Planting techniques of red fruit
Breeding and planting
Grafting method is often used for mass propagation of hawthorn seedlings, and wild hawthorn or cultivated varieties can be used as rootstocks. Hawthorn seeds are hard, have poor water permeability and are not easy to germinate. It takes two winters of sand storage to break the dormancy period of seeds. It usually takes four years to crack and germinate the seed shell. The following methods are introduced:
1, early seed collection and temperature change treatment of sand reservoir
Wild hawthorn fruits should be harvested early, that is, at physiological maturity, and from mid-August to early September, it is more suitable to harvest fruits at the initial coloring stage. At this time, the seeds are basically mature, but the seed nucleus has not been completely ossified, and the suture line is not too tight, which is conducive to seedling emergence. Crush the pulp of the collected seeds until the pulp is rotten and soft, then rub it and wash it with clear water. Blanch the seeds with 2 ~ 3 times of boiling water, stir with the scalding, take them out after 4 ~ 5 minutes, cool them with cold water and soak them for one day and night. The next day, spread a thin layer on the slate or concrete floor and expose it to the sun. Turn it every hour to make it evenly heated. Put it away at night and soak it in water the next day. In this way, when 70% ~ 80% of seed shells are cracked repeatedly, sand storage can be prepared. The next year, some seeds in the sand germinated and could be planted.
2. Early seed collection and sand storage methods
Harvest the fruits of hawthorn at physiological maturity, then press out the pulp with a roller (the seeds must not be crushed), then wash the pulp and impurities with water, then put the clean seeds into a jar and soak them in cold water for 10 day. Change the water every two days. Take hawthorn seeds out of the jar and store them in wet sand. Mix well and put into the dug pit. The pit is dug in the lee of the sun, with a depth of 1 m and a width of 80 cm. The length depends on the number of seeds. Spread the mixed seed sand at the bottom of the pit with a thickness of 8 ~ 10 cm, and put a layer of wooden stick above the seeds 10 cm. Put a mat head on the stick, and set a straw as a vent hole in the middle of the pit. Then fill the soil back into the pit, slightly above the ground to prevent water accumulation. The sand storage time of seeds is 180 ~ 2 10 days, and the pit is dug in the first half of April of the following year to take buds and sow. The seed germination rate can reach 95% ~ 100%.
3, horse manure fermentation method
In autumn, first blanch wild hawthorn seeds with hot water, then soak them in warm water for 3-5 days, then take out the seeds, mix them with fresh horse manure according to the ratio of 1: 4, put them in a pit 30-50 cm deep, cover them and heat them to about 35℃. After 30-50 days, the seeds are taken out and piled with wet sand, so that the seeds can be planted in the next spring and the seedlings can emerge in the same year.
4. Corrosion method
Soak the seeds with lime water or fresh urine to corrode the seed coat and promote the seed coat to crack. After wet sand is layered, seedlings can also emerge after sowing in the next spring.
Soil preparation and sowing
1, soil preparation and soil preparation
Choose the nursery land with flat terrain, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and irrigation conditions, and prepare the soil for the border. The border between north and south is the best, and the border is one meter wide and the border length depends on the land. Apply enough farmyard manure, irrigate once, and sow when the ground is slightly dry.
2. Sowing time
April 10 in northern Xinjiang is suitable. If the bunker seeds do not germinate during this period, they can germinate indoors, and the suitable temperature is 10 ~ 12℃. Sow the seeds as soon as they turn white. If the seeds germinate without soil preparation, they can be planted in the border with high density, covered with plastic film, and transplanted when 3 ~ 4 true leaves grow.
3. Sowing amount
There are mainly two ways: drill sowing and on-demand sowing, with four rows per border and large and small ridge planting, that is, double belt planting. The line spacing between belts is 15cm, the line spacing between belts is 50cm, and the side line spacing is 10cm. Digging trenches at the boundary with a depth of1.5 ~ 2cm; Sprinkle a small amount of compound fertilizer and mix it with soil. Water and sow in the ditch. Sow the seed sand evenly in the ditch by drilling, with the plant spacing of 10 cm, sow 3 germinated seeds each time, and flatten with nail palladium. Cover the soil with 0.5 ~ 1 cm and cover it with plastic film.
Seedling management
1, uncovering the film and fixing the seedlings.
After sowing, it is usually 7? Appears in 10 days. Remove the plastic film when the seedlings grow 2 ~ 3 true leaves, 3? When there are four true leaves, seedlings should be fixed at the spacing of 10 cm, and more than 20,000 seedlings should be left per mu.
2. Seedling transplantation
Transplant the seedlings from the room to the prepared border, water them first when transplanting, and insert them with a stick or finger immediately. Put the roots of the seedlings in the hole and squeeze them by hand. Water immediately after planting.
3. Seedling management
When the seedlings are completely grown and fixed, loosen the soil and weed in time. It is not advisable to loosen the soil too deeply to avoid damaging the root system. When the seedlings grow to 15 ~ 20cm, cooperate with watering and apply urea 10kg per mu. After that, topdressing should be done once a month, and irrigation should be done five days before grafting.
4. Choose your heart
When the seedling grows to 20 cm, pick the core as soon as possible and remove the branches below the base of the seedling 10 cm.
transplant
1, grafting time
Generally from mid-July to mid-August.
2. Grafting method
Mainly bud grafting. First, take bud pieces from the cuttings, draw a knife 0.5cm above the cuttings and reach the xylem, and cut the bud pieces into triangles on both sides of the bud system; Choose a smooth side and cut a knife at the place where the rhizome is 3 ~ 6 cm from the ground. Length1cm; Cut off the vertical opening in the middle of the horizontal opening 1 cm, will you? Ding? Glyph. Move left and right with the tip of the knife. Lever up the cortex on both sides, then insert the bud, so that the incision on the bud piece is close to the transverse incision of the rootstock, and tie it tightly with plastic strips.
Post-grafting management
1, patch
7 days after budding. Those that are fresh and not withered, whose petioles fall off or are green, and fall off at the touch are all alive; If the grafted bud turns black, the bud piece shrinks, and the petiole dies on the bud, it will not survive, so it should be replanted immediately. Water once before freezing, don't untie the plastic strip.
2. Management in the second year
In the early spring of the second year after grafting, before the sap flows out, cut the anvil 0.4 cm above all the budding, and the incision should be smooth and slightly inclined to the back of the budding. Remove the plastic belt. After the crown of the anvil is cut off, a large number of germs will emerge at the base of the anvil tail, which should be wiped off as soon as possible. Strengthen topdressing and watering to promote growth.
Soil, fertilizer and water management
1, soil management
Deep ploughing and ripening of soil can improve soil, increase soil permeability and promote tree growth.
Step 2 apply fertilizer
Apply organic fertilizer as base fertilizer in time to supplement tree nutrition. 3,000-4,000 kg of organic fertilizer was applied per mu of ditching, and 209 g of urea, 50 kg of calcium superphosphate and 500 kg of plant ash were added. Top dressing three times a year, 0.5? When the sap begins to flow out, urea is applied to each plant. 1 kg. Apply 0.5 kg urea to each plant after flowering. Before flower bud differentiation, 0.5 kg urea, 0.5 kg 65438+ calcium superphosphate and 5 kg plant ash were applied to each plant.
water
Water four times a year, after topdressing in spring 1 time, to promote the absorption and utilization of fertilizer. Combined with topdressing and watering after flowering to improve fruit setting rate. Water 1 time after wheat harvest to promote flower bud differentiation and rapid fruit growth. Pouring frozen water will help trees to spend the winter safely.
Flowering management
Spraying 0.004% ~ 0.006% gibberellin at full flowering stage has significant effect on improving fruit setting rate and increasing fruit size. Spray inflorescences until they drip. After flowering, when the fruit grows to a diameter of 0.2 ~ 0.3 mm, the fruit becomes thinner. As a result, each inflorescence with strong new shoots has 7-8 fruits, while the delicate ones have 3-4 fruits or no fruits.
Plastic trimming
Hawthorn is a light-loving tree species with closed crown, poor lighting and ventilation, small fruit, uneven fruit surface, large color difference and serious pests and diseases. The shape of hawthorn should be adapted to the tree, mainly spindle-shaped, sparse-layered and happy. The distribution of main branches should be reasonable, the spacing between main branches in the same direction should be above 40cm, and overlapping, crossing and crowded branches should be removed. Hawthorn is very polar. If the control is not good, the resulting parts will easily move outward, and the lower branches will be thin and even die. Therefore, when pruning, it is necessary to restrain the former and promote the latter, leaving few branches at the periphery, so as to be sparse outside and dense inside, and retract the fruiting branches and fruiting branches in time to make them compact. Sparse and remove over-dense branches and fragile branches. Before germination, the exposed part of the lower part of the main branch can be cut into xylem with a knife every 15-20cm to promote the germination of latent buds. When the sprouted new shoots are 20-30 cm long, the promoting branches can be picked and cultured into fruiting branches.
Harvest and storage
The suitable picking time of hawthorn begins one week before the first frost and ends at the first frost. Pick by hand to avoid crushing injury. The harvested hawthorn is packed into polyethylene film bags, each bag is 5-7.5 kg. Because of excessive heat dissipation, the single floor is placed in a cool place. After 5-7 days, tie the bag mouth (hawthorn has a strong breathing intensity, so the bag mouth with film thickness should not be tied tightly). In the early stage, pay attention to remove the cover at night to dissipate heat, and cover it during the day. When the minimum temperature drops to -7℃, the cover will prevent icing. After this method is stored in the Spring Festival, the fruit rot rate will be in.
A recipe for red fruit.
(1) hawthorn soup
Ingredients: 500g hawthorn, sugar100g. Method: Wash the hawthorn with clear water, remove the pedicels and seeds, and boil it in water. Hawthorn is ripe, add sugar and drink its soup.
(2) hawthorn tea
Ingredients: 500g of hawthorn, 200g of dried lotus leaf, 200g of coix seed, and 0/00g of licorice/kloc. Methods: The above medicinal materials were ground into fine powder and divided into 10 packets. One packet of boiled water was taken daily for brewing without drinking tea.
(3) Hawthorn Drink Chrysanthemum Beverage
Ingredients: hawthorn, honeysuckle and chrysanthemum each10g. Methods: Crataegus pinnatifida, Flos Lonicerae and Flos Chrysanthemi * * * were put into a cup for drinking tea, with a daily dose of 1.
(4) Hawthorn orange peel beverage
Ingredients: raw hawthorn, orange peel, lotus leaf 20g each, raw coix seed10g. Methods: The above medicinal materials were ground into fine powder, put into a thermos bottle and brewed with boiling water, which was drunk every day for/kloc-0. It's valid in March.
(5) Hawthorn and melon peel beverage
Raw materials: 20 grams of hawthorn, 30 grams of wax gourd peel, 0/0 gram of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb./KLOC-0, and one flower of Sophora japonica Thunb. Methods: The above herbs were decocted in a pot for 20 minutes, and then the juice was filtered for drinking.
(6) bodybuilding and slimming tea
Ingredients: 20 grams of hawthorn, 7 grams of Alisma orientale, 7 grams of radish seeds, 7 grams of malt, 7 grams of tea, 7 grams of Pogostemon, 7 grams of adzuki bean, 7 grams of Poria, 7 grams of cassia seed, 7 grams of dried tangerine peel, 7 grams of Massa Medicata Fermentata and 7 grams of Prunella vulgaris. Methods: The above ingredients were put into a casserole, decocted with water, and filtered for one day.
(7) bodybuilding and slimming tea
Raw materials: raw hawthorn, raw fleece-flower root, selfheal, Alisma orientalis, radish seed and tea each 1 0g. Method: Put all the above ingredients into a casserole, add appropriate amount of water, decoct, filter and drink, daily dosage1.
(8) Shuanggen tea
Ingredients: tea root, hawthorn and reed root each 15g. Methods: The above ingredients were decocted together for 20 minutes, and the juice was filtered for drinking.
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