Plastic surgery is one of the oldest surgical operations. Nose reconstruction surgery may have existed in ancient India as early as 2000 BC, when nose amputation was a form of punishment, so that people invented a method of nose plastic surgery using part of forehead, which is still applicable today. This operation is also discussed in ancient Greek and Roman literature.

2. Dental drill

As early as 7000 BC, there was evidence of dental surgery in indus valley civilization. This earliest dental operation involved using a drill to treat teeth. The appearance of this ancient dental tool shows that the method used by the ancients is reliable and effective.

3. Cataract surgery

The earliest records of cataract surgery come from the Bible and Indian historical materials. Su Xuruta, a famous Indian doctor, is famous for cataract surgery. In India, a special tool called Jabamukhi Salaka is used for cataract surgery, which is a needle used to loosen the lens and push out the curved cataract. After that, the eyes should be soaked in warm butter and then bandaged. Although this method has been successful, Su Xuruta warned that cataract surgery can only be performed if absolutely necessary.

4. Central heating system

Some cities in ancient Roman civilization began to use central heating system around BC 1000, which conducted the air heated by the stove through the space under the floor and then came out from the pipes in the wall. This is the heating system of kang. Kang heating system is used for heating public bathrooms and private houses. The floor is lifted off the ground by pillars, leaving a certain space in the wall. The hot air and smoke from the stove pass through these bounded areas and come out from the smoke vent on the roof, so that the room can be heated without polluting it. Ceramic box bricks are built into the wall, which can not only isolate burning air, but also heat the wall. Ancient China and South Korea also had similar heating systems, called kang.

Step 5: lens

Nimrod lens is a colorless crystal that can be traced back to 3000 years ago. Austin Henry Layard found it in the Assyrian palace in Nimrud. It can be used as a magnifying glass or a kindling mirror to make a fire by collecting sunlight. Assyrian folk artists can make complex prints, and they may also use this lens in their works. Roland Nato, a professor at the University of Rome, believes that the ancient Assyrians regarded this kind of lens as part of a telescope, which may explain why the ancient Assyrians knew more about astronomy.