When choosing the angle of tool, we need to consider the influence of many factors, such as workpiece material, tool material, machining performance (rough machining and finish machining) and so on. And we must make a reasonable choice according to the specific situation. Generally speaking, the tool angle refers to the marking angle used in manufacturing and measurement. Due to the different installation position of the tool and the change of cutting direction, the actual working angle and scoring angle are different, but this difference is usually very small. The materials used to make tools must have high high temperature hardness and wear resistance, necessary bending strength, impact toughness and chemical inertia, and good manufacturability (cutting, forging and heat treatment, etc.). ), and it is not easy to deform. Generally, materials have high hardness and wear resistance; When the bending strength is high, the impact toughness is also high. However, the higher the hardness of the material, the lower its bending strength and impact toughness. Because of its high bending strength, impact toughness and good machinability, high speed steel is still the most widely used tool material in modern times, followed by cemented carbide. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride is suitable for cutting hardened steel and hard cast iron with high hardness. Polycrystalline diamond is suitable for cutting nonferrous metals, alloys, plastics and FRP. Carbon tool steel and alloy tool steel are only used as tools such as files, dies and taps. The cemented carbide indexable insert has been coated with titanium carbide, titanium nitride, alumina hard layer or composite hard layer by chemical vapor deposition. The developing physical vapor deposition method can be used not only for cemented carbide tools, but also for high-speed steel tools, such as drills, hobs, taps and milling cutters. As a barrier to chemical diffusion and heat conduction, hard coating slows down the wear speed of tools, and the life of coated blades is more than 1~3 times longer than that of uncoated blades. Because parts work in high temperature, high pressure, high speed and corrosive fluid media, more and more difficult-to-machine materials are used, and the automation level of cutting and the requirements for machining accuracy are getting higher and higher. In order to adapt to this situation, the development direction of tools will be to develop and apply new tool materials; Further develop the vapor deposition coating technology of tools, and deposit a layer with higher hardness on the matrix with high toughness and high strength to better solve the contradiction between hardness and strength of tool materials; Further develop the structure of the rotary cutting machine; Improve tool manufacturing accuracy, reduce product quality differences, and optimize tool use. According to the cutting motion mode and the corresponding blade shape, tools can be divided into three categories. General tools, such as turning tools, planers, milling cutters (excluding shaping turning tools, shaping planers and shaping milling cutters), boring cutters, drill bits, reamers, reamers and saws, etc. Forming tools, the blade shape of which is the same as or almost the same as the cross-sectional shape of the workpiece to be processed, such as forming turning tools, forming planers, forming milling cutters, broaches, conical reamers and various thread processing tools; Generating cutter is used for machining gear tooth surface or similar workpiece, such as hob, gear shaper cutter, gear shaving cutter, bevel gear planer, bevel gear milling cutter and so on. The structure of various tools consists of a clamping part and a working part. The clamping part and the working part of the integral structure tool are both made on the tool body; The working part (tooth or blade) of the insert-tooth structure cutter is embedded in the cutter body. There are two types of clamping parts of tools: holes and handles. A holed cutter is sleeved on the spindle or spindle of a machine tool through an inner hole, and transmits torque through a shaft key or an end key, such as a cylindrical milling cutter and a nested face milling cutter. There are usually three kinds of tools with handles: rectangular handles, cylindrical handles and conical handles. Turning tools, planers, etc. Usually rectangular handle; Taper handle * taper bears axial thrust and transmits torque by friction; Cylindrical handle is generally suitable for smaller twist drills, end mills and other tools. When cutting, torque is transmitted by friction generated during clamping. The handles of many tools with handles are made of low-alloy steel, while the working parts are made of high-speed steel by butt welding. The working part of the tool is the part that generates and processes chips, including the blade, the structure that breaks or rolls chips, the space for removing or storing chips, the channel of cutting fluid and other structural elements. The working part of some tools is cutting part, such as turning tool, planer, boring tool and milling cutter. The working part of some tools includes cutting part and calibration part, such as drill, reamer, internal surface broach and tap. The function of the cutting part is to chip with the blade, and the function of the calibration part is to make the machined surface smooth and guide the tool. There are three types of working parts of tools: integral, welded and mechanically clamped. The whole structure is to make a cutting edge on the cutter body; The welding structure is that the blade is brazed to the steel cutter body; There are two kinds of mechanical clamping structures, one is to clamp the blade on the cutter body, and the other is to clamp the brazed cutter head on the cutter body. Carbide tools are generally made into welding structure or mechanical clamping structure; Porcelain cutters all adopt mechanical clamping structure.

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