The picking of yuhua tea is fine, which requires uniform tenderness and consistent length. The specific standard is to pick a semi-developed bud and a leaf as raw materials.
Tightness, straightness, green and uniformity are the quality characteristics of Yuhua tea. Shaped like a pine needle, the string is straight and round, the tip is slightly pointed, the front seedling is beautiful, tender and hidden, the color is dark green, the aroma is rich and elegant, the taste is fresh and mellow, the soup is green and clear, and the leaves are tender and even. Brewed in boiling water, the buds stand upright, undulating, jade-like, and fragrant. Have a drink, it's cool and fragrant.
Origin: Suburb of Nanjing
Features: Yuhua Tea is one of the top ten famous teas in China. The shape of tea leaves is round and green, such as pine needles, with white hairs, tight and straight.
Production: Yuhua Tea must be picked in front of Grain Rain, and the picked tender leaves should have buds and leaves, 2.5 to 3 cm long. The production process is all done by hand.
Features: Yuhuacha is green and clear after brewing, with quiet aroma, mellow taste and sweet aftertaste.
Nanjing Yuhua Tea is a treasure in green tea frying, and it is also one of the three needles in China, namely Anhua pine needles (half baked and half fried), Nanjing Yuhua Tea (fried) and Enshi Yulu (steamed). It is a fine needle-shaped spring tea, produced in Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Yuhuatai Garden Scenic Area, with the tea produced near Meishan as the top grade. This art interplants plum trees, and tea buds are exhausted in March and April. Tomb-Sweeping Day went to Tomb-Sweeping Day about ten days ago, only one bud and one leaf were selected, and tea buds with a length of 2-3 cm were picked, which were de-greened (the young leaves were old and the old leaves were tender), kneaded, shaped, dried and fried by hand with black tar. Only 250 grams of tea can be fried in each pot, and 45,000 buds are needed for a catty of tea to be authentic Yuhua tea.
Yuhua tea is characterized by compactness, straightness, greenness and uniformity, that is, it is shaped like a pine needle, with a tight and straight cord, a slightly sharp end, a dark green color, a little tender, and silver in the green. People in Singapore, Taiwan Province, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces are very interested in this kind of tea, but few people in the north and southwest know about it! Therefore, the price is not really Longjing, Biluochun, which is ridiculously expensive. You can get a treasure of 1,000 yuan, and counterfeiting has not yet formed an atmosphere!
Nanjing specialty is also one of the top ten famous teas in China. The shape is round and green, the lines are tight and straight, the front seedlings are graceful, and the white hairs are like pine needles, which symbolizes the heroic image of the revolutionary martyrs who are indomitable and last forever, hence the name Yuhua Tea.
Yuhua tea mainly grows in the suburbs of Nanjing, and has strict requirements on raw material selection and technological operation. Before Grain Rain, young leaves with buds and leaves 2.5-3 cm long were collected, and four processes were carried out: enzyme fixation, rolling, shaping and baking. The whole process is done by hand.
Yuhua tea has good color, fragrance, taste and shape. The brewed tea leaves are green and clear, with elegant aroma, mellow taste and sweet aftertaste. Has the effects of quenching thirst, refreshing, promoting digestion, promoting diuresis, relieving asthma, resolving phlegm, and relieving boredom.
Since 1966, it has sold well overseas. In Japan and Southeast Asia, people give yuhua tea as a precious gift to relatives and friends.
"Yuhua Tea" is named after it is produced in Yuhuatai outside Zhonghua Gate in Nanjing.
"Yuhua Tea" is rare among tea names in China, but its production history is very long. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the 4th century, Nanjing people had the custom of drinking morning tea. Lu Yu described the story of Guangling Old Man Biography in Tea Classic. It is said that in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there was an old woman who sold a pot of tea along the street every morning, and everyone rushed to buy "Yuhua Tea" soup for her to drink. Strangely, the old woman sells it from morning till night. The old woman gave all the money for selling tea to the poor, and the poor were very grateful to her. The news was known by the officials at that time, and the old woman was arrested and imprisoned. Early the next morning, the old woman disappeared.
Today, Yuhuatai has 1000 mu of lush green tea gardens.
"Yuhua Tea" is rare among tea names in China, but its production history is very long. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the 4th century, Nanjing people had the custom of drinking morning tea. Lu Yu described the story of Guangling Old Man Biography in Tea Classic. It is said that in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there was an old woman who sold a pot of tea along the street every morning, and everyone rushed to buy "Yuhua Tea" soup for her to drink. Strangely, the old woman sells it from morning till night. The old woman gave all the money for selling tea to the poor, and the poor were very grateful to her. The news was known by the officials at that time, and the old woman was arrested and imprisoned. Early the next morning, the old woman disappeared.
Today, Yuhuatai has 1000 mu of lush green tea gardens.
Tea production has become one of the important industries in the strategic adjustment of agricultural structure in our city because of its outstanding comparative benefits, stable economic benefits and good development opportunities after China's entry into WTO, and it is also one of the important ways to increase agricultural efficiency and farmers' income. Based on the investigation of the present situation of tea industry in Nanjing, the problems and restrictive factors in the industrialization of tea industry in Nanjing were carefully analyzed, and the overall thinking and development countermeasures of tea industry industrialization in Nanjing were put forward.
I. Status quo and advantages
Tea is one of the specialties with the fastest development speed and the best economic benefit in Nanjing horticultural industry. By the end of June, 2002, the tea garden area in the city was 87,700 mu, of which the tea garden area was 56 1 10,000 mu, with an annual output of10.7 million kg and an output value of10.42 billion yuan. The average output value of tea gardens put into production is 2535 yuan, and the highest output value of tea in the city is 9500 yuan, with both output value and benefit. Nanjing Yuhua Tea, as one of the top ten famous teas in China, has an annual output of 20 tons and an annual output value of more than 60 million yuan. Since 1986 realized the whole mechanized production of yuhua tea, the product standard of yuhua tea (DB32/T 142- 1996, 200 1), processing technical regulations (DB32/T432-200 1) and cultivation technical regulations (DB320 1/T003-2002), which were formulated and popularized, and initially established "Cedar", "Mo Lifeng" and "Zhongshan". At the same time, a relatively perfect trinity marketing network from sales center to specialty store to supermarkets, hotels and tourist attractions has been established.
In mid-June, 2002, we conducted 100 questionnaires on the intention of developing economic fruit in relevant districts and counties of the city. The statistical results show that the farmers who prefer to grow tea account for 6 1.5% of the surveyed farmers. At the same time, through questionnaire survey, the production scale, benefit and intention of choosing industrialized management mode of individual tea business in this city were preliminarily found out. Through the analysis of the present situation of tea industrialization in Nanjing, we believe that the construction of tea industrialization in Nanjing has the following unique advantages, which must be fully exerted:
The first is the market advantage. Although China is a big country producing tea, compared with foreign countries, the per capita consumption is not high. The per capita consumption of tea in Nanjing is about 500g. At present, the annual consumption of tea market in Nanjing is about 3000 tons, and the total local tea consumption is about 1.700 tons. Only about 65,438+0,000 tons are sold in the local market, and about 700 tons of products are sold abroad. As a famous local tea, the annual output of Yuhua Tea is about 200 tons, accounting for only about 20% of the total sales of the local Yuhua Tea market. Therefore, the current tea production in Nanjing is far from being fully satisfied. In addition, Nanjing, as the central city in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, has the characteristics of convenient transportation and obvious location advantages. It is also the distribution center of all kinds of famous and excellent teas in China, which has strong radiation function to surrounding areas and is conducive to Nanjing tea going to the whole country.
The second is the resource advantage. Among them, the most prominent resource advantage is the advantage of land resources. At present, there are about 6.5438+0.3 million mu of hilly slopes in Nanjing, which are suitable for planting tea. At present, most of them are cash crops with low economic value, such as sweet potatoes, sesame seeds and soybeans. In addition, Nanjing has abundant rainfall and suitable climate, so vigorously developing tea production is one of the best choices to give full play to the advantages of land resources.
The third is the basic advantage. Nanjing has a long history of developing tea, especially the famous local tea Yuhua Tea, which has a history of more than 50 years. Through long-term production practice, we have accumulated a lot of experience in the selection of tea varieties, field management of tea gardens, development of new tea products and tea marketing, and the economic and comparative benefits of tea have gradually been recognized and accepted by farmers. The economic benefit ratio of tea and grain in our city is above 10: 1, and the economic benefit ratio of tea and other cash crops is above 2: 1. In addition, the long-term production practice has also cultivated and brought up a technical and marketing team that is proficient in tea production management and tea processing, and is good at opening up the market, which is an important foundation for the industrialized operation and leap-forward development of Nanjing tea industry.
Fourth, environmental advantages. The construction of "Green Nanjing" provides a rare opportunity for the development of tea industry in Nanjing. First of all, the municipal government attaches great importance to and strongly supports the development of tea, giving financial subsidies for three consecutive years; Secondly, the municipal government is actively carrying out the application for the protection of Yuhua tea's geographical origin products, which is of great significance for protecting the development of local famous tea brands, standardizing and purifying the Nanjing tea market, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of producers and consumers, further improving the economic and social benefits of the tea industry in our city, and creating a good external environment for the development of Nanjing tea industry.
Second, problems and constraints
1. Low scientific and technological content restricts the improvement of tea product quality.
The low scientific and technological content of tea industry in our city is one of the "bottlenecks" in the development of tea industrialization in our city, which is mainly manifested in three aspects: First, the popularization and application of improved varieties of tea, especially clonal varieties, is quite low, and more than 95% of existing tea gardens are planted directly. Compared with the clonal varieties of tea, the quality of tea products is seriously affected by the late harvesting, irregular buds and low quality of fresh leaves.
Second, the field management technology of tea garden is relatively backward, especially the low popularization and application rate of mechanized pruning and mechanized picking technology, pollution-free tea cultivation technology, clonal variety breeding technology and comprehensive utilization technology of tea resources, which leads to the relative increase of tea production cost and low yield per mu, which seriously hinders the improvement of tea commodity, tea garden benefit and product market competitiveness (see Figure 8, unit: kg). The investigation results of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture in 20001year show that the cost of fresh leaves per kilogram is only 0.2 1 yuan, which is more than 65% higher than the manual harvesting cost of 0.6 1 yuan, and the output of mechanical harvesting platform is 243 kg, which is 10.5 times higher than that of manual harvesting.
Third, the comprehensive processing technology of tea is backward, and the added value of products is low, which is mainly manifested in the fact that tea is mostly a primary product with a single structure, and the extraction of deep-processed products of tea, such as instant tea, tea drinks, teabags and natural products of tea, is almost blank, which seriously affects the promotion of local tea products and market competitiveness.
2. The disjointed production and marketing restricts the improvement of the overall benefit of the tea industry.
The disconnection between production and marketing is the second bottleneck of tea industrialization construction in our city. Mainly manifested in three aspects: First, at present, the production and operation of tea in our city is still based on the producer's small-scale peasant economy thought and the operator's most primitive trading relationship (fresh leaves, semi-finished products), and there is blindness in production and the operator's dependence on production (raw materials). The integration of production, processing and marketing is very low, tea sales are still "small sales", and thousands of households grab the market, which is very risky; Second, there is a lack of effective benefit distribution and connection mechanism between producers and operators, a lack of carrier to communicate production and market, a relatively backward development of intermediary organizations, and a low degree of organization of tea production and operation, which leads to a low overall level, small scale and disorderly market circulation of tea in our city; Third, the market system is not perfect. There are nearly 400 tea farms in the city, but there is no professional tea wholesale market, which leads to market disorder. However, there are 105 tea markets in neighboring Zhejiang Province, with an annual sales volume of 220 17 tons and a business volume of 1.42 1 billion yuan.
3. The serious shortage of investment has restricted the development of tea industry.
The lack of effective investment in tea industry is the third bottleneck in the development of tea industrialization in our city. Mainly manifested in three aspects: First, the investment in tea industry construction is insufficient. The newly developed tea gardens in our city generally invest 500- 1000 yuan per mu, including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and artificial ditching, and the investment in developing clonal tea gardens is also around 1500 -2000 yuan, which leads to poor field management, imperfect infrastructure and poor ability to resist natural disasters. However, Yushan Tea Farm in Changshu City, which has a high economic benefit of tea in the province (the output value of tea garden per mu reaches 8000- 10000 yuan), has invested as much as 10000 yuan per mu to develop clonal tea gardens, achieving the goal of high input and high output; Second, insufficient investment in tea garden management, especially in organic fertilizer, field management and ecological construction of tea garden, leads to poor garden image, tea garden degradation, low yield and reduced benefits; Third, there is insufficient investment in tea processing, especially in famous tea production machinery, teahouse construction and environmental sanitation construction, which leads to low processing level of tea products, affected product quality and lack of characteristics in product connection.
4. The backward management mechanism restricts the development of tea industry.
At present, some large state-owned tea farms in our city still have the phenomenon of "eating from the same pot", the management system is rigid, the operation mechanism is obviously backward, and a modern enterprise system with clear property rights and scientific management has not really been established. Many state-owned tea farms are content with the status quo, and product sales still mainly rely on group consumption. They haven't really gone out of the tea field to go to the big market, and they lack the consciousness and motivation to open up the market and make the enterprise bigger and stronger, which leads to the stagnation of the business scale and operating efficiency of the enterprise. So far, the largest tea enterprise in the city is only about 7 million yuan.
Third, ideas and countermeasures
The overall guiding ideology of Nanjing tea industrialization construction is: market-oriented, benefit-centered, tea efficiency and farmers' income-increasing as the goal, science and technology as the support, innovation as the driving force, brand-name and industrial management as the strategy, regional layout, enterprise operation, standardized production, serial processing, supermarket management and brand development. Through industrialization, Nanjing tea industry will gradually realize variety improvement, product quality, production mechanization and service.
(1). Seriously formulate scientific development plans.
Focusing on the overall goal of building a "green Nanjing", in order to make Nanjing tea bigger and stronger, we must first carefully formulate the overall development plan of Nanjing tea industry on the basis of full investigation and scientific demonstration. Based on the existing natural resources and climatic conditions, adjust measures to local conditions, plan rationally, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, persist in doing something different, implement regionalization and large-scale planting, gradually form regional characteristics and regional advantages, and form economies of scale. Give priority to the development of improved varieties of tea, focus on the development of famous and excellent tea in product development, and focus on the development of pollution-free tea in product quality. We should not only inherit the traditional advantages, but also constantly explore and innovate.
(2) Relying on scientific and technological progress, comprehensively improve the scientific and technological level of Nanjing tea industry.
Relying on science and technology, constantly improve the scientific and technological content of Nanjing tea industry. Focus on three aspects: first, vigorously introduce and demonstrate excellent tea varieties, especially clonal varieties, and strive to make clonal varieties account for 20% of the total tea gardens in the city by 20 10, so as to improve the quality of tea raw materials in the city as soon as possible; Second, introduce, demonstrate and popularize advanced tea garden production and management technologies, especially mechanized tea garden pruning and picking technology, pollution-free tea cultivation technology, clonal seed breeding technology and comprehensive utilization technology of tea resources; Third, vigorously introduce, demonstrate and popularize famous tea processing technology and tea deep processing technology, improve the scientific and technological content of products and increase the added value of products.
Yuhua Tea, as one of the top ten famous teas in China and a famous agricultural product in Jiangsu Province, has great brand advantages and high market visibility. However, with the improvement of people's living standards and the increasingly personalized consumer demand, the processing technology of Yuhua tea needs to be continuously improved and innovated on the original basis to better meet the needs of consumers. Therefore, we must actively implement the revitalization project of Yuhua Tea, focusing on three tasks. First, we should actively improve and innovate the mechanism technology of yuhua tea and implement the cooperative research plan of yuhua tea production; Second, vigorously carry out the declaration of the protection of the origin of Yuhua tea, and strive to complete the declaration of the protection of the origin of Yuhua tea in a relatively short time; Third, establish the quality assurance system of yuhua tea as soon as possible, and promote yuhua tea to become pollution-free agricultural products as soon as possible.
Implement industrialized management and steadily improve the overall benefit of Nanjing tea industry.
To implement the industrialization management strategy of Nanjing tea industry development, we should focus on the following three aspects:
1. Focus on cultivating tea market players.
In order to reach a new level of tea development in Nanjing and achieve the goal of sustainable and efficient development, we must make great efforts to cultivate the main body of tea market, including leading enterprises, product specialized markets, industry associations and industry cooperative organizations. , vigorously demonstrate and promote the efficient operation mode of various industrialized operations such as "leading enterprises drive", "agricultural cooperative connection", "professional agricultural cooperative service" and "wholesale market radiation". In particular, increase support for leading tea enterprises, and strive to achieve five unifications in recent years, namely, unified identification, unified quality, unified technical guidance, unified packaging, and unified external marketing. Taking Yuhua Tea, a famous tea in China, as the fist product, we will launch local famous tea brands, broaden the local tea sales channels in our city, occupy the domestic and foreign tea markets, especially the northern tea market, improve the economic and social benefits of tea in our city, and make new contributions to increasing farmers' income and increasing agricultural efficiency in our city.
2. Actively implement the brand development strategy.
Implementing the famous brand development strategy is an urgent need for tea industrialization and an important measure to deal with China's entry into WTO. First of all, establishing the concept of famous brand and strengthening the consciousness of creating famous brand are the prerequisites for the smooth implementation of the strategy of creating famous brand for tea; Secondly, formulate policies and measures conducive to creating famous brands and actively support tea products to create famous brands; In addition, it is necessary to establish and improve the management system of tea brand creation to ensure the durability of tea product brands.
In addition, registering collective trademarks is also an effective way for tea to create famous brands. At present, the applicants for registered trademarks of agricultural and sideline products in our city are mostly single farmers or single enterprises, and there is often a dispersion of "one natural area, one characteristic product and multiple registered trademarks" (such as multiple trademarks of Yuhuacha). Obviously, a single applicant's production scale is small, and it is impossible to carry out trademark promotion, product development and market development. In addition, vicious competition may occur between different registrants of the same product, which leads to the slow promotion of trademark awareness, or no visibility at all, and the finally registered trademark has not played its due role. Therefore, the biggest advantage of applying for registration of a collective trademark is that, without changing the identity of individual members, by using a unified trademark, the production and operation capabilities of all individual members can be effectively combined, forming a quantitative advantage and showing a scale effect.
3. Further demonstration and popularization of standardized technology.
Without standardization, it is impossible to realize the scale and industrialization of the development of tea industry. Without standardization, it is impossible to build a real tea brand. Without standardization, the tea industry cannot really go abroad to participate in international competition. Therefore, on the basis of vigorously demonstrating and popularizing the existing series standards of Yuhua tea, we should speed up the formulation, popularization and application of production, processing and product standards of famous and excellent tea in other places, so that standardization can run through the whole process of tea industry industrialization. Implement pollution-free quality standards from the whole process of tea garden ecological construction, seed selection, fresh leaf production, processing and packaging, sales, etc., to ensure the steady improvement of tea quality, create a green brand, establish a green image and enhance market competitiveness.
(4). Increase investment in tea industry, and constantly enhance the development potential of Nanjing tea industry.
First of all, we should increase capital investment, encourage and attract foreign capital to develop tea industry, form a diversified investment mechanism, and strengthen the construction of tea garden infrastructure and supporting facilities, especially the construction of tea garden ecological environment; Secondly, we should strengthen the investment in tea garden management, popularize and apply pollution-free tea production technology, and strive to improve the overall production level; Third, it is necessary to increase investment in the construction of tea processing system, focus on the allocation of advanced famous tea production machinery and the construction of safe and hygienic processing facilities, and further enhance the development potential of Nanjing tea industry.
(5) Innovating the operation mechanism and rapidly expanding the development scale of Nanjing tea industry.
The first is to strengthen organizational innovation and mechanism innovation. The core of organizational innovation is the enterprise construction of tea base, and the core of mechanism innovation is the privatization of enterprises. It is necessary to gradually promote the restructuring of state-owned tea farms in the city and strive to establish a truly modern enterprise system as soon as possible. Second, actively encourage the introduction of foreign capital, joint venture, shareholding system, cooperation and joint venture to jointly develop Nanjing tea industry, and gradually establish multi-channel and diversified investment structures and mechanisms such as the state, enterprises, collectives, farmers, individuals and foreign investors; Third, accelerate the reform of agricultural land use system, further improve the land circulation mechanism, and actively provide good external conditions for the large-scale development of tea industry.
Market price (premium): 100 yuan/kg or more.
Market price (Grade I): 60 yuan/kg or above.
Market price (Grade II): 40-60 yuan/kg.
Market price (Grade III): 20-40 yuan/kg.