Ban Li studied the propagation techniques of Akebia trifoliata seedlings [7]. There are four propagation methods: seed propagation, buried propagation, rooting propagation and cutting propagation.
3. 1 seed propagation
From September to June, when the fruit is ripe in 5438+1October, pick the fruit and eat the pulp, and leave the seeds for timely autumn sowing. First, wash the seeds with alkaline water, rinse them with clear water, drain the water, and sow them in the selected seedbed in time. Seed propagation is simple and easy, and the bred seedlings bear fruit later, usually after 3 years, and are generally not used for production.
3.2 Buried propagation
The stem of Akebia trifoliata has strong germination ability. Select 1 ~ 2-year-old vine and bury it in the soil. 1 month later, they can take root and reproduce all year round. Generally, it can blossom and bear fruit in the second year after planting.
3.3 Rooting propagation
Take root and propagate before germination in early spring. A bag of multiple plants can be manually divided into multiple plants from the root. Under the condition of not cutting off the branches and vines, planting in the same year will bear fruit in the same year.
3.4 Cutting propagation
Cutting can be carried out all year round. Choose robust, pest-free 1 ~ 2-year-old vines, cut them into 10cm long branches, cut them into arranged seedbeds, pay attention to water stains, cover and germinate to prevent drought. If conditions permit, branches and vines can be soaked with ABT2 rooting powder for cutting, and the survival rate can reach over 95%.
Zhou Huiling and others also studied the cuttage seedling raising of Akebia trifoliata [8]. Through the seedling raising experiment of Akebia trifoliata with different treatments, the results showed that when the cuttings were soaked with ABT2 rooting powder with the concentration of 100 mg/kg for 2 hours, the cuttings took root in a ring explosion, and the number of roots was more than that of the control 1 root. The cuttings treated with NAA and clean water (control) all took strong root with unilateral star shape, and the rooting time and root number were basically the same. In terms of seedling height growth, ABT2 rooting powder treatment was 65% larger than the control, and the annual growth period was extended by nearly 1 month. The height growth of NAA treatment with the concentration of 100mg/kg was 16% higher than that of the control, and the annual growth cycle was basically the same. In addition, different cutting periods also affect the survival rate. The survival rate of hardwood cutting is higher in spring, summer and autumn, while the softwood cutting with leaves can promote the rooting and high growth of seedlings and the number of branches, thus achieving the goal of cultivating high-quality seedlings.
Four, afforestation technology research
Zhou Huiling and others studied its landscape construction and management technology.
4. 1 Garden selection
When planting Akebia trifoliata, factors such as topography, soil, irrigation and drainage, traffic and market demand should be comprehensively considered, and forest land with deep soil layer and good lighting conditions should be selected for garden construction, and the minimum depth of soil layer should not be less than 60cm.
4.2 Afforestation technology
4.2. 1 afforestation season and cultivation methods
Akebia trifoliata, like other evergreen fruit trees, can be planted in autumn and winter before germination to the following spring, in southern Guizhou from 5438+00 to the first half of March, and in Yichun when the climate is dry in winter. It is advisable to dig a big pit or ditch and apply sufficient fully decomposed base fertilizer. Because there are few fibrous roots of Akebia trifoliata seedlings, the roots begin to germinate much slower than germination, so watering is needed when planting. The results showed that planting Akebia trifoliata seedlings with stubble after germination and before germination in the second spring can significantly improve the survival rate of afforestation.
planting density
When planting Akebia trifoliata, the row spacing and plant spacing should not be too large, depending on soil fertility and varieties. The planting density of common varieties is (2 ~ 3m) × 3m, and 2 plants per hole are suitable. The Akebia trifoliata forest land can be intercropped and interplanted in the early stage to improve the early fruit setting and economic benefits of the forest land.
4.2.3 Variety configuration
In areas with convenient transportation and close to the market, we can choose fresh food varieties to establish commercial fruit production bases. In mountainous areas with backward transportation, we can choose processed varieties to make juice and jelly, or fresh-picked, graded and packaged as medicinal raw materials. Freshly squeezed and processed juice varieties suitable for development in southern Guizhou include green tangerine peel, yellow wax, Zaosheng and other Akebia trifoliata varieties, and varieties used as medicinal raw materials include Phnom Penh and purple peel. Most varieties of Akebia trifoliata can bear parthenocarpy, and pollination trees cannot be equipped to cultivate seedless fruits. However, a few Akebia trifoliata varieties, such as Akebia trifoliata and Akebia purpurea, need pollination trees, and the ratio of pollination trees to main varieties is 1: (6 ~ 15).
4.3 Plastic dressing
The shape of Akebia trifoliata is mainly suitable for evacuation and stratification, and the Akebia trifoliata fruit tree with wide crown and small tree body should be natural and happy. The purpose of pruning is to keep the tree shape, promote the results and increase the yield. Pruning in summer can remove useless sprouting strips and sprouting strips during the growth period, or remove the core of new branches that are too thick and promote the formation of trees. In winter, we should deal with the relationship between main branches, fruiting branches and long branches, and cut off diseased branches and pests and diseases.
4.4 Flower and fruit protection technology
4.4. 1 pollination variety tree configuration
Allocating pollination trees is the fundamental measure to solve the serious problem of flower and fruit dropping in some parthenocarpy varieties. If pollination is poor, fruit seeds can't develop normally, and water and fertilizer management is not in place, trees will age and plant diseases and insect pests will intensify, leading to a sharp decline in yield. Therefore. For some varieties with poor parthenocarpy, a certain number of pollination trees should be used for cultivation. Some varieties with pollinating trees are also related to whether the fruit can be astringent.
4.4.2 Improve the nutritional status of trees.
Whether the tree can meet the nutritional needs of Akebia trifoliata fruit is also one of the important reasons for Akebia trifoliata fruit drop. Therefore, it is one of the effective measures to control the yield of Akebia trifoliata by controlling the number of fruits.
4.4.3 Application of Plant Growth Regulators
Spraying plant growth regulators and quick-acting fertilizers on the leaves before fruit dropping can improve the fruit setting rate of Akebia trifoliata. According to the experiment, spraying Aidoushou 2 ~ 3 times before flowering10-25 days can effectively improve the fruit setting rate of Akebia trifoliata.
4.5 Prevention and control of pests and diseases
The main diseases of Akebia trifoliata in southern Guizhou are anthracnose, angular leaf spot, circular leaf spot and Fusarium wilt. The pests that harm Akebia trifoliata include Spodoptera exigua, tea yellow moth, scarab, dry beetle, white scale, aphid, red spider and so on. The following control measures can be taken: (1) Cut off all branches of pests and diseases in winter and early spring, scrape off diseased spots, clear the garden and burn deciduous branches, and spray 5B sulfur mixture to control anthracnose before germination. (2) Spraying 600 times of thiophanate solution and 0.30-0.55 times of sulfur mixed solution for 2-3 times before the new shoots bloom. (3) 1: 5600 times of bordeaux mixture 1 ~ 2 times of bordeaux mixture can be sprayed at the young fruit stage after flowering to prevent and control spot and angular leaf spot. (4) During the fruit growing period, chemicals should be sprayed to control leaf diseases such as anthracnose according to climatic conditions. (5) In addition to the garden in autumn, pay attention to sweeping leaves, removing diseased stems and eliminating all germs and residues.
4.5. 1 plant ash for both medicine and fertilizer.
Plant ash is the ashes of burning herbs and woody plants, and almost all mineral elements contained in plants exist in plant ash. Among them, potassium is the most abundant, generally containing 6- 12%, and more than 90% is water-soluble. Followed by phosphorus, generally containing1.5-3%; It also contains trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron and molybdenum. It is an organic fertilizer with wide sources, low cost, complete nutrients and remarkable fertilizer efficiency. It can adjust soil pH value, loosen soil, enhance soil water-holding and drought-resistance ability, promote Akebia trifoliata fruit stalks and vines to be strong, make leaves thick and green, enhance stress resistance and improve yield and quality. It is also an efficient, broad-spectrum and pollution-free botanical pesticide for sterilization, disinfection and pest control. A. Source of plant ash: A. plant ash produced by firewood burning in farm stoves can be collected and sealed at any time. B, some power plants use straw as raw material for power generation. A large amount of plant ash produced after combustion can be made into bagged plant ash fertilizer. C, all kinds of weeds, branches and leaves can be burned into ashes, cooled, bagged and sealed. B, plant ash preservation method: A, warehouse storage. Conditional can build a warehouse in plant ash, the ground to avoid water, moisture. B, bagged. Plant ash will pack it in plastic bags in time and keep it sealed. C, strictly avoid mixing with other farmyard manure. Plant ash is alkaline, which will cause nitrogen volatilization and reduce fertilizer efficiency. C. Application method of plant ash: A. plant ash cannot be mixed with farmyard manure (human manure, manure, compost, etc.). ) avoid nitrogen volatilization loss; Nor can it be mixed with phosphate fertilizer to avoid phosphorus fixation and reduce fertilizer efficiency. B plant ash is alkaline, so acidic or neutral soil is suitable for soil application, but alkaline soil is not suitable. Soil application can be used as base fertilizer, topdressing and seed fertilizer. When planting seed fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer should not be too large, and it should be more than 5 cm away from the seeds to prevent the seeds from burning. The dosage per mu is 50- 100 kg. The soil should be applied in a centralized way, which can be applied in strips or holes with a depth of about 8 cm, and then covered with soil. After the rain, Chu Qing can also be applied to the root zone. Mix twice as much wet soil or spray a little water before paving. It can also be mixed with water in sunny days 1: 30-60. C foliar fertilizer: more than 90% of the potassium contained in plant ash is soluble in water, which is a quick-acting potassium fertilizer. According to this characteristic, plant ash can be used as topdressing outside the roots, and it is soaked in clean water for 1: 30-50 hours, clarified and filtered, and then sprayed on the leaves. D plant ash is suitable for all kinds of fruit trees, especially Akebia trifoliata. D. Uses of plant ash: A. Prevention and control of pests and diseases: It can prevent bacterial and viral infections when applied to fruit tree wounds; Spraying plant ash Leachate with the concentration of 1: 30 on the leaves can prevent and treat many viral and bacterial diseases. Can prevent and control aphids, red spiders and other pests; Spraying 30-50 kilograms of plant ash per mu can kill underground pests, germs and viruses and protect the healthy growth of roots; Irrigation with 1: 30 plant ash water is very effective in controlling root rot, root nematodes and root maggots. B, promoting seed germination: covering Akebia trifoliata seeds with 2 cm soil and plant ash 1-2 cm soil can raise soil temperature, keep loose and ventilated state, promote seeds to germinate in advance, and the grown seedlings are neat and robust, with high seedling rate and no pests and diseases. C, promoting rooting: plant ash contains a lot of humic acid. When Akebia trifoliata is transplanted, soaking the root system with 1: 100 plant ash water for 20 hours can increase effective nutrients, promote the growth of the root system, and have a good effect on the prevention and control of pests and diseases. D, prevent falling leaves. Spraying 1: 30-50 plant ash Leaching Solution on leaves can improve leaf vitality, enhance photosynthesis, promote chlorophyll synthesis, prolong leaf life and prevent early defoliation and less defoliation. E, improve quality: plant ash is a high-quality organic fertilizer with complete nutrients, which can make Akebia trifoliata leaves green, enhance photosynthesis, reduce flower and fruit dropping, promote flower and fruit coloring, and improve fruit quality and yield. F, improving drought resistance: For dry land with poor irrigation conditions, spraying plant ash extract with 1: 30 continuously for 2-3 times can improve drought resistance. Because plant ash contains a lot of potassium ions, it can effectively weaken the transpiration intensity of Akebia trifoliata leaves, enhance the ability of drought resistance and high temperature resistance, promote the operation of carbohydrates, and improve the ability of trees to resist diseases and insects. 4.5.2 Garlic used as medicine and fertilizer contains more than 100 components, which is not only a complete organic fertilizer, but also a broad-spectrum and efficient botanical pesticide. Among them, there are 43 sulfur-containing volatiles, 3 sulfites 13 and 7 amino acids 17, among which the contents of semi-deaminase, histidine and lysine are high. 8 peptides, 12 glycosides, 1 1 enzyme. Comprise ether, fatty acid, allicin, lysozyme and bioactive phytoncide. Every 100g contains: vitamin B6 1.50mg protein 4.50g fat 0.20g). Pantothenic acid 0.70 mg carbohydrate 27.60 g folic acid 92.00 g dietary fiber1./kloc-0.0 g vitamin A 5.00 g carotene 30.00 g thiamine 0.04 mg riboflavin 0.06 mg nicotinic acid 0.60 mg vitamin C 7.00 mg vitamin E 65433. Calcium 39.00 mg phosphorus 1 17.00 mg potassium 302.00 mg sodium 19.60 mg magnesium 2 1.00 mg iron 1.20 mg zinc 0.88 mg selenium 3.09 μ g copper 0.22. Sulfur-containing compounds in garlic can inhibit and kill many kinds of germs and viruses, which is the strongest antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and detoxification among natural plants found at present. Mashing garlic into mud, adding 20-50 times of water, fully stirring and filtering, and spraying on leaves to prevent and control aphids, red spiders, scale insects, nymphs, gray mold, downy mildew, powdery mildew, Fusarium wilt and fruit rust; Irrigation of root system can prevent root rot, root nematode disease, root maggot disease and so on. It can also increase effective nutrients and promote root growth. Cutting garlic stems and leaves into small pieces and scattering them in the garden to rot can reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, and it is also a good organic fertilizer.
5. Study on preservation technology?
Cao Yong and others studied the respiratory physiology and storage conditions of Akebia trifoliata fruit. The results showed that Akebia trifoliata fruit belongs to respiratory climacteric type, and prolonging the ripening time as much as possible and delaying the climacteric period of the fruit are the key to its storage and preservation. According to its characteristics, the fruit should be harvested at the eighth maturity and stored at low temperature (about 7℃).
Right), selecting 0.2% Na2SO3, soaking Akebia trifoliata fresh fruit in liquid and controlling the oxygen concentration to 3% in storage environment are all important links of Akebia trifoliata preservation.
5. 1 harvesting, processing and storage
The results of harvest year, month and processing test of Akebia trifoliata stem and vine showed that the quality characteristics of stem and vine became better with the extension of harvest year. The dry weight, color, mineral content, extract content and permeability of 3-year-old stems are obviously better than those of 3-year-old stems, 2-year-old stems, 1 annual stems and 1 annual stems. 165438+1The harvest in mid-October was also significantly higher than that in March, May, July and September. The quality of fruits harvested around September 1 is better than that harvested in July, August and June 10. Collect stems and vines in summer and autumn and dry them. Akebia trifoliata fruit belongs to respiratory jump type. It is beneficial to the long-term storage of Akebia trifoliata fruits to adopt storage measures such as low temperature storage at 7℃, soaking in 0.2% Na2SO3 solution and controlling the oxygen concentration in the storage environment at 3%. The processing technology of Akebia trifoliata stems, leaves and fruits mainly includes harvesting and drying, and drying in the shade and at 60℃ does not affect the quality characteristics of the medicinal materials.
5.2 Processing method and health care effect of Akebia trifoliata fruit tea
Nine-ripe deformed fruits, damaged fruits and small fruits (the same as big fruits and good fruits) are scrubbed with well water or tap water and 5% vinegar, dried, shredded with mincer or artificial meat and seeds, dried with clean bamboo poles (dried with a dryer below 70 degrees or without fireworks in rainy days), frequently turned over, fully dried, air-cooled, and sealed with iron boxes or porcelain bottles. A, tea filling: put 5- 15g of fruit tea into a cup, make tea with boiling water of 80- 100 degrees and keep shaking for a while, then pour out the washed tea leaves, then fill the cup with boiling water and cover it, and drink it when the tea soup turns red, bright and transparent. The taste is fragrant and slightly sweet, without bitterness, and it is extremely resistant to washing. A cup of tea made several times a day is still strong. Rich in nutrition, it fully supplements various vitamins, amino acids and trace elements needed by human body. . . . . . The comprehensive adjustment of human body functions tends to be normal, and the health care effect is better than any tea. Regular drinking can eliminate toxins in the body, enhance immunity, nourish yin and kidney, enhance physical strength, beauty beauty, diminish inflammation and bacteria, strengthen stomach and digestion, prevent diseases and cancer, and prolong life. It is the king of green tea and organic tea, and it is also a rare delicacy. For better health care, it can be brewed with honey or brown sugar (diabetics have no sugar! ) I have been drinking Akebia trifoliata fruit tea for many years. After many people drink it, their immunity is enhanced, their intestines and stomach are healthy, all kinds of inflammation have disappeared, and people who love colds have stopped catching colds, and they are more energetic and younger. The magical health care effect is extraordinary. B. Soaking wine: Take one or two cups of fruit tea, rinse it with boiling water of 100 degree for a while, pour out the washed tea and put the fruit tea into the glass.
Add 5-6 kg of rice wine or corn wine with 35-50 degrees (according to your preference) to the glass bottle. (The original wine sold in the market is not allowed, and contains chemical flavors. , harmful to health) and shake it once a day. After 3-5 days, the wine turns red, bright and transparent, so you can drink it. Of course, the longer you soak, the better. It tastes fragrant and slightly sweet, has no bitterness, is rich in nutrition and comprehensive, and has better health care function than any alcohol. It is a good food for family dinner, entertaining friends and relatives or giving gifts. (The health care effect is the same as above. Do what you can and don't get too drunk. (c) Boiling chicken, fish, spareribs and pig's trotters soup: take 5- 10g fruit tea, rinse it with boiling water at the temperature of 100 for a while, then pour out the washed tea, put it in the pot together with the soup, and cook the main ingredients as you like. The soup is milky white, delicious and nutritious, and it is a good tonic for all ages. (The health care effect is the same as above)