in southern Anhui and Dabie Mountains can be cultivated. The vertical distribution of Camellia oleifera cultivation in our city is low mountains below 400m, relatively high below 200 m, and the slope is below 25 degrees, which is more suitable for hilly and basin cultivation. Hillside and shady slopes have short sunshine time, early cold, and are easily affected by frost and north wind, which will make Camellia oleifera grow tall, short lateral branches, few fruit branches and low yield. It is not suitable for large-scale production of camellia oleifera.
Second, the characteristics and characteristics
1, function
Camellia oleifera is a small evergreen tree, 4-6 meters high and 2-3 meters short. Flowers bisexual, sessile, 10 flowering in the middle and late June. After flowering, the fruit will not mature until June of the following year 10. So the flowers and fruits on Camellia oleifera exist at the same time.
2. Suitable living conditions
Camellia oleifera likes warm and humid climate, which requires annual average temperature 14-2 1℃, monthly average minimum temperature not lower than 0℃, monthly average maximum temperature 3 1℃, relative humidity 74-85%, annual average rainfall 1000mm or more, uniform distribution in four seasons and sunshine of 650.
Acidic yellow soil with PH value of 5-6 is generally the most suitable soil, which is lax in soil requirements, strong in adaptability and poor in tolerance. The loose, deep, well-drained and fertile sandy soil is especially beneficial to the growth and development of Camellia oleifera. Camellia oleifera grows in sunny mountainous areas in the south or southeast and southwest, with thick trunk, oval crown, many fruits and high yield. Camellia oleifera is a deep-rooted tree species, with developed taproots, and the root depth can reach more than 1.5 meters. Camellia oleifera has the characteristics of fast germination and strong regeneration ability. Using this feature, the old and disabled Kenny Lin can be transformed, and the new branches germinated after cutting can be cultivated into forests.
3. Growth and development process
New shoots: Camellia oleifera has spring shoots, summer shoots and autumn shoots. Most buds differentiate on spring shoots, which account for more than 98% of new shoots. Spring shoots grow vigorously before the full fruit period and slowly after the full fruit period.
Flowers: The flower buds began to differentiate on the spring shoots in April of that year, with the early flowering period of 65438+ 10 as the initial flowering period, the full flowering period of 65438+ 10 as the late flowering period, and the final flowering period of 165438+ 10 as the final flowering period. It takes about 5-6 days for each flower to bloom and wither. Stigma is normal on 1-2 days after flowering, and begins to wither on 3-4 days. The pollen on the stigma has the highest germination rate, the strongest vitality and the easiest fertilization in 1-2 days. Camellia oleifera is generally pollinated by insects and cross-pollination, especially cross-pollination. The flowering period is warm and sunny, insects are active, and the flowering and fruiting rate is high. Self-pollination at the beginning and end of flowering has a low seed setting rate. Therefore, soil bees should be protected and introduced in forest areas to improve pollination rate and seed setting rate.
Root system: the root system began to move in mid-February, and the fastest growth period was from late March to mid-April, and it also grew rapidly and lasted for a long time from June to July. From late February to early February of 12, the root growth was very slow.
Third, afforestation technology
1, seedling raising
1. 1 seedling
The drilling method is suitable. Sowing can be done in both winter and spring. Winter sowing is in l 65438+ 10, and spring sowing is in February-March. Winter sowing furrow width 10 ~ 12 cm, furrow spacing 18 ~ 2 1 cm, and depth 4 ~ 5 cm. Sowing amount per mu 100 ~ 125 kg. Before sowing, select the seeds and disinfect them with water. After sowing, cover them with 3 ~ 4 cm soil, and then cover them with a thin layer of straw. The grass should be uncovered in late April. When the seedling height is about 10cm, available nitrogen fertilizer can be applied; When there are 3-5 real leaves, apply compound fertilizer again. Container seedling raising method is an efficient seedling raising method. Seeds are directly planted in nutrient soil in container bags after germination, and afforestation is not limited by seasons, with high survival rate and rapid growth and development. The seedlings directly propagated by Camellia oleifera seeds have many disadvantages, such as great differentiation of offspring, serious variety degradation, irregular forest phase, inconsistent maturity of tea fruits, late fruiting time and late fruiting period, which are not suitable for afforestation.
1.2 asexual seedling raising
1.2. 1 cuttage seedling raising
The nursery soil for cutting is divided into two layers, the surface layer is Gaza mixed yellow soil 1: 1 or 2: 1 (the ratio depends on the viscosity of yellow soil), and the thickness is 6 ~10 cm; The lower layer is fertile soil, the loose layer is about 10cm, and the pH value of the cut soil is not greater than 6. Cuttings should be taken from single plants or excellent clones of excellent varieties, requiring annual lignified spring shoots, strong and straight axillary buds and complete leaves. Put the cut branches in the shade and spray water to keep them moist to prevent extrusion and heat. Depending on the length of the branches, cut them into long spikes or short spikes, with short spikes being the best. Short spikes have 1 ~ 2 leaves per spike and are 3 ~ 5 cm long. Cut (cut) the cuttings into 1 bundle every 2O branches, and soak the cuttings in 200 ~ 400 mg/kg NAA solution for 12 ~ 16 hours. There should be a shade shed after cutting, and the temperature in the shed should not exceed 30 degrees Celsius. If it is too high, the survival rate is generally above 80%. It is better to use closed or automatic spraying device for cutting under good conditions, but it should be used with caution and not advocated for cutting seedling because of underdeveloped root system, poor drought resistance and low afforestation survival rate.
1.2.2 Grafting seedling raising
Grafting is mainly based on seedling rootstock, and common camellia oleifera seedlings are used as rootstock. Seeds are soaked 35 ~ 45 days before grafting and sowing, that is, they are sown on sand bed or nutrient soil, with a depth of about 3cm, slightly compacted after sand covering, and the sand thickness is about 1 ocm, which is not conducive to grafting. Grafting is carried out when the seedlings have 2-3 leaves after sand (soil) emergence. The general rootstock grafting method is split grafting, and the procedure is as follows: firstly, take out the bare-rooted seedlings in the sand bed, wash them, cover them with wet cloth and put them on the indoor console (table) for later use. Step 2, cut with a blade (single-sided blade) at the position of 1 ~ 1.5 cm above the new bud, and then split from the pith of the rootstock, with an opening of about 1cm, leaving the radicle 5-6cm, and cutting off the redundant part. The third step is to nest the rootstock, that is, to nest the rootstock with a thin aluminum sheet (or toothpaste skin) with a diameter slightly larger than that of the rootstock. Firstly, the thin aluminum sheet cut with a length of about 3cm and a width of about 1cm is made into a cylinder (the caliber can be large or small) to facilitate the nesting of the anvil. The fourth step is cutting the scion, that is, cutting the 1 biconical wedge with a length of about 1.5 degrees at the two sides of the lower end of the scion from the petiole, and cutting it from 2 ~ 3 mm above the petiole to form the scion with 1 bud 1 leaf. Put it in clear water for use. Finally, insert the cut scion into the incision of the rootstock, align the cortex on one side of the petiole, gently lift and pinch the sleeve to close the rootstock. The suitable planting depth is that the seed shell at the base has just been buried, and it should be planted firmly without leaving roots. After planting, it should be watered and moisturized, and then planted in a moisturizing shed with 80% shading and 20% light transmission. The sealing material is generally plastic film, which is light-transmitting, moisture-retaining and heat-insulating, and the humidity in the cover is 85% ~ 9O%.
, the temperature is 25-28℃, and shall not exceed 33℃. When it is too high, the film should be properly uncovered, ventilated and cooled, and watered and moistened. When most scions sprout and open leaves (about one and a half months), they can take off the moisturizing hood to shade them until autumn, and then carry out management such as germination, fertilization and weeding according to the situation.
2. Soil preparation and afforestation
2. 1 soil preparation
Camellia oleifera has no strict requirements for afforestation sites, but in order to achieve high and stable yield, sandy loam and light clay loam with deep soil layer (soil layer thickness is over 60cm, at least over 40cm), good drainage, good fertility, good moisture, good air permeability and slight acidity (pH value range: 5.5-6.5) should be selected for afforestation sites (limestone mountain areas cannot be planted). But try to avoid planting on sandy soil with high sand content and poor drainage at the top of the mountain, and prepare the soil in autumn and winter one year before afforestation.
(1) Full reclamation land preparation: Full reclamation land preparation can be carried out on flat land or gentle slope (the slope is within 15), and land preparation can be carried out around September, with a depth of 20-25 cm in mountainous area and 25-30 cm in hilly area. Remove stones, tree roots and other sundries, and let the soil be exposed to the sun to ripen. After harrowing in June 5438+065438+1October, dig a pit around the mountain at a fixed point with a hole of 6O×60×60.
Centimeter.
(2) Band-shaped soil preparation: horizontal band-shaped soil preparation is carried out when it exceeds 15. According to the row spacing, the horizontal belt around the mountain is high outside and low inside, and the bandwidth depends on the slope. The slope is small and wide, and the belt shall be dug at a fixed point according to the plant spacing. The specifications are the same as those of full reclamation.
(3) Block soil preparation: For land types with a slope of more than 20 and less than 25, or areas with high requirements for soil and water conservation, such as mountain ponds, reservoirs, traffic lines, etc., block caves should be used for reclamation, and the caves are arranged in a horizontal zigzag shape around the mountain, and the caves are generally 5O×50×50.
Cm, and increase soil and water conservation measures.
2.2 Afforestation
The initial planting density of pure forest is 2.5m×2.5m, 2.5m×3m and 3m×3m. Planting density should be determined according to the base conditions, variety characteristics and business purposes. 2.5-3×3 meters should be used in the foothills with fertile soil and flat land type, that is, 74-89 plants should be planted per mu; For the land with poor soil fertility and steep slope, the plant spacing is 2-2.5× 3m, that is, 89-11plant per mu. In a word, it is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions, reasonably plant closely, and Camellia oleifera enters the fruiting period, and the coverage density is not less than 0.6 and not more than 0.8.
There are two methods for afforestation of Camellia oleifera: seedling raising and direct seeding. Seedling raising of afforestation is carried out in winter and spring, and spring is the best. The key points are: the topsoil enters the hole, and the hole soil is finely divided. Before planting in a conditional place, apply a certain amount of organic fertilizer or soil miscellaneous fertilizer in the hole. The stems of the seedlings are straight, slightly planted deep, the roots are stretched, and the layers are tightened, so that the roots are closely connected with the soil and covered with loose soil. At the upper end of mating interface of Camellia oleifera seedlings, the planting depth of annual seedlings is 1cm.
The root neck should be 2 cm ~ 3 cm below the ground. In order to ensure survival, do not plant overnight seedlings. Before planting, the roots of tea seedlings should all be evenly dipped in pulp. It is best to use the fatter sludge and pond sludge in paddy fields or ponds. First-class seedlings or two-year-old seedlings should be selected for afforestation to facilitate the survival of trees. When planting Camellia oleifera, we should pay attention to the variety configuration. /kloc-there should be more than two varieties in 0/5 mu area and more than five varieties in 75 mu area. The flowering period and maturity of varieties should be consistent, and the most suitable afforestation period is from early February to late February, and it should be completed in mid-March at the latest. Container seedlings can also be planted in rainy season or autumn and winter.
Direct seeding afforestation is carried out in winter and spring, with L1-65438+sowing in winter in February, sowing in spring in February-March, and sowing in winter is better. Winter sowing has the advantages of early rooting, quick germination, Miao Zhuang and strong drought resistance, and can also save seed storage. In winter, each hole is sown with 3 seeds, which are triangular and covered with 4-5 cm thick soil; Spring sowing covers about 3 cm.
3. Tending management
3. 1 tending technology of young camellia oleifera forest
The tending period of young forest before Camellia oleifera is 4 years. Tending contents include intertillage weeding, seedling raising, replanting between seedlings, pest control, plastic pruning and fertilization.
(1) Loosening soil and weeding: Loosening soil and weeding 1 time in the year of afforestation, and then loosening soil and weeding twice a year, the first time in May-June and the second time in late August-September, which is different in different regions. The surface is hot in dog days, which is not suitable for loosening soil and weeding. The depth of loosening soil is generally 3 ~ 5 cm. Afforestation should be shallow in that year and deepened year by year; Young trees should have shallow pockets and gradually deepen outward; The loam should be shallow and the clay should be deep.
(2) young forest fertilization: woodland with sufficient base fertilizer should not be fertilized again in the first year. Fertilize twice a year, and apply late-acting fertilizers in winter, such as fireclay ash or other decomposed organic fertilizers; Apply urea and other quick-acting fertilizers in spring. Early spring is better than summer and autumn, and the amount of fertilizer applied per plant in one year is no more than 25g. It is best to apply it in multiple times, and the amount of fertilizer applied per plant should not exceed10g each time. The method includes sowing and annular furrow application. Spreading is to spread fertilizer evenly around the crown and turn it into the soil in combination with intertillage; Annular ditch construction, that is, dig a circular or semi-circular ditch at the outer edge of the crown, and each ditch is 20 ~ 30cm wide.
(3) Young tree shaping: The young tree shaping method of Camellia oleifera is divided into two steps: one is dry cultivation. Within 1 ~ 2 years after afforestation, all the spring shoots germinated by the terminal buds should be preserved to make them quickly form trunk; The second step is to set up. The trunk is 60cm high. Choose 3-4 strong main branches around the trunk. The number of auxiliary branches on each main branch depends on the size of the tree and the distance between the two main branches. The most suitable time for pruning is early spring. Remove the bud in time after pruning. Pruning young trees should be light, not heavy.
(4) Intercropping of forest land: planting crops, medicinal materials and green manure. The harvesting period between young forests is short, and tillage instead of tillage is beneficial to the growth and short-term harvest of Camellia oleifera and improves economic benefits. Intercropping crops's choice is based on the principle of not competing with Camellia oleifera for glory, fertilizer and water. Intercropping requirements are 1 m2 reserved for Camellia oleifera. Crops such as peanuts and beans and some green manure plants should be intercropped in Camellia oleifera forest land, but crops with high stalks and vines and high water consumption in dry season should not be selected.
3.2 Camellia oleifera forest management technology
( 1)
Reclamation: after Camellia oleifera enters the full fruit stage, shallow hoeing should be carried out at least once a year and deep digging should be carried out once every three years according to site conditions and variety types. Usually after the rainy season and before the dry season. The depth is about 10cm. The digging depth should be 15 ~ 20 cm from fruit picking to juice outflow in the next year. Soil and water conservation must be paid attention to when reclaiming forest land. The terrain is gentle and the slope is 15. The following Camellia oleifera forest land can be fully cultivated, but depending on the slope length, soil and water conservation zones should be left at the top, mountainside and foot of the mountain. The slope is 15. Above all, especially the soil with sandstone and granite development, it is appropriate to use reclamation, digging a piece and rotation every other year.
(2)
Fertilization: According to the soil nutrient content, the growth status and different growth stages of Camellia oleifera, different types of fertilizers are applied. In the new year, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer are the main materials; In off-year, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer are the main factors. Apply compound fertilizer 15kg per mu every year, and apply it in the same amount as organic fertilizer.
(3) Pruning: thinning is the main method of Camellia oleifera, and one-year pruning and young pruning are the main methods. Cut off dead branches, pests and diseases, cross branches, tender inner branches, foot branches, long branches, etc. After the fruit is harvested every year, the juice flows out until the next year.
(4) Adjust the density: densely plant forest land, generally in 10 ~ 12, when the branches and leaves cover each other. At this time, the density should be adjusted to 1 ~ 2 times in 2 ~ 3 years, replanting and thinning forests should be done, and inferior forests should be replaced.
(5) Top grafting for crown replacement: for some inferior plants in the forest, after two years' observation and calibration, superior tree cuttings were adopted, and rootstocks were broken by subcutaneous grafting, and rootstocks with a trunk diameter of 3-4 cm were selected at a trunk height of 40-80.
Cm, to prevent the rootstock cortex from tearing when the rootstock is broken, leaving 2-3 main branches per plant for nutrition and shading, and removing all others; Clean and dry the fracture of the rootstock with clean water, and smooth the incision with a grafting knife, slightly inclined; Cutting the anvil to lift the skin, cutting the dry skin into xylem with a single-sided blade, and tearing the skin in one direction for subsequent dressing; Cut the scion from the lower part of the bud base on the opposite side of the leaf bud with a single-sided blade, and cut it obliquely downward, with a length of about 2. The xylem can be seen slightly on the section, and the pith can be seen at the base, and a short cut can be cut obliquely below the leaf bud.
Cut from 2 ~ 3 mm above the petiole to form a scion of 1 bud 1 leaf, and put it in clear water for later use. Insert the scion, with the long part inward and close to one side. The section of scion is slightly higher than the fracture of rootstock, which is convenient for scion rootstock to heal. When topdressing, leave a little skin at the bottom, because the tree is rich in nutrients, which is convenient for excessive nutrients to be discharged. Moisturize with plastic bags soaked in water. When bagging, turn the bag inside, leave the water in the bag and keep it moist. Leave the supported bamboo sticks outside the bag, which is convenient for the excess water in the bag to flow out. Tie newspapers (bamboo shoots) on the outer layer of plastic bags in the east-west direction for shade. After 40 days, remove the moisturizing bag, but it still needs shade. The grafting time in our city is from the middle and late May to the middle of June. The same forest land must be completed within 1 ~ 2 years.
Fourthly, the collection and treatment of tea fruits.
The sign of fruit maturity: smooth skin and bright color. Red-skinned fruits are red and yellow when they are ripe, while green-skinned fruits are white. The seed shell is black or yellow-brown, shiny, and the kernel yellow is white and shiny.
Harvesting fully mature seeds not only improves the oil yield, but also reduces the oleic acid price of tea. The suitable harvesting period is from 3 days before fruit ripening to 7 days after fruit ripening. /kloc-cold dew seed 65438+ harvested in mid-October. Harvest the first frost seeds at the end of 10, and harvest the early winter seeds at the beginning of 1 10. It is forbidden to pick it early.
The harvesting method is that the fruit is harvested at the budding stage of Camellia oleifera. It is forbidden to fold branches and take fruits. After the fruit is harvested, the stacking time should not exceed 5-6 days, and it should be leveled and turned over several times a day to promote the cracking of the fruit, remove impurities, and collect the seeds into the warehouse for pressing.
Five, the main pest control
The main diseases of Camellia oleifera are anthracnose, soft rot and bituminous coal disease. The main pests are stem borers, tea-tip moths, longicorn beetles, weevils, ant frogs, tea caterpillars, scarabs, sawflies and so on.
The prevention and control of pests and diseases of Camellia oleifera must implement comprehensive prevention and control measures based on silviculture technology and combining biological control with drug control. During reclamation and intercropping fertilization, attention should be paid to burying diseased branches, leaves and fruits, killing eggs and pupae, and cutting off historical diseased plants. It is also necessary to protect and utilize natural enemies, such as protecting and cultivating natural enemies such as black-edged ladybug and scarlet ladybug, as well as parasitic bees, parasitic flies and fungi for biological control.