Practical cultivation techniques of grape in protected field
First, the performance characteristics of plastic greenhouses
(A) the characteristics of temperature changes
1, with obvious seasonal differences.
There are obvious seasonal differences in the temperature level and its changes in the greenhouse.
2. The daily temperature changes dramatically, with inversion.
The daily variation trend of temperature in greenhouse is basically the same as that outside, but the temperature difference between day and night is large. The lowest temperature appears before sunrise 1-2 hours, which is later or at the same time than outdoor, and the duration is short, and the temperature in the shed rises quickly. The highest temperature mostly appears in the afternoon 1, which is earlier or at the same time as outdoor, and the greenhouse temperature drops after 2-3 pm. The temperature difference between day and night in the shed is 65438+2-2 months, but it is larger from March to September. The temperature difference in sunny days is much larger than that in cloudy days, and the temperature difference in cloudy days is small, with a gentle daily change. The warming effect of greenhouse varies with weather conditions, with a significant warming in sunny days and no significant warming in cloudy days. There is a "temperature reversal phenomenon" in the greenhouse. The so-called "temperature reversal phenomenon" means that the lowest temperature in the greenhouse is lower than that outside. Temperature reversal may occur all year round, but it is obvious in spring, which is the most harmful. When the cold air invaded south, the lowest temperature in the shed was lower than that outside the shed on the first sunny and breezy night after the north wind1-20c-20c. The temperature reversal starts at night 10 and ends after sunrise. In late spring and early summer, due to the temperature rising, inversion will not cause harm, and inversion in autumn is not obvious.
3. The horizontal distribution of temperature in the shed is uneven, and there is a "marginal effect".
The horizontal distribution of temperature in the shed 1 m shows that the temperature in the middle and south of the shed is the highest, the temperature in the north is lower, and it is lower in the northwest and southeast at night. Near the edge of shed formwork at 1-2m, there is a low temperature zone, which is 2-30c lower than that in the middle.
(2) Characteristics of ground temperature change
The diurnal variation of shallow soil temperature in greenhouse is consistent with that in greenhouse, but the highest and lowest ground temperatures appear in about 2 hours, with a large change in sunny days and a small change in cloudy days. The horizontal distribution of shallow ground temperature in the shed is also uneven, and the ground temperature in the middle is higher than that in the surrounding area.
(3) Variation characteristics of light
1, the light intensity in the shed has seasonal differences.
In spring, the light intensity in the shed increases with the increase of the solar altitude angle from Zhixia, and the light transmittance is generally 50%-60%.
2. The light intensity in the shed is related to the texture, service life and management of the covering film.
Commonly used covering plastic films are polyethylene film and polyvinyl chloride film. The transmittance of dry-cleaning PVC film with the same thickness (0. 1mm) in visible light band is 86%-88%, while that of polyethylene is 7 1%-80%.
After the plastic film is used for a period of time, due to aging, dust absorption, condensation and other reasons, the light transmittance will gradually decrease, but the speed of decline is related to the texture of the film. The original light transmittance of an ordinary PVC film was 90%, which decreased to 55% after 60 days of use and only 15% after one year. The original light transmittance of a polyethylene dustproof film is 90%, which can still reach 82% after 60 days of use and 58% after one year.
When the film is covered with water droplets, the light transmittance will be greatly reduced. The light transmittance of the dried and clean film is 90%. When the film is covered with water droplets with a diameter of 1-2mm, the light transmittance will decrease to 62%, and when the film is covered with water droplets with a diameter of 2-3mm, the light transmittance will decrease to 57%. Therefore, it is suggested to use drip-free film in production practice.
3. The direction of the greenhouse affects the light distribution in the greenhouse.
North-South extension is advocated in production. The light distribution in the north-south greenhouse is relatively uniform, which is convenient for ventilation.
(4) Characteristics of humidity change
The greenhouse is a high temperature environment, and the air humidity in the greenhouse is much higher than that outside the greenhouse, especially in a closed greenhouse on sunny days. When it encounters continuous cloudy days, the humidity in the greenhouse is higher, which is easy to induce diseases. The horizontal distribution of relative humidity in the shed is characterized by that the peripheral part is about 10% higher than the central part, which is just the opposite of the temperature distribution. Ventilation and irrigation have great influence on the relative humidity of the air in the shed. The former reduces humidity, while the latter increases humidity.
(5) Carbon dioxide concentration
In the daily variation of carbon dioxide in greenhouse, it reaches the peak from night to sunrise, drops sharply after sunrise, and rises after ventilation, but it is lower than the concentration in outdoor atmosphere, and the carbon dioxide content is insufficient throughout the day. The horizontal distribution of carbon dioxide concentration in greenhouse is uneven, with high middle and low edge.
Second, the temperature management of grapes in plastic greenhouse
Greenhouse temperature management is the key to cultivate grapes in protected areas. It is necessary to ensure that plants are not damaged by low temperature or high temperature, and to meet the requirements of the most suitable temperature in each growth stage of grapes, so as to successfully complete the whole growth process and produce high-quality grapes as planned.
(a) buckle film heating to accelerate germination
After the natural dormancy period of grapes (generally more than 2 months), the film can be buckled to heat up and accelerate germination. In the first week of heating, keep 15~200C during the day and 5 ~100 c at night; In the second week, it was maintained at 15~200C during the day and increased to 10 ~ 150 C at night. After the third week, it is maintained at 20~250C during the day and around 200C at night. In this way, the bud eyes can germinate in about 20 days. This is extremely beneficial to early fruit harvesting. In addition, the ground around plants can be covered with plastic film to increase the ground temperature and gradually raise the temperature to avoid the disharmony between the above-ground part and the underground part. Please note that the maximum temperature should not exceed 300C to prevent the introduction of high-temperature obstacles.
(2) Temperature control from germination to flowering.
Generally, when the temperature in the open field is stable above 200C, only part of the film at the edge of the shed is removed, so that the temperature in the shed is basically the same as that in the open field, and the film on the ceiling is kept to avoid rain and disasters and reduce diseases.
During the period from germination to flowering, the new shoots of grapes grow rapidly and the floral organs are constantly differentiated. In order to prevent new shoots from growing white, the temperature should be kept at 20~250C during the day and 15~200C at night. Before and after flowering, the temperature should be slightly increased, controlled at 25~280C during the day and at 18~220C at night, so as to meet the needs of temperature for flowering and fruit setting and ensure the smooth progress of pollination and fertilization.
(3) Temperature control during fruit expansion period
In order to promote the rapid expansion of young fruits, the temperature in the shed can be appropriately increased during the day, controlled at 28~300C, and still maintained at 18~220C at night. Attention should be paid to ventilation, so that the daytime temperature in the shed does not exceed 300 C. When berries are ripe, in order to increase the nutrient accumulation and sugar content of the trees, the temperature difference between day and night can be increased (up to about 100C). Therefore, the daytime temperature will gradually drop to 15 ~ 160℃ or lower, and the maximum temperature will not exceed 320℃ ..
3. Surface setting of grape trellis
Red grapes are planted with 3× 1m row spacing and V-shaped double fence frame.
Seedless white heart grapes were planted with 3×0.5m row spacing, and V-shaped double hedges were used on the surface of the wall frame.
The shelf surface is set as follows: (1)10×12× 250 cm cold eight-filament cement poured grape pile. (2) The span of grape piles is 4-6m. (3) On each pile, the first crossbar is 70cm away from the ground, and the second crossbar and the third crossbar are 200m away from the ground, located at130cm. (4) the length of the crossbar, the first root is 40cm long, and the second and third roots are 80cm long. (5) The two ends of each crossbar are fastened with 10- 12 iron wires, thus forming a V-shaped frame surface with three or six iron wires and two fence walls.
Fourth, prune the grapes
Adopt double hedges, double arms and single layer horizontal pruning. The specific method is as follows: after the seedlings germinate, two robust new shoots are selected and cultivated into trunk, and the hedges on both sides are tied respectively. When the new buds grow to 70 cm, pick the buds to promote the germination of secondary buds. Each trunk selects two robust secondary branches to cultivate the main vine, and the others are erased. When it grows to 70cm, remove the core, flatten it to both sides, tie the first iron wire horizontally, and select the secondary branches that grow upwards according to the branch spacing of 15-20 cm. All remaining secondary buds should be removed as soon as possible. When the secondary branch to be selected reaches 1.5- 1.6m, it is picked and cultivated into bearing mother branches. After coring, 4-5 leaves of secondary branches sprouting at the top will be repeatedly cored, and the remaining leaves will also be cored to promote the growth of branches and vines, which is beneficial to popularization. When pruning in winter, 3-4 buds of the fruiting mother vine are cut off, and the tree shape is basically completed.
To cultivate this tree, after the seedlings germinate, two robust new shoots can be selected as the trunk for cultivation, and the fence walls on both sides can be tied separately. When the new shoots grow to 70 cm, the core is taken to promote the secondary branches, and two robust secondary branches are selected from each trunk to be cultivated into fruiting female vines. When the length of four bearing vines is 1.0- 1.2m, the secondary secondary buds germinate after enucleation, except for the secondary secondary buds with 1 4-6 leaves at the top of each vine, the others are 65438+. When pruning in winter, all the secondary shoots on the fruiting vine are cut off and tied to the first iron wire horizontally. In the second year, after the new branches germinate, leave 1 root new branches (or fruit branches) every 15~20cm, and tie them evenly on the shelf surface. In the third year, cut 3-4 buds on each branch, and the tree is finished.
V. New tip management
It is similar to the open field, but attention should be paid to the excessive growth and irregular growth of new shoots to stabilize the tree potential and improve the product quality.
(1) Bud wiping
Bud smearing time should be adapted to be later than the open field, and should be carried out when the strength can be distinguished and the inflorescence can be distinguished. When applying the buds, keep the moderately growing fruits, and wipe them off as soon as possible to expose the slender and useless buds.
(2) Fixed tip
The yield per mu should be controlled at around 1 ton. When cutting in winter, leave about 7 fruiting branches per square meter, and leave 1 ear for each new fruiting branch. The suitable spacing of new fruit branches on the shelf surface is 15-20 cm, which ensures the ventilation and light transmission of the shelf surface and the improvement of fruit quality.
(3) Guidance and restraint
When the new shoots grow to 40cm, they should be tied to the frame surface in time to keep the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the shed good.
(4) coring and secondary tip treatment
Results New shoots usually need to be picked 5-7 days before flowering to improve the fruit setting rate. Generally, 7- 10 leaves are picked above the inflorescence. After coring, the germinated secondary buds left 1 extension at the top, and the rest were all erased. Leave 3-4 leaves of the remaining secondary branches for repeated coring.
If the winter buds are planned to be used for secondary fruiting, after the first fruit harvest, the elongated secondary branches reserved at the top are cut off to force the winter buds under the incision to germinate and bear fruit. Usually, the winter buds under the cutting mouth 1-2 can germinate the second fruiting branch in 10- 13 days after cutting. Only 1 leaf is left above the secondary fruiting branch. After the secondary branches of 1 leaf germinate, all the secondary branches under the inflorescence are erased to prolong the secondary branches and expand the leaf area.
When cultivating young plants, in order to promote the growth of the main vine and make the buds on the main vine differentiate well, four leaves are left for the top 1 secondary branch after coring, and 1 leaf is left for other secondary branches in the leaf axils. At the same time, the axillary buds of the leaf were pinched off, and the ability of secondary secondary buds was basically lost.
Six, ear management
(1) sparse ears
On the basis of determining the new shoot load, only 1 ear is left for each robust fruit branch, which is bigger or smaller? According to the needs of market customers.
(2) Ear pruning
It is to cultivate beautiful ear shape and improve the commodity value of fruit.
Before flowering 1 week, pinch off the secondary spike of the inflorescence, and pinch off the top of the main spike according to the size of the inflorescence to make the inflorescence conical.
(3) Sparse particles
Sparse the small and abnormal fruit grains on the ear, determine the number of remaining grains according to the variety, and sparse the over-dense fruit grains that affect the ear shape to keep the fruit grain size uniform.
(4) ear bagging
Bagging is generally carried out after particle refinement. Before bagging, spray 1 times and 200 times and a half of 1: 0.7: 200 bordeaux solution on the thinned ear, and then put on bagging after the fruit powder liquid is dried. Choose a special grape paper fruit bag, and choose different specifications according to the size of the ear. After covering, the upper mouth of the bag should be tied tightly and fixed on the old branches, and a small hole should be cut at the two corners of the lower mouth to facilitate air circulation in the bag.
Seven, soil, fertilizer and water management
soil management
Grape planting in protected areas requires sandy loam and loam with high organic matter content, deep soil layer, looseness, fertility, good ventilation, strong water retention and good drainage. Before planting, a large number of high-quality organic fertilizers and calcium superphosphate should be applied in layers in the soil, and high-quality organic fertilizers should be applied in conjunction with deep ploughing between rows after fruit picking every year to create good soil conditions for the growth and development of grape roots.
(2) Fertilizer management
1, apply base fertilizer in autumn.
After the grapes are harvested or at the beginning of September, it is very beneficial to restore the tree vigor by combining deep ploughing and applying base fertilizer. Usually, ditch application method is adopted, and a strip ditch with a width of 40cm and a depth of 40-60 cm is dug along the grape fence at a distance of 80- 100 cm, and the base fertilizer is evenly mixed with the soil and buried in the ditch, and the application amount is generally 3000—4000kg per mu.
2. Surface treatment
In the growing season of new shoots, fertilization should be applied as appropriate according to the growth situation. Generally, the leaves are small, light in color, thin and weak in new shoots, short in internodes and lacking in fertilizer. Topdressing urea 25-50g/ plant or spraying 0.2% urea solution for 2-3 times at an interval of 7- 10 day. To prevent overgrowth (large leaves, thin leaves, thick new buds, long internodes, etc.). ), nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation amount must be controlled.
Grapes in protected areas are prone to boron deficiency. Generally, 0. 1%~0.2% borax solution 1.5~2.0kg borax fertilizer is sprayed on the surface of each mu in winter.
At the fruit swelling stage, the root system was topdressing with special compound fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco (N6%, P2O5 12%, K2O24%), per plant 1kg, and the foliage was sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate for 3-5 times every 7- 10 days to increase and meet the demand of grape plants for phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. This is beneficial to enhance plant resistance, increase fruit sugar content, and promote berry coloring and branch maturity.
(3) Water management
Water management to protect grapes is very important. The humidity in the facility not only has a great influence on the growth and development of grapes, especially on germination, fruit setting and fruit quality, but also has a close effect on controlling the occurrence of diseases in the greenhouse. Water management should try to meet the requirements of different growth periods, reduce the air humidity in the shed as much as possible, and form environmental conditions to reduce the occurrence of diseases.
Water the grapes 1 time before they are heated and germinated. After grapes penetrate into the soil under water, the soil should be loosened to a depth of about 65,438+00 cm and leveled. Plastic films with a width of 50cm should be laid on both sides of the plant base to keep moisture and raise the ground temperature, and the relative humidity of the air should be kept at 70%-80%. In the growth period of new shoots, in order to prevent overgrowth and facilitate flower bud differentiation, attention should be paid to ventilation and irrigation to reduce the relative humidity of the air in the shed to 60%-70%. Before and after flowering, in order to ensure normal flowering and reduce the occurrence of diseases, it is necessary to ventilate frequently to reduce the relative humidity of the air in the shed to 50%-60%. In order to promote the rapid growth of fruit, irrigation can be done within 25 days after fruit setting, with the water permeability of 1-2 times, so that the soil moisture content can reach 70%-80% and the relative humidity of air in the shed can be controlled at about 70%. From the fruit coloring period to the harvest period, irrigation should be stopped to increase the sugar content of the fruit, promote coloring and ripening, and prevent the fruit from cracking. The humidity in the shed should be controlled at about 60%. After the fruit is harvested, the drought lasts for a long time in winter, so it can be properly irrigated once.
Eight, pest control
Keep the ground clean in the shed, ensure the ventilation and light transmission of the shelf surface, and reasonably control the temperature and humidity to reduce the source of the disease and control its disease conditions.
The main pests of greenhouse grapes are red spider, two-star leafhopper, thrips, grape rust, grape mealybug and so on. The main diseases are powdery mildew, downy mildew, gray mold, white rot, black pox, anthracnose and so on.
Prevention and control: firstly, before germination, peel off the old skin from the main vines of mature plants to eliminate the adults and eggs of pests, as well as the germs and spores overwintering in the old skin. When operating, pay attention to paving the ground with plastic sheets, then collect and burn them, and don't spill them on the ground. Secondly, spray 3-50b mixture of lime and sulfur when the bud scales are cracked in the germination stage. So as to completely eliminate overwintering eggs and pathogen spores. At the same time, the ground is also sprayed with cloth, which can completely eliminate the overwintering bacteria and eggs in the shed.
During the growth period, comprehensive control should be carried out with emphasis on powdery mildew and downy mildew to protect plant leaves and promote plant accumulation. Spray cloth with 50% Toxometalaxyl and 70% mancozeb. If insects such as leafhopper, red spider, mealybug and grape rust tick are found, 40% dimethoate EC 150 times can be sprayed 1 time.
In the fruit-bearing period, in case of certain diseases and insect pests, it is best to use the closed conditions in the early stage of the reserve to use aerosol pesticides for sealed fumigation at night to kill germs, pests and eggs.
Pay attention to the uniform fog when spraying fruit, spray cloth carefully, spray more leaves on the back, and pay attention to safety.
Nine, the second fruit setting technology in grape greenhouse
After the first harvest of grapes, all the secondary branches at the top are cut off to induce the secondary branches of winter buds under the incision. Generally, the bud germinates in 10- 15 days, and it takes 20 days from germination to flowering, and 70-75 days for the fruit to fully mature. Pay attention to temperature control in the shed, strengthen fertilizer and water management and pest control, and the management method of new shoots is the same as above.