Chinese name: Platanus acerifolia (hybrid Platanus acerifolia)
Nicknames: French phoenix tree, English phoenix tree, French phoenix tree.
Field: the field of plants
Gate: the gate of seed plants.
Subdivision: the subdivision of angiosperms.
Category: Dicotyledonous plants
Subclass: Hamamelis Subclass
Objective: Hamamelidaceae
Family: Platycladidae.
Genus: Platanus acerifolia
Type: Platanus acerifolia
Distribution: Originated in Europe; India and Asia Minor are also distributed.
catalogue
Distinguish names
Family and genus information
morphological character
geographical distribution
Ecological habit
Application value
Landscape beautification
Garden use
Medicinal value
Artificial cultivation
grow seedlings
control of insect
Branch pruning
edaphic condition
Tree species difference
cultural heritage
Fa tong Hua Yu
Documentary record
The story of Wu Tong.
development prospect
Method for planting paulownia
launch
Distinguish names
Family and genus information
morphological character
geographical distribution
Ecological habit
Application value
Landscape beautification
Garden use
Medicinal value
Artificial cultivation
grow seedlings
control of insect
Branch pruning
edaphic condition
Tree species difference
cultural heritage
Fa tong Hua Yu
Documentary record
The story of Wu Tong.
development prospect
Method for planting paulownia
launch
[1] Characteristics of Platanus acerifolia
[2-3]
Common street tree ash wood
Platanus acerifolia in China is a hybrid of Platanus acerifolia and Platanus acerifolia. The earliest species of Platanus acerifolia appeared in Spain in17th century. At that time, Platanus acerifolia and Platanus acerifolia were planted together, and hybrid seeds often appeared, which naturally grew after landing. Later, it was introduced to Britain from Spain and used as a landscape plant and urban greening plant in London, so English and some other western languages called it "London plane". Since then, Yingtong has spread to other cities and become one of the symbols of cities including new york, Paris, Zhengzhou, Shanghai and Madrid. This tree species was first introduced as a street tree in Shanghai French Concession, so it is commonly known as French phoenix tree in China. Platanus acerifolia leaves have five tips, at least 37, and the length and width of the leaves are similar. There is no need to have two balls, but there can be two or four balls. The leaves of PR Newswire have 3 ~ 5 tips, and the leaves are relatively wide, so it doesn't need a ball, maybe 1 2 balls. The leaves of paulownia have 5 ~ 7 tips, and the leaves are always long, not necessarily three balls, but maybe 2 ~ 6 balls.
Distinguish names
Platanus acerifolia, Platanus acerifolia, Pure Land Tree, Kumarajiva Tree, Sweating Tree, and Fatong Tree in Lu Sen.
Family and genus information
Cortex Fraxini fruit
Dicotyledonous magnolia
Longan order protein.
Platanus belongs to Platanus.
Platanus
morphological character
Platanus acerifolia is 30m high, with dark gray bark, flaky peel and green and white endothelium. The shoots are covered with yellow-brown stellate tomentose. Leaf length 8 ~ 16c
Morphology of paulownia
M, 9 ~ 18 cm wide, 5 ~ 7 deeply split to the middle or below, the lobes are narrow and long, covered with gray-yellow stellate villi when young, and then fall off. The total stalk is spherical, with a diameter of 2 ~ 2.5 cm, a sharp style and a length of 3 ~ 4 mm. Flowering in May and fruiting in September ~ 65438+ 10. Platanus acerifolia is a hybrid of Platanus acerifolia and Platanus acerifolia, which was bred in London, England. Up to 35 meters, the bark peeled off and the endothelium was light green and white. The tender branches and leaves are densely covered with light brownish yellow stellate villi. The leaf length is 10 ~ 24 cm, the width is 12 ~ 25 cm, the base is truncated or slightly heart-shaped, 3 ~ 5 pieces are deeply divided, the middle lobe is nearly equal in length and width, and it is entire or sparsely toothed. Infructescence is about 2.5 cm in diameter, style is 2 ~ 3 mm long and spiny. The flowering period is April-May, and the fruiting period is 9-65438+1October. Platanus acerifolia is 40 meters high, leaves are 3-5-lobed, wider than length, with wide triangular lobes, and most cones are solitary without prickly hairs.
geographical distribution
Origin:17th century, in Spain, Platanus acerifolia (also called Meitong) and Platanus acerifolia (also called Fatong) were planted together, and hybrid seeds often appeared, which naturally grew after landing. Because it is a hybrid, there is no origin. After extensive cultivation in Europe, the French brought it to Shanghai and planted it on the Joffrey Avenue in the French Concession (now Huaihai Middle Road as a street tree), so it was called the French phoenix tree in China.
Distribution:
Today, paulownia is distributed all over the world. It is cultivated in Dalian, Beijing and Hebei in the north, Shaanxi and Gansu in the west, Sichuan and Yunnan in the southwest, Guangdong in the south and coastal provinces in the east. The main breeding bases are Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and other places.
Platycladus orientalis (5 pieces)
Ecological habit
Hi, Guangming. Like humid and warm climate, cold-resistant. Suitable for weak acid or neutral soil with good drainage. Weak alkaline soil can grow, but it is easy to turn yellow. The distribution of root system is shallow, so it is easy to be injured and inclined during typhoon. Strong anti-air pollution ability, the blade has the function of absorbing toxic gases and dust retention. The tree has a tall trunk, lush foliage, rapid growth, easy survival and pruning resistance, so it is widely planted as a street greening tree species and a fast-growing timber tree species. It has strong resistance to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and chlorine. There are three kinds of Platanus, namely Platanus, Platanus and Platanus. Commonly known as American phoenix tree, British phoenix tree and French phoenix tree. (Platanus acerifolia is also called Platanus acerifolia)
French phoenix tree in autumn
Platanus acerifolia is an active fast-growing tree species with strong resistance, strong germination, heavy shearing resistance, smoke resistance and transplantation resistance, and the survival rate of big tree transplantation is extremely high. Especially adapt to the urban environment, absorb harmful gases, resist smoke and dust, isolate noise, endure drought and grow rapidly.
Flowering in April-May; The fruit ripens from September to 65438+ 10.
The application value of editing this paragraph
Landscape beautification
leaf
It is a world-famous excellent street tree and street tree. With strong adaptability and pruning resistance, it is an excellent street tree species and is widely used in urban greening. In the garden, it is planted alone on the lawn or open space and on both sides of the street. It is very suitable for greening streets, squares and campuses, and its fruit can be used as medicine.
Garden use
Platanus acerifolia is a towering tree with dense branches and leaves. It is a world-famous excellent street tree and street tree. There are "street trees"
Fatong seedlings
"Wang Da said. Platanus acerifolia (collectively referred to as Platanus acerifolia here) is the city tree of Zhengzhou City. The paulownia planted on both sides of the tunnel is particularly majestic, and because of its strong resistance to various toxic gases and strong ability to absorb harmful gases, it is quite suitable for greening blocks, factories and mines. However, the disadvantage is that after the cones are ripe, the seeds with burrs fly around the streets and get into people's eyes, nose and mouth, which brings great harm to human health and seriously pollutes the air. At the same time, hair and leaves are flying all over the street, which brings a great burden to sanitation workers. It is suggested to choose improved varieties without flying hair.
Medicinal value
Nature and taste: sweet, flat and non-toxic.
Ingredients: Boat-fruited Sterculia contains caffeine and gum.
Functions: benefiting qi and nourishing yin, improving eyesight, calming liver and blackening hair.
Trichophyton baldness sore (lalitou): Mash the fresh Chinese parasol flower and apply it to the affected area.
Rectal prolapse: buttonwood bark is boiled in thick juice and washed warmly, 2 ~ 3 times a day.
Hypertension: young leaves of buttonwood, 30g per day, decocted for tea.
Oral glossitis: charred sycamore, ground into fine powder and coated with honey several times a day.
Trauma, fire injury and erysipelas: Take fresh sycamore flowers and apply juice to the affected area several times a day (according to personal needs).
Edit this artificial cultivation
grow seedlings
Hard cutting
The key to the survival of hard cuttings lies in whether the cuttings can take root, and if they can take root, they can survive.
According to the rooting position of cuttings, cuttings can be divided into skin rooting type and callus rooting type.
(1) bark rooting type (poplar, willow, etc. )-Tree species with bark as the main root.
Tree cuttings with cuticle have root primordium (or root primordium) under the skin, which is located at the junction of the widest pith ray and cambium. Because the root primordium under willow branches has been formed before cutting or after sand storage or chemical treatment, after cutting, the root primordium continues to grow, and adventitious roots grow through phloem, lenticels or cortex, and then water is absorbed, and the cuttings are decomposed and transported to the growth point for cutting new branches and opening leaves, and the leaves are quickly photosynthesized to produce the required nutrients. Therefore, under the condition of ensuring water and nutrition, the cuttings obtained the time to form healing tissues and rooting substances, and finally the healing tissues also took root and survived.
Bark-rooted tree species can take root quickly after cutting because the cuttings have root primordium, and it is easier to survive. However, those tree species with less root primordium, such as Populus tomentosa, have less adventitious roots produced by root primordium after cutting, which is more difficult to survive. Therefore, a tree species like Populus tomentosa, although it is also a bark rooting type, is not easy to survive by cutting. Chemical agents such as grafting (gun twisting, bud grafting and one whip bud grafting), ABT rooting powder, auxin and sodium humate are needed to promote rooting and survival.
Root primordium is easier to find. During the growing season, the sap flows and the bark is easy to peel off. The small protrusions left on the stem after peeling off the bark are the root primordium.
(2) Rooting type of healing tissue (Platanus acerifolia, Cryptomeria fortunei, Larix gmelinii, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cedar, etc.). )-the tree species that first took root from the cuttings under the cuttings.
After injury, plants have the ability to restore vitality, protect wounds and form healing tissues. At the lower incision of cuttings, the division ability of cambium cells and near cambium cells is enhanced by the stimulation of injury hormones, and translucent parenchyma cells with obvious nuclei are gradually formed on the surface of the lower incision, which are primary healing tissues, and their functions are to protect the wound and absorb water and nutrients. The primary healing tissue continued to differentiate and gradually formed xylem, phloem, cambium and other tissues related to the corresponding tissues of cuttings. The cells of these healing tissues and the cells near the healing tissues are very active in the rooting process. Under suitable moisture and temperature conditions, growth points and root primordium are formed near the cambium near the incision, and then adventitious roots can grow and survive. Because of the polarity of callus hormones, they flow and accumulate to the lower part of cuttings, so it is usually seen that a large number of adventitious roots are formed at the lower part of cuttings. In addition, in the incision below the leaf scar, the healing tissue develops vigorously, so it takes root the most. When the healing tissue begins to take root, the cuttings focus nutrition on the growth of adventitious roots.
The regeneration of plant organs is related to auxin. The transportation of auxin is polar, that is, it is always transported from the top of the form (stem) to the bottom of the form (root), so that no matter whether the cuttings are inserted forward or backward, branches always grow from the stem and roots always grow from the root.
Cutting of rooting tree species with healing tissue is difficult to take root. One of the reasons is that the cortex of stem cuttings lacks ready-made root primordium. It must first form healing tissue, then it can differentiate into root primordium in or near it, and then adventitious roots can grow from the root primordium. This process is long, before the process is completed, the cuttings can't stand the lack of water and nutrition and die.
Platanus acerifolia can use hard cuttings, but the survival rate is low, reaching 60 ~ 70%
Tender cuttings
When cutting, there is no root primordium. The incision under the cuttings first formed healing tissue, and then the healing tissue differentiated into root primordium and grew adventitious roots. When the cells in the lower incision are cut, the cell fluid flows out, so that the cell gap is filled with cell fluid, and the cell fluid quickly oxidizes after contacting with air, forming a protective film, and gradually forming a cork layer inside. The healing tissue is formed by the newborn cells of the protective film, and the healing tissue continuously divides and differentiates to form conductive tissue and cambium, and then the growing point further differentiates to grow adventitious roots from the growing point.
Because the shoots contain more auxin, the semi-lignified branches have high nitrogen content, high soluble sugar and amino acid content, tender tissue and strong enzyme activity, which is beneficial to the formation and rooting of healing tissue. However, it still takes a long time for the healing tissue of the lower incision to form (for example, cedar takes 3 ~ 5 weeks), and it often dies because of slow rooting, insufficient nutrition and lack of water. In addition, because the tissue is tender, it is easy to be infected by bacteria and rot.
Platanus acerifolia generally adopts softwood cutting, and the survival rate is 80 ~ 90%.
control of insect
The pest control of Platanus acerifolia mainly includes Anoplophora glabripennis, Anoplophora glabripennis, Alternaria alternata and Eupolyphaga fusca. In the prevention and control, various methods such as artificial capture or black light trapping and killing adults, killing eggs, cutting insect branches and centralized treatment were adopted. During the emergence of adults and newly hatched larvae, chemical agents can be used to spray branches or tree crowns with 40% omethoate EC, 50% phoxim EC, 90% trichlorfon crystals and 25% deltamethrin EC 100 ~ 500 times. Prevention and control of larvae that have eaten into xylem by injection and hole plugging. For most larvae of Cerambycidae and Cerambycidae, the following methods can be used: dip 1 ~ 50 times of dichlorvos, omethoate, deltamethrin, etc. with a syringe or cotton wool. Enter the wormhole; The wormhole is blocked with aluminum phosphide or zinc phosphide poison stick and sealed with yellow mud, and the effect is good. Fungal blight of paulownia is the main disease, which can be controlled by changing stubble and raising seedlings. Repeated stubble is strictly prohibited. In autumn, the fallen leaves of seedbed are collected and burned to reduce the source of overwintering bacteria; From late May to July, spraying 1∶2∶200 times of Bordeaux solution on the leaves of seedlings for 2 ~ 3 times has a disease control effect.
powdery mildew
1 symptoms of powdery mildew of paulownia
Powdery mildew of paulownia mainly harms leaves and shoots, and can also harm buds. The surface of the damaged new shoots is covered with a layer of white powder, and the internodes of the diseased new shoots are short, and most of the leaves on the diseased shoots are dry and fall off in the later stage; When the leaves are damaged, white powdery patches are produced on the back, and the front leaves are yellow with different shades. The two sides of seriously ill leaves are covered with white powder layer, which shrinks and curls, making the leaves yellow and fall off early; Powdery mildew harms the tender buds of paulownia, making them slender in shape, tapering at the top and loose in bud scales. In severe cases, the buds died in the same year, and the lightly dyed buds germinated in the second year to form powdery mildew.
Fraxinus fargesii seedlings
The cusp of illness.
After infected with Fagopyrum cymosum, powdery mildew lurks in the trees, usually starting from May to June every year. At the early stage of the disease, powdery mildew spots appear on the front or back of leaves, and then gradually expand, which makes young leaves shrink and curl, and new shoots twist and shrink, which affects the normal growth of trees. When the disease is serious, yellow and white spots are formed in the white powder layer, and then gradually become yellowish brown or dark brown, which makes the leaves wither and fall off early.
2. Pathogenic conditions of Paulownia powdery mildew
Powdery mildew of paulownia is caused by an exotic fungus. After invading paulownia, the pathogen overwinters in bud scales in the form of hyphae. In the second year, when Paulownia germinates, dormant hyphae invade the new buds, and ascospores are emitted from the closed capsules for primary infection. On the surface of the tree, haustorium goes deep into the host tissue to absorb nutrients and water, and continues to expand on the host surface. When the temperature rises to 2 1 ~ 25℃ and the humidity reaches more than 70%, spores begin to multiply and spread, so powdery mildew of paulownia appears twice a year, in April-May and August-September respectively. Warm and dry spring, cool summer and abundant sunshine in autumn are the main reasons for promoting the spread of diseases.
3 prevention and control methods
3. 1 variety selection
Selecting varieties with mild disease or strong disease resistance is the most economical and effective method to control powdery mildew. Choose disease-free plants when buying seedlings. When buying seedlings, the infected plants should be strictly removed to eliminate the source of the disease. When the seedlings leave the nursery, they should be treated with pesticides to prevent the diseased seedlings from bringing germs into new areas.
3.2 Remove pathogens
During the dormant period of the tree, clear the garden and cut off the diseased branches and buds; Peel the buds in time in spring, cut off the new diseased branches, diseased buds, diseased branches and diseased leaves in time during the growth period, and take them away from the paulownia planting area for centralized treatment. In winter, diseased buds and diseased branches should be pruned as much as possible. Trees with serious diseases and high bacterial content in winter buds can achieve good disease prevention effect after repeated pruning for several years.
3.3 Strengthen management
Reasonable close planting, thinning the branches that are too close, make the crown ventilated and transparent, and reduce the infection of powdery mildew. Strengthen the tree vigor, increase the application of organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and avoid the imbalance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth caused by partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, which leads to the vigorous growth of paulownia trees, the weakening of tree vigor, and the untimely supply of nutrients leading to the decline of disease resistance.
3.4 Spraying control in growth period
The focus of prevention and treatment should be on spring, and the disease should be controlled in the early stage of onset. Spraying 1 times 5 Be stone sulfur mixture after new leaves germinate in spring and pruning in winter dormancy, and spraying mancozeb at the early stage of leaf development for control. After onset, 25% triamcinolone acetonide or 70% thiophanate-methyl with 800 ~ 1200 times can be sprayed every 10 ~ 15 days.
3.5 Centralized management
Paulownia is widely used in urban greening, so it should be controlled in a unified way, and the key disease areas should be observed, combined with proper pruning of branches with serious diseases, and the prevention and control efforts should be strengthened. In the use of drugs, it is best to use several drugs alternately to avoid drug resistance.
Mould spot disease
The mildew of paulownia is caused by leaves. There are many grayish brown or dark brown mildew layers on the back of the diseased leaves, and there are two types: small mildew layers with a diameter of 0.5 ~ 1 mm and large mildew layers with a diameter of 2 ~ 5 mm, which are glued, and there are nearly round brown spots of different sizes on the corresponding leaves. The pathogen overwinters on the diseased leaves in the form of pupal conidia. The disease started on seedlings in late May, and peaked in June and July, and stopped in 165438+ 10. It is rainy in summer and autumn, the seedlings are young or too dense, and the condition is serious. Cutting seedlings and young trees were slightly damaged. However, this disease has not been found in big trees.
Preventive and control measures
1. Seeding and seedling raising adopt stubble replacement or cutting seedling raising. Continuous cropping, sowing and seedling raising are prohibited. In autumn, the fallen leaves of seedbed are collected and burned to reduce the source of overwintering bacteria.
2. From late May to July, spray 1: 2: 200 times of Bordeaux solution for 2-3 times to prevent diseases, and spray the liquid medicine on the back of seedling leaves. Specially recommended: exotic bacteria, Amisi, etc. It has special effects on diseases caused by fungi.
Branch pruning
Plastic pruning in winter has an important influence on the growth and tree shape of paulownia. If winter pruning is not timely and reasonably carried out, the tree shape will be disordered, the main branches will be long, and the leaves will be few or low, which will greatly reduce its ornamental value and shading effect. Timely and reasonable pruning can make the tree majestic, tall and straight, beautiful, with dense and symmetrical branches and thick green leaves, and enhance the natural immunity of the tree in a short time.
The winter pruning of paulownia trees can be carried out before the leaves of paulownia trees fall off in autumn and winter, the soil freezes, and the tree sleeps until the sap flows out in the next spring. For newly planted young trees, when the stem is as high as 2.7 ~ 3 meters, it is called "fixed stem". Pruning can determine the future cultivation direction on the basis of observing the whole tree. First, cut the upright branches and drooping branches, then cut the branches of diseases and pests, cross branches, weak branches, inward branches and branches that affect traffic facilities, and finally leave 3 ~ 4 strong main branches. The main branches should be conducive to plastic surgery in the future, grow strong and have moderate angles. After selecting the main branch, cut it short at 30 ~ 40 cm near the base, the section should be smooth without damaging the bark, and the section should be coated with protective agent to avoid pests and diseases and water transpiration. Healing wounds can also promote callus formation, which is beneficial to wound healing and prevent bacterial infection. The wound protection agent can be wax, white paint, tung oil or paint.
Young trees grow every 3-4 years and are pruned in winter. Generally, three or four main branches can be kept basically unchanged for the first time, and then 1 ~ 2 robust branchlets can be kept on each main branch, and the length can reach 20 ~ 30cm when cut short. The lateral branches on the branchlets can be retained according to the specific situation. For example, under the condition that the communication line near the tree is not high, only 3-4 short main branches left after the first drying can be kept, which can reduce the height of the whole tree and increase the transparency of the branches, without affecting its growth and keeping the tree shape well.
For the paulownia that has been formed, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive pruning every winter. Pay attention to cultivating the advantages of main branches, and cut off pests and diseases, erect branches, overlapping branches, densely clustered branches and side branches. Retract the long main branches, stimulate the branches and leaves at the base of the main branches and side branches, prevent baldness and ensure a thick leaf curtain layer.
Alsophila spinulosa has strong germination and is very resistant to pruning. If the pruning is reasonable, the beautiful shape of the tree can be maintained. If the pruning is unreasonable, it can also be made up in time in the next pruning to achieve its due tree-like effect.
edaphic condition
What is the effect of cutting paulownia in saline-alkali soil?
Cutting paulownia in saline-alkali land has great influence. Although paulownia does not require high soil quality, it is not suitable for growing paulownia cuttings in saline-alkali land. If your seedlings have roots, the survival rate of paulownia can reach more than 90%. It has a lot to do with the previous climate, and the survival rate of Alsophila spinulosa cuttings is not high.
Fatong (five sheets)