Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a spice and oil tree species with a long history of cultivation in my country and is widely distributed. It has the characteristics of fast growth, early fruiting, high profits, wide uses, simple cultivation and management, strong adaptability, well-developed root system, and ability to maintain water and soil. and other characteristics. Very popular with the masses.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum is highly adaptable. It can be grown throughout our region. Especially on mountain calcareous loam, it grows better. Therefore, it is the preferred economic tree species for ecological construction in Shishan District.

Planting Zanthoxylum bungeanum is the same as planting other fruit trees. You must first cultivate strong seedlings, then plant and manage them well, and finally harvest them at the right time.

1. Seedling cultivation technology

There are two methods for cultivating pepper seedlings: one is sowing and raising seedlings, and the other is cutting seedlings.

(1) Sowing and raising seedlings

1. Harvesting of seeds

(1) Selection of seed origin. Generally, it is required to cultivate seedlings and collect seeds on site. However, some new cultivation areas or areas with insufficient seed sources often need to transfer seeds from other production areas. When planting, try to choose an area with similar soil, climate and other environmental conditions to those for seedlings and garden construction.

(2) Selection of mother trees for seed collection. When choosing mother trees for seed collection, choose middle-aged trees that are 10-15 years old and have sunny terrain, strong growth, good hemp flavor, fragrant peel, no pests and diseases, strong disease resistance, fast growth, early and abundant fruit, well-developed root system, and strong adaptability.

(3) Seed collection time. Generally, it can be harvested when the fruit changes from green to purple-red, the seeds turn blue-black, and there is a small amount of peel cracking. If harvested too early, the seeds will be immature, affecting the germination rate; if harvested too late, the seed coat will be affected.

(4) Harvesting method. Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds are harvested manually. When collecting seeds, pick them by hand or cut off the fruits along with the ears with scissors.

(5) Seed threshing. Select seeds for seedlings. After harvesting, place the fruits in a well-ventilated, cool and ventilated place indoors and spread them out to dry. The appropriate spreading thickness is 3-4 cm. Turn over 2-3 times a day. After the peel is dry and cracked, tap it gently with a small stick to release the seeds from the peel. Separate the peel, stem and impurities to obtain pure seeds. Note that the harvested seeds must not be exposed to the sun or baked in a baking room, otherwise the germination ability of the seeds will be reduced.

2. Seed treatment and storage

(1) Degreasing treatment. Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed shell is hard, rich in oil, impermeable to water, and difficult to germinate. Seeds must be defatted before they can be used for sowing. There are two methods of degreasing. The first is the alkaline water soaking method: clean the seeds first, then use the water selection method. Put the pretreated seeds into 1-2 times more water, stir and let stand for 20-30 minutes. , remove the floating seeds and impurities, and the remainder is pure and high-quality seeds. Re-soaking: Put the selected seeds into an iron pot or jar, pour in 2%-2.5% alkali aqueous solution or washing powder water, the amount of water is appropriate to submerge the seeds, soak for 10-24 hours, and then wash with hands , remove the oily skin of the seeds; or tie bamboo into small handfuls and pound them continuously in the container until the seeds lose their luster. You can also take out the seeds soaked in water, mix them with sand and rub them with the soles of your shoes. Remove epidermal oil. Then rinse with clean water 1-2 times, then rinse with alkaline water or washing powder. Finally, remove the defatted and washed seeds, mix them with loess at a ratio of 1:1 and spread them in a cool and dry place. They can be sown in autumn. The second is the cow dung seed dressing method. Mix fresh cow dung and Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds in a ratio of 6:1, spread them flat and spread them in a sunny and leeward place with a thickness of 7-10 cm. After drying, cut them into 10-20 cm squares and place them in a ventilated and dry place. save. When sowing in spring, you can sow the seeds by breaking up the cow dung blocks.

(2) Overwintering storage and germination treatment of spring sown seeds. There are five storage methods: First, cow dung seed dressing and storage. Seeds defatted by cow dung seed dressing can be stored directly. The seeds treated by the alkaline water soaking method can be mixed evenly with an appropriate amount of cow dung, then buried in a pit 30 cm deep, covered with 10-15 cm of soil, trampled firmly and covered with grass. In the next spring, take out and break up the cow dung blocks. , sown with cow dung. The second is small cellar storage. Choose a warm and sunny place with moist soil, good drainage, and dig a small cellar with a diameter of 100 cm, a bottom diameter of about 35 cm, and a depth of 70 cm. Put a layer of seeds and a layer of wet soil into the cellar. Inside, the seeds should be 10-15 cm thick and covered with soil 10 cm thick. Then pour a load of water or human excrement into the cellar. After it seeps in, cover it with 3-5 cm thick wet soil. Cover the top of the cellar with weeds and wait until the seeds are ready in spring. Sowing can be done when the cracks expand. The third is dry storage of soil blocks. Mix defatted seeds and plant ash in a ratio of 1:3, add water to penetrate, and pile up and store; or mix seeds, loess, cow dung, and plant ash in a ratio of 1:2:2:1. , add water to make mud cakes and dry them in the shade to survive the winter. In spring, the soil clods are broken up and sowing can be carried out. The fourth is the sand storage method. Mix the defatted seeds and wet sand in a ratio of 1:3, choose a place with good drainage, dig a large pit 1 meter wide and 40-50 cm deep, and mix the seeds and wet sand. You can also put a layer of sand and a layer of seeds into the pit, cover it with 10-15 cm of soil, and then take it out in the spring before sowing. The fifth is the sealed storage method. After drying the oily seeds in the shade, put them into a cylinder or jar, and seal the mouth of the jar for dry storage.

Seeds stored by dry storage must be germinated when sown in spring. The specific method is: pour the dry stored seeds into 80°C hot water twice as much as the seeds, stir for 2-3 minutes, and then replace with warm water. Soak, and then change the warm water every day. After 3-4 days, take out the seeds and put them in a basket, place them in a warm place, keep them moist, and sow them when most of the seeds are white.

3. Sowing and raising seedlings

(1) Preparing the soil to make a bed. The nursery land requires deep plowing and fine raking, and after applying sufficient organic manure, the bed is leveled and made into a bed with a length of 8-10 meters and a width of 1.2 meters.

(2) Sowing. For drill sowing, the trench should be 3-5 cm deep and the bottom of the trench should be flat. Generally, the row spacing is 20-25 cm, the row width is 10-15 cm, and the seeding rate per acre is 4-6 kg. After sowing, cover the soil with a thickness of about 1.5 cm, and then cover it with straw. The covering thickness should not reach the ground. After sowing, the soil should be kept warm and moist. It will take about 15-25 days for the seeds to germinate. At this time, remove the straw 2-3 times.

(3) Thinning. Thinning is carried out when the seedlings are 4 to 5 centimeters tall, and seedlings that have grown poorly due to pests, diseases, mechanical damage and overly dense seedlings are removed. The distance between seedlings is usually 10 to 25 centimeters. When the seedlings are 10cm high, the seedlings will be determined. The standard for determining seedlings is 20,000 plants/acre.

(4) Top dressing. From June to August, apply decomposed human excrement once a month. If the soil is dry, you should irrigate in time. Weeding and loosening the soil can be combined with top dressing and irrigation.

(5) Prevention and control of pests and diseases. During the growth process of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, there are often dangers from Zanthoxylum bungeanum budworm, Papilion butterfly, and Zanthoxylum bungeanum rust. To prevent and control pepper budworm: use 40% omethoate solution 800-1000 times, 50% pirimicarb 2000-3000 times, and 5% aphidicide 4000 times. To control swallowtail butterflies, spray 50% trichlorfon 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000 times. Prevent and control pepper rust; 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture can be used for prevention in the early stage of the disease, and 25% powder rust can be sprayed during the disease period.

(2) Cutting seedlings

1. Collection and cutting of cuttings. In early spring, before the sap ends, select young mother trees that are free from diseases and insect pests and grow robustly, and collect 1 - Cut 2-year-old Zanthoxylum bungeanum branches into 25-30 cm long cuttings, cut the upper end flat and the lower end into a horse-ear shape.

2. Cutting processing: tie the cuttings into bundles with a diameter of 10-15 cm, immerse them in a 50-times aqueous solution of the chemical drug naphthyl acetic acid, and take them out after 24 or 48 hours.

3. Cuttings are made on the well-maintained nursery land with a row spacing of 40 cm and a plant spacing of 5-10 cm, so that 2-3 cm of the cuttings are exposed. After the cuttings are firmly planted, water them in time and wait for the water to seep dry. Cover the cutting rows with a layer of grass or 2 cm of loose soil. During drought, water should be irrigated to keep the soil moist.

4. The cutting time is carried out in early spring in February.

2. Cultivation technology

(1) Cultivation methods and planting density

There are three common cultivation methods: orchard cultivation, ridge cultivation and Garden cultivation.

1. Orchard-style cultivation

Orchard-style cultivation is a method of cultivating Zanthoxylum bungeanum in large areas by utilizing abandoned farmland, barren hillside land and unused open space in the field. The planting density of orchard-style cultivation is generally 1.5 meters × 2 meters or 2 × 3 meters between rows, and 110-200 plants per acre. In places with deep soil, good texture, and high fertility, the planting density should be smaller; on the contrary, in places with thin soil, poor texture, and low fertility, the planting density should be correspondingly higher.

2. Ridge-type cultivation

Ground-type cultivation is a method of single-row cultivation using the ridges on the edge of farmland or the slopes of larger ridges. The planting density is 1 row per ridge, and the spacing between plants is 2-3 meters.

3. Courtyard-style cultivation

Courtyard-style cultivation is a method of cultivating Zanthoxylum bungeanum by using the open space in front of and behind the house. The planting density can be flexibly controlled according to the size of the space, and there are no strict requirements for plant-row spacing.

(2) Construction and planting of pepper garden

1. Garden site selection.

Although the Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree has strong adaptability to soil, the soil is too barren and too dry, which also affects the normal growth and fruiting of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. In addition, Zanthoxylum bungeanum is extremely intolerant to waterlogging, and short-term water accumulation can cause the plant to die. . Therefore, when choosing a garden site, you should choose the middle and lower parts of sunny slopes or semi-sunny slopes with gentle terrain, leeward direction, and sunny slopes. It is not advisable to choose places on top of mountain tops and low-lying areas prone to waterlogging.

2. The garden is flat.

For mountainous and hilly gardens, horizontal terraces should be built along the contour lines before planting. The width of the horizontal terraces should be determined according to the slope.

(3) Planting

1. Planting period

According to different cultivation conditions, the planting period should be selected according to local conditions. Generally speaking, it should be planted in autumn in places without irrigation conditions; in places with irrigation conditions, it should be planted in spring.

Plant in autumn, the earlier the better, after the leaves fall and before late December. The planting time in spring can be before the seedlings sprout.

2. Preparation of seedlings

When transporting seedlings, you must choose seedlings from areas with similar climate conditions to the planting area, and go to the nursery to see the seedlings and order them to determine the variety, quantity and seedling raising time. . During the preparation of seedlings, the quality of the seedlings must be strictly controlled. The quality of seedlings mainly refers to pure varieties, complete root systems, strong stems, and no pests and diseases.

3. Planting method

Before planting, determine the planting points according to the planned planting density and plant-row spacing, and dig holes according to the points. Generally, the depth of the planting pit is 50-60 cm, and the diameter is 50-60 cm. When digging the pit, the surface 30 cm of soil is stacked separately from the deep soil, and mixed with decomposed farmyard manure respectively. When planting, first mix the deep soil with farmyard manure. Backfill to the bottom of the pit. Secondly, after backfilling, step firmly and put the seedlings into the pit to stretch the root system. Break up the topsoil and cover the roots. Gently lift the seedlings to ensure that there are no roots. Keep soil in close contact with roots. The planting depth should be 3-5 cm deeper than the original soil imprint of the seedlings. After planting, make a tree tray and fill the tree tray with enough water. After the water seeps out and the soil is no longer muddy, seal the tree tray with soil to prevent the tree from becoming swollen. cracks to reduce water evaporation. Planting should be done on cloudy and rainy days in places with difficult water sources. Before planting, the roots of the pepper seedlings should be slurried. That is, use raw yellow mud and water to make a paste. Dip the roots of the pepper seedlings in the mud, and then take them out to "collect the water." Then colonize.

3. Post-planting management techniques

1. Cultivating, weeding and soil loosening

Panthoxylum bungeanum has a shallow root system, and the competition between weeds and Zanthoxylum bungeanum for water and fertilizer is quite serious. , as the saying goes: "If the pepper is not weeded, it will wither and grow old." Therefore, after planting, the soil should be cultivated, weeded, and cultivated 3-4 times a year to reduce weed competition for fertilizer and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Legume green manure can be planted in the forest belt to reduce the breeding of weeds and continuously improve soil fertility.

2. Fertilization

(1) Before germination: Before germination in February in spring, apply nitrogen fertilizer once to each plant. The fertilizer can be ammonia bicarbonate or urea, for 1-3 years old plants. The amount of fertilizer applied to each sapling of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is 50-100 grams; the amount of fertilizer applied to each pepper tree of 4-6 years old is 150-250 grams; the amount of fertilizer applied to each pepper tree of 7-8 years and above is 500-1000 grams. If human and animal excrement is used, 5-10 kg should be applied to each 1- to 3-year-old Zanthoxylum bungeanum sapling. Fertilization method: Dig a shallow trench 15-20 cm deep on the tree disk, apply ammonia bicarbonate or urea and cover it with soil. Human and animal excrement can be sprayed directly.

(2) Shoot-promoting and shoot-strengthening fertilizer: Before the new shoots of Zanthoxylum bungeanum grow rapidly from April to early May, apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium multi-component compound fertilizer once to each plant. The method of fertilizing is the same as above. The amount of fertilizer applied is: 50-70 grams per plant for 1-3-year-old pepper trees; 100-150 grams per plant for 4-6-year-old pepper trees; 100-150 grams per plant for 7-8-year-old pepper trees. The amount is 250-500 grams.

(3) Fruit-strengthening fertilizer: In order to promote fruit development, apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium multi-component fertilizer once in early July. For pepper trees that are 7-8 years old or above, the amount of fertilizer applied is 250-300 grams per plant. On the premise of ensuring the first two fertilizations, fertilization does not need to be applied this time. However, for trees that bear a large number of peppers, be sure to apply and increase the amount of fertilizer.

(4) Basal fertilizer; after winter, dig a 40-50 cm deep fertilization trench near the canopy drip line and apply organic fertilizer such as stable manure deeply. The amount of fertilizer applied is: 10-15 kilograms of fertilizer per plant for 1-3-year-old pepper trees; 20-40 kilograms for each plant of 4-6-year-old pepper trees; 10-15 kilograms of fertilizer for each pepper tree aged 7-8 years or above. The quantity is 50-70 kilograms.

3. Shaping and pruning

(1) Reasonable pruning generally adopts two methods: natural open-shaped and clump-shaped.

①Naturally open-shaped. The height of the sapling is about 1 meter, and the main trunk is about 30 centimeters high. Select an average of 3-5 main branches in the current year or the second year, and subtract the remaining branches. The opening angle of the remaining main branches is 50-60 degrees. Cultivate 2-3 lateral branches on the branch, complete the shaping in 4-5 years, and finally remove the central branch and open the heart. This tree shape has good light and high yield.

② Cluster-branch shape. After planting, cut it dry so that more branches can be extracted from the rhizome of Zanthoxylum bungeanum to form clumps, or 2 to 3 plants can be planted in one hole and grow into clumps naturally after maturity. The plexus-shaped crown forms quickly, bears fruit early, and has high yield. However, when it grows up, some large branches and overly dense branches should be thinned out, and 3-5 main branches should be cultivated to make the tree appear plexus-like and open-shaped.

(2) Pruning. In order to make the Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree bear more fruits, pruning should be done every year after picking the Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Cut off the branches that are too long, too weak, diseased and insect-infected, dry and dead, and too dense. This way, the Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree can bear more fruits and extend the length of the Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree. life span.

4. Pests and diseases and their control

Common diseases include pepper gummosis, root rot, rust, and defoliation. Zanthoxylum bungeanum gum disease is a serious branch disease that occurs along with longhorn beetles and gigantic beetles. In the early stage of the disease, use a sharp knife to completely scrape off the ulcerated disease spots, and apply gum gum reducing agent or Solibar solution. Then apply a layer of mud. And promptly prevent and control pests such as longhorn beetles and gigantic beetles; for Zanthoxylum bungeanum root rot, the diseased roots of large trees should be cut off in time, and the cuttings should be disinfected with Solibar solution, then sprinkled with root rot powder pesticide, and covered with new ones. Just use soil and pay attention to drainage. In the early stage of the onset of rust (mid-to-late August), use 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture to prevent it. During the onset period, use 25% powder rustin 600 times to prevent and control it. During the peak period of the disease, spray Solibar "99" insecticidal pesticide every 10 days. When spraying, pay attention to spraying pesticide on the back leaves and trunks. Defoliation disease can be prevented and treated with 50% thiophanate solution 800-1000 times, followed by 2000 times dichloride solution.

Insect pests include aphids (appearing in early April) and swallowtail butterflies. Aphids should be sprayed with 40% dimethoate solution 800-1000 times, and swallowtail butterflies should be sprayed with 50% trichlorfon 1000 times solution. Insect pests that occur on adult plants include flea beetles, which harm the leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. When it occurs, spray it with deltamethrin 3000 times or fenitrothion; beetles eat the branches. When it occurs, use a syringe to inject 800 times methamidophos into the hole. ; Wood moth harms tree trunks and rhizomes. When it occurs, apply 40% dimethoate diesel liquid (1:9) to the insect hole to kill it. During the egg-laying period of adults and the hatching period of larvae, use 50% fenitrothionate 500 times to kill it. If it dies, scrape off the old bark on the tree and large branches during leaf pruning during the dormant period, and then spray 50-80 times of Solibar onto the tree. At the same time, spray the pepper trees once with 0.3-0.5° lime sulfur mixture or spray 65% ??mancozeb 500 times. After scraping off the black shank ulcer lesions, use copper sulfate, lime and water to massage. Make up the Bordeaux mixture with a ratio of 1:3:15.

4. Fruit harvesting and drying technology

After the Zanthoxylum bungeanum fruit enters the maturity stage, when the color completely changes from green and white to bright red, the harvested fruit is bright and numb. Strong fragrance. When harvesting, pluck the whole ear from the common stalk of the fruit. When it shows an oily luster, it indicates that the fruit is fully mature. This is the best period for harvesting. Put it gently in the fruit basket. When harvesting, place it on the pepper garden. Spread cloth sheets, bamboo mats, etc. to dry.

The drying of Zanthoxylum bungeanum fruits mainly uses two methods: sun exposure and heated kang drying. The sun exposure method is: choose a sunny day for harvesting, spread a drying sheet on the open ground in the garden, and dry while harvesting. The drying thickness is about 3 cm. Under strong sunlight, all the pepper fruits will crack after 2-3 hours. Use a thin bamboo pole to gently tap the fruit to separate the seeds, fruit stems and peel. Use a sieve to separate the seeds and peel, and dry them in a cool and ventilated place for about 10 hours. The seeds and peel are fully dried before packaging and storage. After harvesting, if it is difficult to dry in rainy weather within 24 hours, you can temporarily dry it on the ground indoors. Let it dry at a thickness of 3-4 cm. Do not turn it over. After the weather is clear and the sun rises, gently move it outdoors to dry in the sun. Warm Ondol drying method: Mainly used when encountering continuous rainy weather. The method is to spread the harvested fresh pepper fruits on a warm ondol covered with bamboo mats, keep the temperature of the kang surface at about 50℃, and dry them until the pepper fruits crack. until.