Advantages of 1 and "y" frames:
(1) Management is relatively standardized, which is easy for fruit farmers to master. (2) High planting density and good early yield. (3) The fruit has the nature of scaffolding, and is good in commodity. (4) It is easy to control the output and improve the quality. (5) The three zones (ventilation zone, fruit zone and nutrition zone) are obviously distributed, which is convenient for mechanized management. (6) In high-temperature and humid areas, it is convenient for shelter from rain and farming.
2. Design of Y-shaped frame:
(1) The column is 2.3-2.4m high, buried 0.5-0.6m underground, and left 1.8m on the ground. (2) Tie three cross bars with the length of 0.5 m, 0.8 m and 1.7 m respectively on the ground, and require that both ends have the same length. Pull a wire forward at both ends of the cross bar, and at the same time pull a wire on both sides of the post with the height of 0.5 m on the ground. In this way, there are four iron wires on both sides of the column, and the frame type is completed.
3. Planting of Y-shaped frame:
After thawing in early spring, the soil can be planted. Generally, the plot is irrigated once, and if it is saline-alkali land, it is irrigated twice. When planting, the seedlings should not be buried too deep in the soil, and the top of the seedlings should be 5- 10 cm above the ground. After planting, water it once, then cover it with plastic film, dig out the overground part of the grape seedlings from the film, and press the plastic film with a small amount of soil to avoid being blown by the wind. Planting density: large row spacing is 2.5-2.8m, small row spacing is 0.2m, and plant spacing1m.. Plant 400-500 plants per mu. 1. soil management: strengthening soil management, regular intertillage and weeding, timely deep ploughing, and other management will definitely have a good harvest. Soil management mainly includes deep tillage, intertillage weeding, intercropping, mulching and planting grass.
2. Fertilizer management: Goldfinger grape, like other varieties, needs not only nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and other elements, but also trace elements such as zinc, boron and manganese. The production of 1000 kg grapes requires 5 ~ 1000 kg of nitrogen, 2 ~ 4 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 0 ~/0 kg of K2O5. This data can only be used as reference, but also depends on the fertility of the soil itself.
Fertilization period should be closely combined with the growth and development stage of grapes. After germination, with the growth of new shoots, the leaf area gradually increased and the demand for nitrogen fertilizer increased rapidly. Subsequently, the demand for nitrogen fertilizer for berry growth and development increased, and the absorption of nitrogen fertilizer by plants increased obviously; After flowering and fruit setting, the demand for phosphorus increased steadily; In the process of berry growth, the absorption of potassium gradually increased to meet the needs of berry growth and development.
(1) base fertilizer: it is necessary to apply base fertilizer in late autumn, mainly using organic fertilizer and some chemical fertilizers (N, P, K fertilizer, etc. ). The application depth of base fertilizer should reach the main distribution layer of root system. Organic fertilizer gradually decomposes in the soil, which can meet the needs of plant growth and development in the coming year. In autumn, the root system of grape entered the second growth peak, at which time fertilization and root cutting had strong regeneration and absorption ability. If the applied organic fertilizer contains straw compost, it can be properly mixed with human feces with more nitrogen, and adjusting the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is beneficial to composting. The combination of applying base fertilizer and deep ploughing in autumn can kill two birds with one stone. Because the organic fertilizer is decomposed step by step, and the fertilizer efficiency is long, the base fertilizer should not be applied repeatedly in the same position every year, but should be applied in different positions in turn.
(2) Topdressing before germination: available nitrogen fertilizer, such as urea and ammonium bicarbonate. , mainly used in this period. During the bleeding period, the root absorption of grape is enhanced, and the effect of topdressing before germination is obvious, which can improve the germination rate, increase inflorescences, make new shoots grow healthily, and thus increase the yield. If sufficient base fertilizer is applied in autumn, there is no need for topdressing in this period. (3) Topdressing before flowering: mainly available nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer, and appropriate amount of potassium fertilizer can be added. This topdressing has a good effect on flowering, pollination, fertilization, fruit setting and flower bud differentiation of the year.
(4) Topdressing at young fruit stage: Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the main fertilizers. Its main function is to promote the rapid growth of berries, reduce the rate of small fruits and promote the differentiation of flower buds. At the same time, just as the root system began to grow vigorously and the new shoots grew rapidly, the grape plants needed a lot of nutrients. If the plant load is insufficient and the new shoots grow vigorously, the application of available nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled.
(5) Top dressing at berry maturity: potassium and phosphorus fertilizers are the main fertilizer (besides available phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, farmyard manure such as plant ash can also be used). When berries begin to color, apply a large amount of plant ash containing potassium and phosphorus or decomposed chicken manure. Nitrogen fertilizer is generally not suitable for this period, but it should be applied appropriately in vineyards with too many fruit ears or vineyards with poor sandy soil and ripe berries after rainy season. Otherwise, nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient.
(6) Fertilization after harvest: mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, with appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, to promote flower bud development and branch maturity. The harvested fertilizer can be applied together with the base fertilizer applied in autumn.
(7) Foliar topdressing: First, it is clear that foliar topdressing is only a supplement to soil fertilization. It is an emergency measure when grapes lack fertilizer, especially to supplement trace element fertilizers such as iron, zinc and boron. Foliar topdressing cannot replace soil fertilization. Foliar topdressing can be carried out at the same time as chemical spraying, and it is used 4-5 times a year, mainly amino acids, humic acids and compound micro-fertilizers. Synthetic growth regulators, such as Bijiu, NAA, 2.4-D, etc. Prohibited, PP333 and PBO are restricted.
3. Water management: Among many fruit trees, grapes are more drought-resistant than apples, pears, peaches and other fruit trees. Many dry land vineyards can achieve high yield. Although drought resistance is strong, timely irrigation can ensure high yield and high quality of fruits.
When the soil moisture content is 60% ~ 70%, roots and new shoots grow best. When the water holding capacity exceeds 80%, the soil permeability is poor and the ground temperature is not easy to rise, which is not conducive to the absorption and growth of roots. When the soil moisture content is lower than 35%, the new buds stop growing. Long-term moderate drought in Xinshaowang also helps to control vegetative growth, promote flower bud formation and improve grape quality. The irrigation of vineyards should consider the physiological characteristics of grapes in their growth and development stages.
Several main periods of water management:
(1) The first critical period is before grape bud. At this time, the grape germinates, the new shoots grow rapidly, the inflorescence develops and the root system is also in a vigorous activity stage, which is one of the key periods for the grape to need water. Spring in the north is dry, and grapes are covered with wet soil for a long time. If you don't water it immediately after it is unearthed, it will be easily affected by dry wind, which will lead to poor germination and even dry branches. (2) Before flowering 10 day is also the key watering period. During this period, new shoots and inflorescences grew rapidly, and a large number of new roots began to appear in the root system. Assimilation is vigorous, transpiration is gradually enhanced, and more water is needed. Generally, water is controlled during flowering, because watering will reduce the ground temperature, and at the same time, the soil moisture is too high and the new shoots grow too vigorously, which is not conducive to fertilization and fruit setting of grapes. In sandy soil areas with strong water permeability, if the weather is dry, proper watering at flowering stage can sometimes improve the fruit setting rate. (3) The third critical period is about 10 day after flowering. During this period, new buds grew rapidly, the base began to lignify, the leaves grew rapidly, new inflorescence primordium formed rapidly, and a large number of new lateral roots appeared in the roots, so that the roots absorbed water from the soil to the most vigorous extent. At the same time, the first growth peak of berries comes, which is a critical period for fertilizer and water demand. (4) Berry coloring is the second peak of berry growth. At this time, berries grow very fast and sugar begins to accumulate in berries. The new shoots grow thicker and begin to lignify, and the inflorescence develops rapidly. Providing suitable fertilizer and water during this period can not only improve the yield and quality of that year, but also play a good role in the yield of the next year. (5) Berry maturity Generally speaking, in areas with good irrigation or water conservation, the soil moisture is sufficient. If the rainfall is insufficient, the soil water retention is poor, or the amount of fertilization is large, irrigation is needed. When berries mature, the soil moisture is suitable, the fruit grains develop well, the yield is high, and the sugar content is also high. If the water content is high, berries can ripen well, but the sugar content and flavor are reduced, and the fruits are easy to crack and cannot be stored. (6) When the grapes are buried in the ground for cold protection, if the soil is dry and it is inconvenient to bury them, a small amount of water should be poured before burying them. In the arid areas of northern winter and spring, there is a habit of pouring frozen water in winter.
As for the water deficit index of grape plants, it can be used as the standard of irrigation according to the growth status of shoots, which are hard and curved and grow normally; If the shoots are upright and soft, they are short of water and should be irrigated immediately. This variety has strong disease resistance, which can refer to the prevention and control methods of diseases and pests of Kyoho grape. Because the sugar content is too high, we should pay attention to the harm of birds and bees.
Management technology in the first year after planting
1. Plant the column, pull the line and complete the Y-shaped frame. 2. After the seedlings germinate, select and leave two strong buds near the upper part and erase the rest in line with the principle of "leaving the strong ones without leaving the weak ones, leaving the upper ones without leaving the left ones". 3. When the height of the seedling grows to 15-20cm, one relatively weak branch is removed and only one strong branch is left to grow. The purpose of this is to prevent the damage of weather disasters such as breaking to the new shoots, and to be foolproof. 4. When the seedlings grow to 40-50 cm, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, and the seedlings should be supported, and the new shoots should be tied to the bracket. 5. When the new shoot grows to 1.2m, coring is carried out at the top of the main shoot, and then five leaves are left at the top of the secondary shoot for repeated coring, and the final height is about 1.8-2m. 6. In the first year of winter pruning, it is required to prune at any position where the thickness of the cut mouth reaches more than 0.8 cm, but the highest height of the pruned grapes should not exceed 1.5 m and the lowest height should not be less than 0.5 m. If the growth in the first year is ideal, it is best to prune at 1.5 m to ensure the yield in the second year to the maximum extent.
Management in the second year after planting and beyond
1, Vine binding: Tie the vine horizontally on the first iron wire. If the pruning height last year was 1.5m, it happened to be connected with the previous grapes. 2. Bud-wiping and bud-fixing: After the grapes germinate, leave a branch in the corner to grow upright as the fruiting branch of the next year. This branch was not allowed to bear fruit that year, so it grew upright. When the new shoot grows to1.2m, core it. After that, leave two leaves at the top of the branch for repeated coring.
3. The new buds of many main vines tied on the first wire can have inflorescences and can bear grapes. According to the inflorescence number of grapes, a new shoot is left every 15- 18 cm, and each new shoot usually has one ear, and some can have two ears. If carefully managed, the yield per mu can reach 1000 kg in the second year.
4. Clever coring to promote big panicle: This variety is easy to grow white and has small inflorescence in the young tree period, so it is necessary to pick the heart early and skillfully. When the new shoot grows to 60-70 cm, leave 50 cm for re-coring, leave a top secondary branch a few days later, and leave 1 leaf for other secondary branches to core. When the new buds grow to about 60-70 cm, then pick the core. After that, leave 2 leaves at the top and pick the core repeatedly.
5, the whole ear is sparse; In order to achieve the goal of high quality and high efficiency, whole ear thinning is an essential link. Take off the accessory spike before flowering, pinch the spike tip when you see the flower, and dredge the spike when the grain size is clear after physiological fruit drop. Make the ear shape neat, and then remove the diseased fruit, small fruit and over-dense fruit.
6. Pruning in the second winter-single branch pruning. When harvesting in the winter of the next year, the branches cultivated in the corners are harvested at 1 m as the fruiting branches of the next year, and the rest are all cut off.
7, completely in accordance with the management mode of the second year.
Variety name: Golden Finger
Variety source: Golden Finger Grape was bred by hybridization of Harada Fujishi 1982 in Japan. According to the color and shape of the fruit, it is named Golden Finger. It is 1993 registered by Japan's Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and belongs to European and American hybrid varieties. The Liaoyuan Horticultural Research Institute of Jinxiang County, Shandong Province introduced trial planting in the winter of. 1997. From 2000 to 2003, all plants were thinned with flowers and fruits, treated with expansive elements and planted in bags. The output of 667 square meters should be controlled at around 1800 kg, and the wholesale prices of Jining and Shangqiu are 10- 12 yuan/kg.
Variety characteristics, characteristics:
1, botanical characteristics: the tender buds are yellow-green, the tender leaves are reddish and the villi are dense. Adult leaves are large and thick, nearly round, 5-lobed, with deep upper fissure and shallow lower fissure and sharp serrations. The petiole is broad and arched, and the petiole is purplish red. One-year-old mature technology is yellow-brown, shiny and long internodes. Mature winter buds are of medium size.
2. Economic characteristics of the fruit The ear is huge, oblong and conical, with moderate elasticity, with an average ear weight of 65,438+0,000 grams and a maximum ear weight of 3,000 grams. The fruit is strange and beautiful in shape, oblong, slightly curved, bow-shaped, yellow and white, with an average grain weight of 8g. After thinning flowers and fruits, the average grain weight was 10g, when treated with swelling agent, the average grain weight was 13g, and the maximum grain weight was 20g. The pericarp is medium thick, tough and does not crack. The pulp is hard, can be sliced and is resistant to storage and transportation. The sugar content is 20%-22%, which is sweet and refreshing and has a strong taste of rock sugar milk. The fruit stalk is firmly combined with the fruit grain, and the whole ear can be lifted by pinching a fruit.
3. The growth and fruiting habit is developed from the root system of the root seedling, and the growth potential is extremely strong. In the second year of planting, the ear gradually increased, and the output of 667 square meters was more than 2000 kilograms. It germinated in southwest Shandong in early April, blossomed in mid-May and matured in late July, which was 10- 15 days earlier than Kyoho and 30 days earlier than Meirenzhi.
4. Strong resistance, adaptability and cold resistance, and the mature branches can withstand the low temperature of about-65438 08℃. Strong disease resistance, according to the conventional control methods of Kyoho strain varieties, no pests and diseases occur. Both waterlogging resistance and drought resistance are very strong, and the requirements for soil and environment are not strict. The adaptability of flowering period to abnormal temperature is very strong. In 2002, the fruit size and size of most varieties of Kyoho system were seriously damaged due to abnormal temperature, but the golden finger was not affected at all, and the fruit grains were very uniform, which was extremely rare in Europe, America and Eurasia. In a word, this variety is the only early-maturing European-American hybrid with high sugar content among Japanese "five fingers" (beauty finger, girl finger, baby finger, long finger and golden finger), and it is unique in a huge grape family.
Suitable cultivation areas: all grape producing areas in China can be cultivated, especially suburbs, industrial and mining areas, economic development and tourist areas, as well as protected areas, courtyards and bonsai, which have high economic benefits and ornamental value.
(1) Breeding units: Horticulture Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development and Forestry Bureau of Longquanyi District of Sichuan Province, and Rural Development Bureau of Xinjin County of Sichuan Province.
⑵ Variety source: It was introduced from Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2009, and was screened after years of experiments.
⑶ Features: moderate tree vigor and high germination rate. The ear is conical, medium-sized, the ear length is15.0 ~18.5cm, the ear width is10.5 ~12.0cm, and the ear weight is 250 ~ 600g ... The density of fruit grains is moderate, with an average of 40 ~ 60 grains per ear. The fruit grain is yellow-green, the fruit powder is thick, the peel is medium thick, and it is easy to separate from the pulp. The flesh is light green, sweet and of high quality. Soluble solids are above 19.6%, total sugar is above 16.3%, and the ratio of sugar to acid is above 35; It ripens in the middle and late August, and the fruit development period is 100 ~ 1 10 days, with late maturity. Strong disease resistance and storage resistance.
⑶ Yield performance: the grafted seedlings are planted in the second year, and enter the full fruit stage in the third year, with an yield of 1300 ~ 1500 kg per mu.
5. Key points of cultivation: ① Garden construction: choose loose, fertile land with good irrigation and drainage conditions, with a flat terrain of pH 6.0 ~ 8.0, and adopt rain-proof cultivation and multi-span steel frame greenhouse mode to build vineyards, with row spacing of 3.0m and plant spacing of1.5 ~1.7m. (2) Pruning: adopt. (3) Fertilizer and water management: organic fertilizer is dominant, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are suitable, and nitrogen fertilizer is controlled. Apply base fertilizer 1 ~ 2 tons per mu of adult trees, and apply other fertilizers such as accelerating germination, strengthening fruit, changing color and picking fruit. , mainly high potassium compound fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. ④ management of flowers and fruits: after germination in spring, each bearing branch remains 1 ear. ⑤ Pest control: Pay attention to the control of red spiders, yellow spiders, thrips, leafhoppers, moths and birds, as well as gray mold, powdery mildew and white rot.
[6] Suitable planting area: Chengdu and the surrounding areas of Sichuan are suitable for grape planting.