Planting method of potted apple tree 1 Choose flowerpots and prepare nutrient soil.
The most commonly used potted container is a clay pot, which is loose in texture, rough and simple in appearance, good in ventilation and drainage, conducive to root growth and low in cost. You can choose a soil basin with a diameter of 30 cm, a bottom diameter of 20 cm and a height of 30 cm, and a drainage hole. When preparing nutrient soil, local materials can be used: fertile garden soil 5 parts, screened coal cinder 2 parts, decomposed manure 2 parts, rotten sawdust and bone meal fermented fertilizer 1 part, then 10 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate is added, mixed evenly and screened. The pH value of nutrient soil should be controlled between 5.4 and 6.8. Cover the small holes in the bottom of the earthen basin with small tiles to make it ventilated without leaking soil.
2 Upper basin
Seedlings are best cultivated and planted by themselves. Grafted seedlings with strong plants, full buds and no pests and diseases were selected and potted in mid-March. When planting, soak the roots with 5-degree lime-sulfur mixture for disinfection, and cut off the necrotic roots. First, put a small amount of nutrient soil in the basin bottom and put in seedlings. Root system is evenly distributed, buried tightly, watered in time to ensure survival.
3 Fertilizer and water management
3. 1 fertilization
After the leaves fall in autumn, the topsoil in the basin should be taken out and replaced with newly prepared loose and fertile nutrient soil, and then watered and compacted. In early spring, nitrogen fertilizer was used as the main topdressing 1 time to promote germination, with an average of 4 ~ 5 g urea per pot, and timely irrigation after application. Spraying 0. 1% borax solution at flowering stage. Since May, liquid fertilizer has been topdressing every 10 d 1 time, with 200 times of liquid organic cake fertilizer as the main fertilizer, supplemented by 0.2% urea, diammonium, ammonium sulfate and other inorganic liquid fertilizers. After flowering, the fruit needs more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the effect of topdressing liquid fertilizer on roots and leaves is better. Farmhouse manure is mainly applied to the roots, diluted 20 times with water soaked in fully fermented cake manure (bean cake, peanut cake), poured into a basin, and then poured with a small amount of water. At the same time, fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves, 0.2% urea solution is sprayed in the early stage, and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is sprayed 2-3 times when the fruit begins to develop color in the later stage, so as to promote fruit ripening, branch enrichment and flower bud differentiation. When fertilizing potted fruit trees, remember to apply less fertilizer to prevent root burning, which is beneficial to absorption and reduce the loss of fertilizer solution.
3.2 watering
The irrigation frequency and interval of potted apple trees should depend on the season, climate and soil moisture. In hot summer, when the water evaporation is large, 1 d should be watered twice. In spring and autumn, water every 1 ~ 2 d/time according to the soil conditions in the basin. In general, the irrigation frequency in spring is more than that in autumn. In rainy season, there is no need for irrigation or less irrigation. When it rains continuously, drainage should be done in time and the bonsai should be moved to a shelter. Do you need to master watering potted apples? Pour it completely when you see it dry and wet? Avoid the principle of watering and half-watering every day. Water should be replenished in time during germination, flowering and fruit expansion. In June, in order to promote flower bud differentiation, water should be properly controlled, and less water should be watered in the rainy season from July to August.
4 modeling points
4. 1 pruning method
After potted 1 ~ 2 years, attention should be paid to pulling branches and opening corners to make the trees ventilated and transparent, which is beneficial to the formation of flower buds and the early fruiting and high yield. When pruning, the branches of 1 a are chopped again to stimulate axillary bud germination and form a small crown tree with compact fruit. The first-bearing tree bears fruit through long, medium and short branches and terminal buds. After entering the fruiting stage, according to the strength of growth, 2 ~ 3 full buds can be left at the base for re-cutting. Long branches can be reduced to 2-year-old branches, so that small and medium-sized fruit branches in the crown are densely distributed. At the same time, the method of winding and pulling branches is adopted to inhibit the growth of trees and promote the development of new branches. The branches that were pulled up in the same year are cored, the trunk is strengthened, and then new branches are issued. By kinking, coring, cutting and girdling long and competitive branches, a large number of fruiting branches can be cultivated and flower buds can be promoted, so as to achieve the goal of early fruiting and multi-fruiting.
4.2 Tree structure
The tree shape of potted apple trees can be folded into a fan shape, which is suitable for rootstocks and short-branch varieties. The basic structure is as follows: the whole tree has four main branches bending horizontally to both sides, and the height of the tree can be controlled at about 80 cm. The shaping process is as follows: plant seedlings with a height of about 100 cm, pull them horizontally, select a full bud on the curved back, and cut it off above the bud to promote the emergence of the second layer of main branches. At the same time, the buds below the cut buds should be smoothed in time, and the new buds sprouted on the main branches in summer should be pulled off to make the upright branches horizontal or drooping. In the following winter, the newly grown main branches are leveled in the opposite direction of the first main branch, and good buds are selected at the branch bends, and the third, fourth and fifth main branches are cultivated in the same way every year. The distance between the main branches on the same side is about 50 cm, and each main branch has small and medium-sized fruiting branches. After entering the full fruit stage, the main branch of 1 shrank year by year, and finally there were four main branches left.
5 flower and fruit management
5. 1 artificial pollination
Because most apple varieties have low self-pollination rate, cross-pollination between different varieties is needed to produce more good fruits. Pollen can be collected for artificial pollination, flower branch grafting, or at least two mutually pollinated apple varieties can be put together for pot culture. In artificial pollination, pollen should be obtained from the flowers of pollinated varieties in orchards with similar phenological periods 2 ~ 3 days before the apple flowers bloom, and the pollen on the stigma of potted apple flowers should be dipped with a brush on the morning of the flower opening.
5.2 spray PBO
Spraying PBO solution/kloc-0 250 ~ 300 times each time from mid-May to early June and from late July to early August can strengthen trees, control shoots, promote flowers and protect fruits, increase sugar and color, prevent fruits from cracking and resist pests and diseases.
5.3 Bagging, leaf picking, pot turning, fruit turning and light filling.
After physiological fruit dropping, in order to improve the fruit quality and prevent the damage of diseases and insect pests to the fruit, fruit bagging was carried out, and the fruit bag was removed before the fruit matured 15 ~ 30 d, and measures such as picking leaves, turning pots, turning fruits and supplementing light were taken to make the fruit fully colored and the fruit surface smoother and more beautiful.
5.4 Coloring and pasting words
After the fruit is completely colored, what will it be? Fu? 、? Lu? 、? Shou? 、? Hi? Make Chinese characters or flowers, birds, insects and fish patterns into special glue characters or pictures and stick them on the front of transparent glue. Before the fruit ripens 15 ~ 30 d, after removing the fruit bag, paste glue words and pictures on the sunny side of the dried fruit. When the fruit is colored and ripe, remove the sticker, and the expected words and various beautiful patterns will appear on the apple fruit, which will make the potted apple more beautiful and improve its ornamental value.
5.5 Control fruit drop before harvest
1 Before the fruit ripens, spraying 30 ~ 50 mg/L sodium naphthylacetate twice every 10 d on the whole plant, or repeatedly applying the above liquid medicine on the abscission part of the fruit stalk can effectively prevent the apple from falling off and prolong the fruit viewing period.
6. Pest control
Potted apple trees have the advantages of convenient management, good lighting conditions and less pests. When pests occur, timely removal of diseased branches, leaves and fruits, scraping of diseased spots, artificial capture of pests and auxiliary chemical control can eliminate pests in the bud. The main pests are red spider, aphid and yellow thorn moth. The control methods are as follows: spraying 5-degree sulfur mixture before germination, spraying pyrethroid insecticides such as triadimefon or dipyridamole in April to control aphids, leaf roller and other pests, and spraying insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, ethofenprox and trichlorfon in June-July to control red spider and yellow thorn moth.
7. Pour the pot and replace the soil
Potted apple trees have been confined to a fixed container for a long time because of their narrow living range. The nutrients in potted soil are gradually lacking, and more and more harmful substances are accumulated. Roots form a thick root mat near the basin wall, which hinders the absorption and transportation of nutrients. At the same time, the crown of the tree is also gradually increasing, and the pots for planting trees should also be increased accordingly. In order to improve the nutritional conditions of potted trees and enhance their vitality, the pots are turned over every 2 ~ 3 years and the roots are trimmed with base fertilizer. This measure should be taken before dormancy or spring germination. 2 days before changing the basin, you should pour water once. When changing pots, gently vibrate the pot body to separate it from the wall, turn it upside down and hang it out with the whole plant. Then slowly remove the root soil and keep 20% ~ 40% of the original basin soil. After pruning the long roots, old roots and redundant roots of plants, put the newly prepared nutrient soil into the basin (containing decomposed organic fertilizer and chemicals for killing underground pests).
The planting steps of potted apples are 1. Go to the supermarket to buy fruit. There is no special requirement, as long as it is cheap and delicious.
2. When eating apples, dig out the seeds and put them on paper towels to dry naturally.
3. Collect seeds and clean them.
4. Soak these washed fruits in clear water for 5-7 days, and change the water once a day to ensure that the water quality is clean and free of impurities.
5. After soaking the seeds for 5-7 days, take a pot with no hole at the bottom. If there is a hole, you can also plug it with silica gel, put in almost nine minutes of sterile potted soil, and spray water to make the surface feel moist.
6. The tips of the seeds face down and are arranged in concentric circles from outside to inside on the basin surface? The seeds are almost two seeds short. Such intensive cultivation can avoid growing taller.
7. Then spread a thin layer of medical stone or other pebbles on the seeds, spray pebbles back and forth for three or four times with a water sprayer to completely wet the soil and seeds, then move the flowerpot to a place with a little sunshine to wait for germination, and spray water every 1-2 days.
8. Almost on the fifth day, the seeds germinated and emerged from under the stone with their primary marks.
9. On the eighth day, more companions got up and the stems continued to grow taller.
10, 13 days, the leaves finally broke free from the shell and stretched out. Then, the second layer of tender leaves came.
1 1, on the seventeenth day after planting, many new leaves grew on the second floor, and the seed shells fell off completely, supporting a green grove on the surface of the basin. At this time, the beautiful apple potted plant is completed.
12, put a beautiful apple in an inconspicuous corner, and everything suddenly becomes lively and interesting.
Specific methods of cultivating dwarf potted apple trees. The container for potted apples is mainly round, which helps the roots to spread evenly around. At the same time, the container needs water seepage and good air permeability to ensure the oxygen demand for root growth and prevent root rot due to water accumulation in the container. Among all kinds of containers, plain pots are the most suitable for planting apple trees. When using containers made of other materials, in order to overcome the shortcomings of poor air permeability, coarse sand with a thickness of 5 cm can be laid at the bottom of the basin, and a new layer of tiles can be placed along the inner wall, and then trees can be planted by filling the soil.
Second, soil, fertilizer and water management 1, basin soil preparation. Potted soil suitable for apple tree growth is generally neutral (ph 4.5 ~ 7.5), sandy loam or sandy soil rich in humus. During preparation, 4 parts of cultivated land, 2 parts of river sand and 1 part of plant ash are fully and evenly mixed, ground and sieved. The culture soil should be disinfected before use, such as cooking disinfection, baking disinfection or drug disinfection (spraying 1.5% formalin). 2. Fertilizer and water management. Because the root system of apple tree can only absorb nutrients from the pot, and the organic fertilizer in the pot alone can not meet the needs of apple tree growth and development, so we should pay attention to fertilizer and water management during the growth period. Fertilization should be based on organic fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer should be applied reasonably. The decomposed organic fertilizer should be mixed well when it is put into the pot. Before germination, apply available nitrogen fertilizer and appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer, and water each plant about 1 kg to promote orderly germination and flowering; Topdressing outside the roots at the fruit-setting stage after flowering, spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.3% urea once every 15 days, and spraying twice continuously to promote the expansion of young fruits and the growth of new shoots. 20 ~ 30 days before fruit picking, topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, applying 40 ~ 60 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to each pot, and then watering, can produce large fruits and improve quality. After the fruit is harvested, apply ternary compound fertilizer and water it. In autumn, apply decomposed soil miscellaneous fertilizer as base fertilizer before fruit trees fall leaves. Watering should be strictly controlled during dormancy, and the soil in the basin should not be too dry. 3, pour the basin. Because the nutrients in the pot soil are absorbed by fruit trees or washed away by frequent watering, it is necessary to pour the pot in time and replace it with new nutrient soil every 2 ~ 3 years. After the soil is turned upside down, the old roots with a thickness of 2-3 cm around the pot soil are cut off, the organic fertilizer and nutrient soil are evenly mixed to fill the bottom, then the soil is brought into the pot, the surrounding soil is filled with fertile soil, and water is poured once.
Third, crown shaping 1, tree selection. The tree shape of potted apple trees can be shaped with rich imagination according to the different requirements of fruit tree types and quality, such as natural round head shape, tower shape, one cliff shape, two antlers shape, three cups shape, weeping willow shape, dragon curve shape and so on. Make it not only beneficial to the result, but also have aesthetic effect and improve its ornamental value. 2, spray shaping. Use chemical control technology to dwarf trees. In summer, when potted apple trees grow vigorously, plant growth retardants (such as chlormequat chloride, paclobutrazol, b9, etc. ) should be sprayed on the leaves for 2 ~ 3 times, which can make the branches stout, the internodes shorter and the plants shorter. In addition, the measures to promote dwarf pruning of flowers mainly include: wiping buds, removing cores, taking branches, bending branches, cutting around, retracting, renewing and pulling branches. Enhance the light by opening branches, thinning long branches, dense branches and invalid branches. And sort out the ideal tree.
Fourth, the management of flowers and fruits When the number of flower buds in apple trees is large, the flowers should be thinned in the bud stage and the fruits should be thinned after the physiological fruit drop stage; If the number of buds is small, you can leave more flowers. At the same time, artificial pollination is needed.
V. Cold protection and wintering In the absence of freezing injury in winter, it is generally not to overwinter indoors, let it overwinter naturally and overwinter outdoors. In order to prevent freezing injury, you can water the soil once before freezing, and then wrap the whole container with straw bags to prevent cold, or you can bury it in a ditch.
Vi. Pest Control What must we insist on in pest control? Prevention first, combining prevention with treatment? The principle of. Especially in the growing season, spraying 800 times of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 500 times of 65% zineb wettable powder every 20-30 days to prevent diseases. 2.5% chlorpyrifos 1800 times solution and 20% white mite 2000 times solution can be used to control aphids, red spiders and other pests in fruit tree bonsai. The management method of dwarfing apple tree bonsai is introduced here, I believe you will benefit a lot! People at home must pay more attention to the WeChat public platform of Guizhou Feixing Golden Apple Agriculture and Forestry Technology Co., Ltd., scan the QR code or press the QR code for attention, if you need it.
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