Cultivation techniques of strawberry in Chongqing. Using virus-free seedlings is the basis of high yield and high benefit;
Secondly, according to different strawberry production methods, selecting excellent varieties with different characteristics is the key to high efficiency; At present, there are three main production methods of strawberries:
1. Large-scale aquaculture production mode in normal season;
2. Popularizing cultivation methods in plastic greenhouses;
3. Simple and early-maturing cultivation method in small arch shed.
Thirdly, it is an important technical measure to cultivate strong seedlings and transplant them in time to produce high benefits;
After the introduction of virus-free original seedlings, special measures should also be taken to cultivate strong seedlings in production, that is, weeds should be removed in time after the results, and only one-fifth of the weak plants should be removed for seedling raising (virus-free first generation seedlings). The surplus seedlings can be transplanted to other fields with soil to achieve the purpose of raising more seedlings. Topdressing should be done in time during seedling raising, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers and farmyard manure are the best. Generally, this seedling raising technology can produce 50 times of high-quality seedlings. Produce higher benefits. The original virus-free seedlings should be eliminated after three years of application in production, that is, after the third generation of seedlings, because the virus infection degree has reached 60% year by year, and the virus-free advantage in production is weakened, which affects the fruit size and yield to some extent. The transplanting time of strawberries mainly depends on the local climate conditions. Under China's climatic conditions, September is suitable for Northeast China and North China, late September is suitable for greenhouse cultivation in Central China and East China,1October is suitable for open cultivation, and 1 1 month is suitable for South China. The general principle is that early transplanting and early survival are beneficial to the growth and development of strawberries, but because of high temperature, early transplanting is not worth the loss.
Fourthly, the cultivation mode of double rows and high ridges is adopted;
Each ridge is 50 cm wide and the ditch is 30 cm wide. Two rows are planted on the ridge with a row spacing of 25 cm and a density of 6000-8000 plants per mu. The land with high fertility can be slightly sparse and the land with medium fertility can be slightly dense.
Five, timely topdressing to ensure the nutrients needed for early development before winter and fruit promotion after winter;
Four-season strawberry is a fertilizer-tolerant and high-yield crop. In order to ensure the nutrients needed for growth, development, flowering and fruiting, it is very important to topdressing in time besides selecting land with good fertilizer and water conditions. Topdressing can be carried out in three times. The first time is 10 day after transplanting, 30 kg of compound fertilizer or human excrement and urine are applied topdressing to promote its rooting and early development. "The year before Miao Zhuang, the year after the big fruit", the second time is in the spring or the second year. The third time, before and after the flowering period, apply fruit-promoting fertilizer, and apply 50 kilograms of compound fertilizer or human excrement and urine per mu to promote the development of flowers and fruits and promote big fruits.
Six, other technical measures
On the basis of the above five key technologies, the following related technical measures can be taken to further increase the yield and bear big fruits:
If stolons are produced during flowering, they should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption. If there are too many flowers and fruits, small branches and weak fruits should be removed in time. Generally, there are 10- 15 fruits per plant to ensure the nutrient supply for the growth and development of large fruits. In order to increase the yield, attention should be paid to releasing bees or artificial pollination under the condition of shed. In addition, spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 2% calcium superphosphate solution on leaves at the fruiting stage can also achieve the effect of increasing production and income. The outer Manzhouli area is protected from freezing in winter, and the southern area pays attention to shading and cooling in summer to ensure safe summer and cultivate high-quality and healthy seedlings. Strawberry fields does not want continuous cropping, and reducing pests and diseases is also a production link that should be paid attention to.
Strawberry planting method 1. Select varieties. Strawberries in greenhouse should choose varieties with short dormancy period and early flowering and fruiting in winter.
Second, choose land and apply fertilizer. It is advisable to choose sandy soil with good air permeability, convenient irrigation and drainage and fertile soil, and paddy field is the best in the previous crop, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases. Before planting, turn the soil 30 cm deep, and apply 3000-5000 kg of decomposed farm manure, high-quality cake fertilizer 100 kg, 50 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 30 kg of urea per mu. Strawberry is a fertilizer-loving crop with long fruiting period, so it is very important to apply sufficient base fertilizer. In the later stage, with the increase of fruit yield, topdressing or foliar spraying is needed.
Third, plant strong seedlings. In order to ensure the survival and high yield after planting, seedlings with no pests and diseases, short stems, short new roots and multiple petioles, and more than 4-6 normal leaves should be selected and transplanted in cloudy or sunny afternoons. In order to reduce leaf evaporation, excessive leaves are cut off before planting, leaving only 3-4 heart leaves per plant. Generally, it is planted from mid-September of 10 to early October of 10, which ripens in early February and ends at the end of June. If the temperature is too high and too early, the survival rate of seedlings will be easily affected, and the yield will be unstable if it is too late. Plant spacing 15cm? 30 cm, 8000- 10000 plants per mu. When planting, you should bring clods, so that the roots are not deeply buried and exposed. At the same time, the seedlings should be planted with the seeds, and they should be watered and permeable after planting. In the next 2-3 days, water 1 time and about 4 times to keep the soil moist, so as to improve the survival rate.
Fourth, cover the plastic film in time and buckle the shed. Plastic film mulching can prevent soil pollution to fruits after rain and improve the commodity value of fresh fruits. At the same time, it can reduce the humidity in the field, alleviate diseases and reduce the loss of rotten fruits. The plastic film mulching time should be165438+1early October, and it is suitable to cover when the daytime temperature is lower than 20℃. In order to prevent weeds from growing, it can be covered with opaque black plastic film. It is necessary to spread the plastic film on the seedlings in sunny days, press the opening of the seedlings, lift the seedlings onto the plastic film, and seal the opening and the bottom of the plants with fine soil. When the temperature drops to about 10℃ at night (ending at about 10), the shed should be closed in time. At the initial stage of fastening the shed ring, the shed temperature should be controlled at 25-30℃ during the day and above 10℃ at night. After budding, the greenhouse temperature is about 25℃ during the day, not exceeding 30℃; From flowering to fruit ripening, the greenhouse temperature is 20-25℃ during the day and above 5℃ at night. After 65438+2 months in the shed, when the temperature drops below 5℃ at night, the shed film should be buckled in time. When the lowest temperature in the shed film is lower than 3℃, cover it with a straw curtain. Uncover the straw curtain and shed film at 8-9 am every day, and cover it at 16- 17 in the afternoon.
Fifth, auxiliary pollination at flowering stage. In order to improve the quality and yield of strawberries and reduce abnormal fruits, bee pollination or artificial pollination is needed. Put bees in the shed, usually 2 boxes per mu. Artificial pollination can be carried out with a small brush at 9- 10 every morning to improve the fruit setting rate. In addition, diseased fruits, old leaves, diseased leaves and redundant lateral buds and stolons should be removed frequently to reduce the consumption of nutrients and increase the weight of single fruit.
Six, pest control. The main diseases are gray mold and powdery mildew. Gray mold can be sprayed with 50% prochloraz 800 times or 50% chlorpheniramine WP 800 times. Powdery mildew is sprayed with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600-700 times or with 10% world high 2000 times. Insect pests mainly include aphids and red spiders, which can be controlled by pyrethrins, aphid lice, mites and other low-toxic and efficient pesticides. However, it is strictly prohibited to use it when harvesting fruits.
Key points of strawberry planting 1) Potted strawberries should first choose fertile and well-drained soil, and add decomposed chicken manure or bean cake as base fertilizer.
2) The depth of the selected flowerpot should be about 20 cm, and the strawberry root system is developed and absorbs more nutrients. Use the tiles first.
At the bottom, take the culture soil and put it into the pot, slightly compact it, and the height is half of the height of the flowerpot. (Hint: If you really don't know
What kind of soil can be planted? At least you should often see someone secretly digging under the big tree in the park.
They just dug it out and planted it ~ ~ ~)
3) The new plants should be planted from the end of September to the middle of 10 (the time here is the Yangtze River Basin, please refer to other areas).
At this time, the temperature is suitable, and the growth can be quickly restored after the new pot.
4) Require strawberry seedlings to be at least? Three leaves and one core? The root system is developed.