1. Grafting: The propagation rootstocks are mostly seedlings of Prunus armeniaca or peach (rootstocks), and the survival rate of branch grafting and bud grafting is high.
(1), grafting: when the buds have started to sprout in March. Cutting is commonly used, and it is better to use one or two-year-old seedlings as rootstocks.
(2) Bud grafting: July-August, commonly used "D" grafting. Rootstocks should be full-year-old seedlings. ?
2. Sowing: The flowering period of peach is from March to April, and the fruit maturity is from June to August. Harvest ripe fruits, pile them up, mash them, remove the pulp, dry them, and collect pure seedling seeds for autumn sowing. Soak the seeds for 5-7 days before sowing. Autumn sowing seeds germinate early in the second year, with high emergence rate, fast growth and strong growth. When sowing in the next spring, seedling seeds need to be stored in wet sand for more than 120 days. Use drill, banner 10 cm, banner depth 1-2 cm. After sowing, the soil covers 6 cm. Sow 25- 30 kilograms per 667 square meters. The height of the seedlings is 3 cm, the seedlings are fixed, and the spacing between plants is 20-25 cm.
3. Cutting: hard cutting is used in spring and soft cutting is used in rainy season. Cuttings must grow strong and full. Hardwood cutting time is mainly in spring, and cuttings are cut obliquely at a speed of about 20 cm. In order to prevent disease infection and promote rooting, it is best to dip the lower end of cuttings with 600- 1 200 times solution of bactericide 50% carbendazim and 750-4500 mg/L indolebutyric acid, with the row spacing of 4cm×30cm and the cutting depth of 2/3 of the cutting length.
(2) Management
1, seedling raising
As an rootstock seedling, when the height of the seedling is 25-30 cm, the core is removed to make the seedling strong, and by the end of summer and early autumn, it can reach the required thickness of the rootstock. Transplanting should be done after defoliation in early spring or autumn. Small seedlings can be transplanted with bare roots or mud, and large seedlings need to be transplanted with soil balls. Cultivating large seedlings requires pruning to form a skeleton.
Step 2 trim the crown
(1), cultivation of natural cup-shaped crown: after transplanting the annual grafted seedlings, leave the trunk of 1 meter high, cut off the top, cut off the mouth buds and leave strong buds. Keep pulling out new branches below 1 m, and you can choose to be the main branch. A new branch 30-40 cm away from the ground is the first main branch; 20-30cm above the first main branch, selecting a new branch as the second main branch; At 1 m, that is, the new branch extracted from the cutting bud is the third main branch.
(2) Cultivation of natural happy crown: after transplanting the annual grafted seedlings, fix the stems at 40- 60 cm. In the plastic area above the fixed height of the trunk, select three main branches (a few have four or five main branches), and the main branches should be evenly distributed, keeping about 45 degrees from the central trunk and growing radially. Remove all remaining branches. When cutting in the next winter, cut the main branch by 30-50 cm to prepare for the promotion of side branches. Other branches, branches sprouting on the trunk and buds on the rootstock should also be removed. This forms a natural and happy crown shape. ?
Step 3 plant
The plant spacing is 4m×5m or 3m×4m, and 500-840 plants are planted per hectare. The planting period can be from defoliation to germination. Taoyuan cannot be continuously cropped, otherwise the young trees will obviously weaken, the leaves will lose their green color, the new roots will turn brown and the branches will flow with glue. This phenomenon is more serious in sandy soil or upper soil with low fertility. The main reason is that the residual roots of previous crops decompose in the soil to produce toxic substances such as benzaldehyde and cyanic acid, which have inhibitory and toxic effects on the roots, and are also related to the reproduction and accumulation of nematodes in the soil during continuous cropping. ?
Step 4 apply fertilizer
The demand ratio of peach to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1∶0. 5∶ 1. Young trees should pay attention to controlling the application of nitrogen fertilizer, otherwise it will easily lead to excessive growth. After the full fruit stage, nitrogen fertilizer was added to enhance the tree vigor. The content of potassium in peach fruit is 3. Twice as much as nitrogen. If potassium fertilizer is applied, the fruit will be large and the yield will be high. ?
5. Plastic surgery
Make it more natural and happy. The height of the stem is about 60 cm, leaving 3-4 main branches, and the opening angle of the main branches is 50-60. Each main branch should have 65,438+0-2 auxiliary branches, and the branchlets on the main branch and auxiliary branches should be as few as possible.
Extended data
Prevention and control of several common pests and diseases
I. Bacterial Perforation of Peach
Prevention and cure method
1. Strengthen the comprehensive management of orchards: it is forbidden to establish peach orchards where the groundwater level is high or low; Apply less nitrogen fertilizer to prevent excessive growth. Reasonable pruning to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, timely and moderate pruning in summer, cutting off diseased branches and centralized incineration. Do a good job in clearing the garden in winter.
2. Chemical control: Spraying 4-5 degrees sulfur mixed solution or 1: 1: 100 times Bordeaux solution before germination, and spraying 800 times Cobo solution once after flowering. Spraying agricultural streptomycin (10000-20000 times) or zinc ash solution (1 part zinc sulfate, 4 parts lime and 240 parts water) or 600 times 65% zineb wettable powder from May to August.
Second, peach scab
Prevention and cure method
1, the winter scissors completely cut off the diseased tip. Clean up the orchard, reduce the source of the disease, have a reasonable planting density and a suitable tree shape, prevent crown handover, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the orchard, and reduce the humidity of the orchard.
2. Before germination, spray 80% sodium pentachlorophenol with 200 times of 3-5 baume stone sulfur mixture; From half a month after flowering to July, spraying 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 times or zineb wettable powder 500 times or Fuxing 8000- 10000 times every 5 days is effective for the disease, and the above drugs cannot be used repeatedly.
Third, peach brown rot
Prevention and cure method
1, artificial control: cut off diseased branches, remove diseased hard fruits, collect and burn them in winter. Control pests and diseases, and pay attention to reducing other fruit surface wounds.
2. Chemical control: spraying 3-5 Baume sulfur agent +80% sodium pentachlorophenol 200 times during bud expansion, spraying 65% zineb wettable powder 500 times after flowering 10 day to 20 days before harvest, or spraying 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times or 50% carbendazim 600-800 times or 20% triadimefon EC 3000-00 times. Every interval 10- 15 days. Various drugs are used alternately.
Four, peach anthracnose
1. Don't build a peach garden in a low-lying place with poor drainage.
2. Strengthen cultivation management, apply more organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, timely prune in summer, improve the landscape conditions of trees, remove diseased fruits, prune diseased branches in winter and burn them centrally.
3. Chemical control: spraying 200 times of 80% sodium pentachlorophenol or 1: 1: 100 bordeaux solution before germination to eradicate the pathogen, and spraying anthrax wettable powder every10-0/5 days before and after flowering.
Five, peach gummosis
1. Strengthen soil improvement, apply more organic fertilizer, pay attention to orchard drainage, do a good job in pest control, prevent pests and mechanical injuries, and protect branches.
2. Treatment. Scrape off the gummed part of the tree, then apply 5 Baume lime mixture or quicklime powder, and brush 70% thiophanate methyl or 50% carbendazim for 20-30 times after 1-2 days.
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