There is a lack of information about Guan Hanqing's life, which can only be seen from sporadic records. According to Zhong Sicheng, a dramatist at the end of Yuan Dynasty, "Guan Hanqing was mostly from Taiyuan Yin, whose name was Zhai", and "Taiyuan Yin" was called "Taiyuan Household". The official name of "Yin of the Imperial Palace" was not found in Jinshi or History of Yuan Dynasty, but "Medical Household" was one of the household registrations in Yuan Dynasty and was under the jurisdiction of the Imperial Palace. So Guan Hanqing was probably a doctor in the Yuan Dynasty. In "Worship the Moon Pavilion", he has a description of clinical diagnosis, just like a doctor's mouth, which can be used as a witness.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Jing wrote in the preface to the collection of brothels: "At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, my emperor was merged, while Du San, Gu, Guan Jizhai and other adherents of the Jin Dynasty all despised the official advancement, but mocked the wind and moon and lingered in the scenery." Du Sanren, that is, Du, is a writer from Jin to Yuan, and the valley is Baipu. Jin died (1234) at the age of 8. It is estimated that Guan Hanqing's age is close to theirs, and he is also a writer from Jin to Yuan. Guan Hanqing has 10 songs, and Dade is the title of Yuan Chengzong (65438). It can be inferred that Guan Hanqing died after the first year of Dade in Yuan Chengzong (1297), and his birth year is estimated to be around 1220. Zhong Sicheng, the author of Ghost Record, said that Guan Hanqing's predecessor was dead and his fame shocked the world, and that "the rest of his life is too late to predict the end of several seats". The ghost was written on 1330, so it is not far from Guan Hanqing's death on 1300.
After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty (1279), Guan Hanqing had been to Hangzhou, the performance center of the Southern Opera at that time, and wrote a divertimento "Hangzhou Scenery" (including a sentence "The Great Yuan was newly attached to the country, but the Song family was lost"). I have also been to Yangzhou and wrote a song for Zhu. There is a saying that "Yangzhou has ten miles of scenery and there are immortals".
Guan Hanqing is a playwright who is familiar with Goulan Ci. According to the analysis of Jin Zhi, he was "naturally charming, knowledgeable, funny and intelligent, and he was the best of his time". Zang Jinshu's Preface to Yuan Qu in the Ming Dynasty said that he "bowed and practiced ostentation and extravagance, and painted his face with black powder. I think my family life, I advocate Excellence and don't leave. " Guan Hanqing was a leading figure in the field of zaju in the early Yuan Dynasty, and the most famous book lover in Yujing Bookstore. According to the records of Ghost Record, Collection of Brothels, Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun, etc., he has contacts with zaju writer, Liang Fei, Sanqu writer Wang Heqing, famous actress Zhu, etc., and has a closer relationship with Wang Heqing.
Guan opera title
There are 62 titles of Guan Hanqing's zaju recorded in Ghost Record (there are 67 titles of Guan Hanqing's zaju recorded in Fu Xihua's Yuan Dynasty Zaju Quanmu), and now there are 18 titles, but people still have different opinions on whether several of them are closed or not. These books are briefly introduced as follows:
1, "Feel the injustice of the earth": 60% off plus a wedge. In the fourth fold of the play, Dou was appointed as the envoy of the Huai River and Huai River to punish the government and pay a humble visit. According to the Records of Hundred Officials in the History of Yuan Dynasty and the Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun, in the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (129 1), the Audit Office was changed to visit the official offices for checking political affairs and preventing corruption. Knowing that this drama is Guan Hanqing's later work after 28 years of Zhiyuan. The existing versions of the play mainly include the editions edited by Chen and Jiao in Ming Dynasty, the Zaju of Ancient Famous Writers published by Xu (1588) in Wanli Period, Juanjiang Collection edited by Meng Chengshun in Ming Dynasty and Yuanqu Collection edited by Zang Jinshu in Ming Dynasty. In the past, the Book of Tibetan Scriptures was processed and revised with reference to a variety of Tibetan books, so the Book of Tibetan Scriptures is the best of all the relevant drama versions (the same below, without explanation).
2. Cut silver carp in Wangjiangge Mid-Autumn Festival: * * 60% off. At present, there are two versions: Selected Zaju in the 26th year of Wanli (1598), Selected Ancient Zaju and Selected Yuanqu by Wang Jide in Ming Dynasty. The first two plays, Mid-Autumn Festival by Wang Jiangting, are more famous.
3, "Zhao's Romantic Rescue": * * * 60% off. There are two existing versions: Ancient Famous Zaju and Selected Songs of Yuan Dynasty.
4. Bao Dai Zhijian Lu Zhai Lang: 60% off and one wedge. Ghost Record didn't record the play in Guan Hanqing's name, so some people are skeptical about whether the play will stop broadcasting. However, in the Ming Dynasty, the famous ancient zaju and Yuan Qu selections were all titled "What Guan Hanqing did". Textual Research on Modern Music and Quhai Catalogue Summary are also titled "Written by Guan Hanqing". Judging from the artistic style of the play, it is also similar to Guan Opera. And the third compromise, Zhang Gui's lyrics quoted the story in The Pavilion, and Guan was a "close friend", so before no new negative material was found, it could be tentatively classified as Guan. There are two existing books: Ancient Famous Zaju and Selected Songs of Yuan Dynasty.
5, "Three Surveys of Butterfly Dreams": 60% off and one wedge. Meng Chengshun and Cao Dongting did not record this residence in the Record of Ghosts, so some people suspect that it has nothing to do with it. Tian Yige's Ghost Book, Taihe Spectrum, Ancient Famous Plays and Selected Songs of Yuan Dynasty are all written by Guan Hanqing, which can definitely be regarded as relevant works. There are two existing books: Zaju by Ancient Masters and Selected Songs of Yuan Dynasty.
6. "Du Ruiniang's Bounty Line Pool": 60% off and one wedge. There are three existing dramas: Ancient Famous Zaju, Gu Quzhai Ancient Zaju, Liu Zhiji Ancient and Modern Famous Dramas and Yuan Qu Xuan.
7. "Qian Yinda Zhi Chong Xie Tianxiang": 60% off and one wedge. There are "Ancient Famous Zaju" and "Selected Songs of Yuan Dynasty".
8. "Wen Tai Town Yujingtai": 60% off. There are three books: Ancient Famous Plays, Ancient Zaju, Liu Zhiji, Collection of Ancient and Modern Famous Plays and Selected Songs of Yuan Dynasty.
9. Weichi Gong takes the Ling with a single whip: 60% off and one wedge. There are ancient and modern zaju with the theme of Chair Zhao Maiwangguan banknotes, and ancient famous zaju and Yuan Qu selections in Ming Dynasty. The last two questions were written by Shang Zhongxian. There are 30 kinds of Yuan Zaju in Shang Zhongxian's Three Topics on Weichi Gong, so it is classified as Guanzuo based on Zhao Qi's Dollar Bill.
10, "King Guan goes to the one-knife meeting alone": 60% off. There are 30 kinds of dramas in Yuan Dynasty, which are based on Mai Wangguan's paper money, and an orphan drama in Yuan and Ming Dynasties compiled by Wang Ji. Record ghost books and 30 kinds of zaju published in Yuan Dynasty. The name of this play is Guan Dawang's Single Knife Meeting, and the book of Wang Mai Pavilion is Guan Dawang's Single Knife Meeting.
1 1, Wang Runxiang jathyapple Four Spring Garden: 40% off. "Ghost Record Book" includes "Qian Gui Bao Fei Yi Meng", which is the drama. Ghost Record in Tianyi Pavilion is called Fei Yi Meng for short, and its title is Ye Xiang in Four Spring Gardens, and Qian Da Yin Zhi can explore Fei Yi Meng. It is said that the abbreviation of Ghost Record and Meng Chengshun's Ghost Record is Fei Yi Meng, and the Garden Book is Qian Yin Da Zhi Kan Fei Yi Meng. There are three books: Ancient Zaju, Ancient Zaju and Maiwangguan Ancient Zaju.
12 "Mrs. Liu celebrates the five-day banquet": 50% off and one wedge. It is uncertain whether the play is well written. The play describes many scenes of rural life that have not appeared in other books, and also adopts the form of a wedge. This is an exception in Guanxi.
13 "Mrs. Deng's bitter tears and filial piety": 60% off. There are two existing versions: ancient and modern zaju based on Maiwangguan banknotes and ancient and modern zaju in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
14, "Pei Dushan Temple": four folds and one wedge (before the fourth fold). According to the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, Jia also had a drama "Pei Du also brought", and Tianyi Pavilion's "Ghost Book Continuation" was titled "Chang 'an repays kindness, and Pei Du also brought to the mountain temple". So some people regard this play as a masterpiece. There are two existing versions: ancient and modern zaju based on Maiwangguan banknotes and ancient and modern zaju based on Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
15, No.1 Academy: 60% off and one wedge. The title of this play is Meng Chengshun and Cao Dongting's Ghost Record, and its ideological tendency and artistic style are not the same as those of Guan Hanqing's other comedies. There are two existing versions: ancient and modern zaju based on Maiwangguan banknotes and ancient and modern zaju based on Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
16, The Beautiful Moon Pavilion in in my heart forever: It was not divided into four parts, but should be a wedge. There are thirty kinds of zaju published in Yuan Dynasty, with only lyrics and some bars.
17, "Deceiving Nizi to adjust the romantic mood": Originally, it was 60% off. There were 30 kinds of zaju published in the Yuan Dynasty, and only the lyrics and some sections were white.
18, Guanxi Shu Dream: There were thirty kinds of zaju published in Yuan Dynasty, but only four sets of lyrics.
There is an ancient house in the Yuan Dynasty in a small mountain village on the west slope of Jiuyuan Village, Wang Ping Town, Mentougou District, west Beijing. The villagers handed it down from generation to generation, and this is the former residence of Ma Zhiyuan.
In the history of Chinese literature, Yuan Zaju can be said to be a brilliant page, with many famous dramatists and many excellent scripts. Moreover, many dramatists are Beijingers, such as Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu and Ma Zhiyuan in the famous "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". Their plays are often staged in Goulan Washe in Brick Pagoda Hutong in Xicheng, and sometimes they appear in black in person. Many dramas in the Yuan Dynasty, such as Guan Hanqing's Dou 'e Yuan, Wang Jiangting, Wang Shifu's The West Chamber, and Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Han Palace (that is, Princess Hanming or Zhaojun boarded the ship), are still being staged for a long time. Beijing can be said to be one of the birthplaces of China's drama.
There are few biographies of many dramatists in the Yuan Dynasty, and most of them are found in Ghost Records and Brothel Collection, which introduce dramatists and works in the Yuan Dynasty. Now, the only clue is the former residence of the great dramatist Ma Zhiyuan.
Jiuyuan Village, where the former residence is located, is the crossroads of the "Wang Ping Ancient Road", which passes through Wang Ping, Datai, Muchengjian, Zhuanghu Village, Qianjuntai, Zhangjiacun and Qilifen in Mentougou District, and then meets Jingxi Avenue in Xiang Jun Township. Jiuyuan Village consists of Jiuyuan Village, Dongluopo Village, Xiluopo Village and Qiaoerjian Village. Ma Zhiyuan's former residence is in Xiluopo Village, facing east and west. It is a big quadrangle. In front of the former residence is a small bridge with flowing water. On the screen wall in front of it is written "Former Residence of Ma Zhiyuan", with the introduction of Ma Zhiyuan's life. Bypass the screen and come to the yard. The yard is very big, and there are rooms in the northwest and southeast, with three or five rooms on each side. Because it has been uninhabited for a long time, it is very shabby now, and the ground is full of weeds and sundries. Ma Zhiyuan's famous song "Tianjingsha Qiu Si": "The old vines are faint, the bridges are flowing, the old roads are thin, the sun is setting, and the heartbroken people are in the end of the world". It is a portrayal of the vicissitudes of the ancient road in Jingxi. At the same time, Ma Zhiyuan was a master of Sanqu and Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty. Now there are more than 30 Sanqu/kloc-0, and his landscape works, such as Qiu Si, are picturesque and memorable. His works lamenting the world can also vividly express his feelings. Among the writers of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty, he was regarded as the leader of the "bold school". Although he also has elegant works, his language is mainly sparse and bold, and his language combines poetry and spoken language, creating a unique artistic conception of songs. There are sixteen kinds of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, among which there are seven existing ones: Tears of Sima Qing in Jiangzhou, Lonely Goose in Autumn in the Han Palace, Three Drunken Yueyang Tower in Lv Dongbin, Thunder at Midnight, Ma Danyang Being a Wind Son Three Times, Opening an Altar to Teach Yellow, and Sleeping in Chen Tuan on the West Huashan Mountain. Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu works are also famous. A volume of Dongli Yuefu, revenue 104, 17 episodes. The content of his zaju is mainly deified Taoist priests, and all his plays involve stories of Quanzhen religion. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Jia said in his poem: "Fairy horses are among the flowers, and immortals are far away", and "the name is fragrant all over the pear garden".
When Ma Zhiyuan was alive, Mongolian rulers began to attach importance to "obeying the Chinese law" and appointed Han literati, but it failed to be universally implemented, which brought a little fantasy and more disappointment to Han literati. In his early years, Ma Zhiyuan was ambitious in his official career. In a group of stray songs, he claimed that "he wrote a poem for the Dragon Family", but it was fruitless for a long time. Later, as a small local official, I was completely dissatisfied and my working hours were probably not long. In such a wasteful experience, he gradually became disheartened. While complaining, he claimed that he had seen through worldly fame and fortune, regarded himself as a hermit and sought liberation in Taoism.
Autumn in the Han Palace is Ma Zhiyuan's early work and the most famous of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, which tells the story of Wang Zhaojun's departure from the fortress and marriage. In history, this incident was originally just that the Han Yuan emperor married the maid-in-waiting to the attached southern Xiongnu Khan as a means of netting, and the records in Hanshu were also very simple. The story of the Southern Xiongnu, however, has joined the story of Zhao Jun's invitation to leave the fortress, and Yuan Di was stunned by his beauty and wanted to stay but could not, making it a story. Later note novels, literati poems and folk singing literature all mentioned this matter many times, which greatly improved the historical facts.
Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty adds fiction to the legend, and writes the relationship between Han and Xiongnu as a weak Han dynasty oppressed by powerful Xiongnu. The reason why Zhaojun went to the fortress was written as Mao Yanshou's unsuccessful bribery, and Zhaojun was vilified in the portrait. After the defeat, he fled to Xiongnu, led the troops to attack and forced Suo Zhaojun; Write Yuan Di as a cowardly, sentimental emperor who deeply loves Wang Zhaojun; Zhaojun's ending is about committing suicide by throwing himself into the river in Heilongjiang at the junction of Han and Xiongnu. In this way, Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty has become a fictional court love tragedy under the pretext of a certain historical background.
Autumn in the Han Palace may contain certain national feelings. However, we should pay attention to Ma Zhiyuan's basic attitude towards life, either actively seeking fame under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty or regarding all values as illusory. Therefore, it is inappropriate to overemphasize this aspect. The drama is directly related to real life, which mainly reflects the personal misfortune in the national war. For example, Jin married a princess under the oppression of Mongolia, and his concubines and maids were taken to the north after the death of the Song Dynasty. These contemporary historical facts will give the author a deep feeling. Autumn in the Han Palace is the last play, and the protagonist is the emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the play, the emperor can't dominate himself or keep his beloved woman. Then, the inner feelings that individuals are dominated by fate and bumped by historical changes are even stronger. In fact, Ma Zhiyuan's Han and Yuan emperors also showed more emotions and desires of ordinary people.
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When the courtiers advised Emperor Han Yuan to give up Zhaojun on the grounds of "being defeated by women", he said angrily, "Zhaojun has both successes and failures. Who is like this? Your official position is not free! " When Baqiao saw him off, he said with emotion, "My husband and wife are coming soon, and our small family also pretends to go out."
Show admiration for the husband and wife living together. In particular, the fourth sentence of A Lonely Goose in a Dream is a long and sad lyric, which shows the infinite attachment of the Han and Yuan emperors to their lovers and makes the tragic atmosphere of the script more intense. Here, while portraying dramatic characters, it also directly expresses the author's feelings about historical changes and impermanence of life.
Blessing Monument is also one of Ma Zhiyuan's early plays. It is unlucky to write about Zhang Gao, a poor scholar, again and again. Even the elders of Jianfu Temple asked him to print inscriptions in the temple and take them to Beijing to sell them as travel expenses to take the exam. Lightning will destroy the inscription in the middle of the night Later, luck changed, and with the support of Fan Zhongyan, he won the top prize and made great achievements. Many places in the play show dissatisfaction with the current social situation, such as: "This wall blocks the road to virtue, and that wall blocks the career path. The smarter you are now, the more you suffer. The more dementia you have, the more you enjoy it. The more paste, the more money. " This play reflects the author's dissatisfaction and fatalistic outlook on life, and also reflects the anguish of many contemporary literati under the extremely low social status.
Tears in Shirt is a love drama adapted from Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, which fictionalizes the sad and happy story of Bai Juyi and prostitute Pei Xingnv, with the deception and destruction of businessmen and his wife in the middle, resulting in dramatic entanglements. In the triangle relationship composed of literati, businessmen and prostitutes, prostitutes love literati rather than businessmen after all, which is also a kind of narcissism of depressed literati.
Ma Zhiyuan wrote the most drama "Immortal Daoism". The Story of Yueyang Tower, Sleeping in Chen Tuan, Ren Fengzi, Huang Liangmeng, etc. all tell the story of Quanzhen religion and publicize its teachings. The main tendency of these Taoist fairy stories is to preach that life is like a dream, wealth and fame are not worth mentioning, and to ask people to tell me everything, get rid of all the fetters of family, wife and children, and get relief and freedom in seclusion in the mountains and seeking immortality. It is a cowardly and pessimistic attitude to advocate avoiding realistic contradictions and opposing people's struggle for their own practical interests. On the other hand, the play also criticizes the social status quo, denies the traditional values centered on fame and fortune, and puts the "self-adaptation" of life in a more important position, which also contains the significance of attaching importance to the individual's existence value, although the author failed to find a reasonable way to realize the individual's value. Among the numerous writers in Yuan Dynasty's zaju, Ma Zhiyuan's creation most intensively shows the inner contradictions and ideological depression of contemporary literati, thus reflecting the cultural characteristics of an era. In connection with this, Ma Zhiyuan's plays are not realistic, and the characterization is not very prominent. Drama conflict usually lacks tension, but it has many elements of self-expression. Including works with historical themes such as Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty, the characters in the play often dissociate themselves from the drama conflict and make long lyricism, and it is often the author who expresses his feelings through the characters in the play. For example, Lv Dongbin sang "He Xinlang" in "Yueyang Tower": Looking at Longteng's old country from afar, I laughed at treacherous Cao Cao, and I cried for the overlord. Laugh and lament for the rise and fall, but the sunset is late. If you miss us for a hundred years, you are in the middle of this turning point. I heard people drinking tea in front of the building arguing like wild gulls on the river. The situation of people in a hundred years is illusory. This is actually a feeling of life that the author wrote many times in his Sanqu. As mentioned earlier, most of the zaju in Ma Zhiyuan are not very dramatic. The predecessors spoke highly of his zaju, mainly for two reasons: first, the life feelings expressed in the drama are easy to arouse the admiration of the literati in the old days; second, the language art is superb. The language of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju is classical, but it is not as gorgeous as The West Chamber and Wu Tongyu. Instead, simple and natural sentences are refined into exquisite and vivid expressions. For example, a Yao folk song in "Autumn in the Han Palace" describes "Surprising the Wild Goose": Ya Ya flies over the Polygonum Flower Pavilion, and the lonely wild goose never leaves the Phoenix. The iron horse clanged in the eaves, and there was no one in the hall. It was even colder, the leaves rustled, the candles were dim, and Nagato was quiet.
It's really hard to compare.