(1) climatic conditions: the annual average temperature is 2 1 ~ 23.5℃, the absolute low temperature in winter is not lower than 0℃, the annual sunshine hours are more than 1797 hours, the annual sunshine percentage is more than 4 1%, and the average frost days are less than 5 days.
(2) Terrain: Choose a flat or sloping land with convenient transportation, sufficient sunshine and good irrigation and drainage, with a slope below 25 degrees.
(3) Soil: Slightly acidic soils such as red loam, yellow loam, sandy loam and alluvial soil with loose soil, deep soil layer, strong water and fertilizer conservation, good air permeability and pH value of 5.5-6.5 are selected, and water source forest is reserved at the top of the mountain.
(4) Water source: Choose areas with sufficient water sources and good irrigation conditions to build gardens.
Second, open the park.
(1) Road setting: According to the terrain, the park is equipped with motor vehicle lanes and tractor roads that are conducive to traffic.
(2) Dividing communities: dividing communities according to the terrain, and establishing relatively independent roads and irrigation and drainage systems in the communities.
(3) Irrigation system: drainage ditch, reservoir, septic tank, water pipe, etc. Will be built in the park.
(4) Building terraces: For planting on sloping land, horizontal terraces should be built according to contour lines.
(5) Digging a tree hole: the specification of the tree hole (length× width× depth) is1m×1m×1m.
(6) Laying base fertilizer: putting organic fertilizers such as topsoil, weeds, pond mud, garbage, pig manure and chicken manure. In the tree hole, then return the soil to the mound 20-25 cm above the ground, retting 1-2 months, and then planting. (1) Planting density: 450 plants per hectare, with row spacing of 4m× 5m.
(2) Planting time: March-May in spring and 9- 10 in autumn.
(3) Seedling size: the stem diameter at 30cm above the junction of fruit and seedling is more than 0.7 cm, and there are more than two mature buds, so it is a robust seedling without plant diseases and insect pests; The joint should be less than 30 cm, the thickness of the rootstock should be greater than or equal to the scion, the joint should be well healed, smooth, tumor-free, with good root system, many fibrous roots and more than 5 lateral roots.
(4) Nursery stock pruning: pruning is carried out 30cm above the nursery stock interface, and leafless pine root seedlings are planted.
(5) Planting: The planting depth should be that the root neck is flat on the ground or slightly deeper than 3 cm after planting. When planting, the roots should fully contact the soil, and the horizontal roots should be layered and oriented, and the roots should be compacted by filling soil layer by layer. The roots should not be in contact with the base fertilizer, and the root water should be soaked. In the future, we should keep the soil moist and eliminate stagnant water. I. Soil management
(1) Spray water: spray water frequently during drought to keep the soil moist.
(2) Drainage: timely drainage in rainy season to prevent water accumulation.
(3) Covering: Cover the tree tray with weeds at a distance of 5 cm from the trunk, with the grass thickness of 10 cm.
(4) Soil improvement: From the third year after planting, the hole is expanded to a depth of 40 cm and a width of 40 cm every autumn, and organic fertilizers such as green pressure or soil miscellaneous fertilizer are added.
(5) Weeding: Weeds in the tree tray can be removed, and benign weeds can be kept in the open space between trees.
(6) Intercropping: Short-stalk crops such as beans and vegetables can be intercropped in the open space of the park.
(7) Fertilization: After the first branch matures, fertilization is started, and the principle is to apply fertilizer frequently and thinly. After that, topdressing 1 ~ 2 times a month, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, with a little emphasis on nitrogen fertilizer and foliar fertilizer spraying. From the second year, organic fertilizer is the main one, supplemented by quick-acting fertilizer.
(8) Fertilization method: Ditch in the rhizosphere with a depth of 20 cm, and then cover with soil.
Second, crown management
(1) plastic decoration
A. Fixed stem: let it branch naturally, and cut the unbranched trunk by 50 cm to promote branching.
B. Leave branches: leave 3-5 evenly distributed branches at the first level, 2 branches at the second level, and 1-2 branches at each level in the future.
(2) Insect control: spray the medicine twice at a time, and spray the medicine once when the new bud is 5 cm long and just turns green. 1. Cultivate robust fruiting mother branches
(1) release autumn buds
A. Shooting times: the trees with sufficient fertilizer and water put autumn shoots twice after picking fruits, and the trees with insufficient fertilizer and water put autumn shoots once, and the last autumn shoot is taken as the fruiting branch in the coming year.
B. Shooting period: the trees with secondary shoots should be picked once from late August to early September, once again from 10/early October to1mid-October, once in early August, and the last autumn shoot should be at 10.
C. Standard for robust autumn shoots: The stem diameter of mature and fruiting mother branches is 0.5 ~ 0.7 cm, each branch has 80 ~ 120 leaflets, and the length is about 25 ~ 35 cm.
(2) Measures
A. underground fertilization: shoot once and fertilize once (calculated according to 40kg fruit on the tree surface throughout the year).
① First autumn shoot fertilization: apply decomposed peanut bran (including 1.5 ~ 2 kg) water 1 load, 62 kg water, 0.62 kg urea, 0.75kg compound fertilizer (15:15) and 0.4 kg potassium chloride to each plant. If peanut bran fertilizer is not applied to the ring ditch, the corresponding amount of chicken manure and pig manure should be used instead.
(2) Second autumn shoot fertilization: 0.2kg urea, 0.72kg compound fertilizer (n ∶ p ∶ k =15 ∶15) 65438+0.5 ~ 2.5kg potassium chloride. Significantly reduce nitrogen fertilizer and increase potassium fertilizer.
③ Release autumn shoot fertilizer once: reduce urea to 0.2 ~ 0.3 kg, and apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
B, spraying foliar fertilizer: topdressing foliar fertilizer such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (combined with pesticides) outside the roots.
C. Moisturizing: spray water during drought, and cover the tree tray with grass to keep water.
D. pruning
(1) Time limit for a project: completed by the end of August.
② Objects: crossing branches, pest branches, shading branches, weak branches, overlapping branches, over-dense branches and clustered branches.
③ Degree: After pruning, the branches are evenly distributed, and the leaves at the base of autumn shoots can receive light, so it is advisable to cut the trees strongly, otherwise, cut them lightly.
E. Reasonably thinning large branches: thinning some large branches year by year, leaving only the higher branches with appropriate positions.
Second, control winter shoots to promote flowers.
(1) Wang Zhuangshu slightly promotes autumn twice after picking fruit.
(2) Reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
(3) Adjusting the senescence period of the last autumn shoot: The last autumn shoot germinated in the middle of 10 and matured in the middle of 12 through fertilizer and water management, pruning and other measures.
(4) Chemical control of winter shoots: ethephon plus B9, paclobutrazol plus B9 or longan and litchi, etc. It can be used to spray the tree crown before the winter buds germinate.
(5) Root cutting: combining with deep ploughing and soil improvement in winter, the fine roots of topsoil are cut off.
(6) Artificial cutting of winter bamboo shoots and lobulation: For winter bamboo shoots growing before 1 month, two leaves at the base are cut off, and for winter bamboo shoots growing before 1 month, artificial lobulation is carried out.
(7) girdling or spiral girdling
A. Selection of girdling (stripping) trees: select trees with vigorous growth, thick green leaves, low yield in the current year, high temperature and rainy winter and fierce tillering in winter for girdling (stripping). When there is long-term drought and low humidity, ring cutting (peeling) should be used with caution. Other types of trees cannot be cut down (stripped) through annual rings.
B. Ring cutting (peeling) time: 65438+early February, after the last autumn shoot is ripe.
C. Ring cutting (stripping) position: it is carried out on the first or second branches, and it is moved up year by year.
D. Ring cutting (peeling) method: Ring cutting: use a special ring cutting knife to cut a knife in the cortex of the ring cutting part, reaching the xylem directly without damaging the xylem. Spiral girdling: use a spiral girdling knife to girdle for one and a half times, cut the skin by 2 mm ~ 3 mm, and the pitch is 3 ~ 5 cm, reaching the xylem directly. Be sure to be clean when peeling, and leave 1 to 2 first-class main branches under the crown.
(8) Water and fertilizer production: June+February in 5438 is not suitable for fertilization and irrigation. Weeds in the tree tray should be removed and the sun should shine on the tree tray.
Third, cultivate strong pure panicles.
(1) Promote flower bud germination: If the flower bud does not germinate in the last ten days of 1, measures such as irrigation, water and fertilizer application and foliar fertilizer application should be taken to promote its germination.
(2) Leaflet removal: manually remove the leaflets on the flower spike or kill the young leaves with 100 ~ 150 ppm ethephon.
(3) spraying longan high-yield element: spraying longan high-yield element once when the flower spike is 20-25cm long and buds appear.
(4) Applying calcium fertilizer: from late February to mid-March, apply 1 ~ 1.5 kg of lime powder to each tree to supplement calcium fertilizer and reduce fruit cracking.
(5) flower thinning: in the middle and late March, before flowering, the whole tree 1/3 ear is thinned, then the ear is closed by hand, and the top of the main stem and lateral ear 1/4 ~ 1/5 ear is cut off, and the remaining ear length is about18 cm; Reduce nutrient consumption.
Fourth, protect flowers and fruits.
(1) Bee release in flowering period: from the end of March to the beginning of April, bees will be released in the orchard, with 0-20 bees per hectare/kloc-0. It is forbidden to spray pesticides during bee release.
(2) Shake the tree: In case of rain during flowering, shake the tree in time to prevent retting.
(3) Irrigation and water spraying: During the flower bud germination period from February to April, if the weather is dry, soil irrigation and foliar water spraying should be carried out in time to prevent the ear from drying up and ensure normal pollination and fertilization.
(4) Fertilization
A. Strong flower fertilizer: Before and after the severe cold, high-quality organic fertilizers were mainly used, including chicken manure, pond mud and garbage.
B. Strong fruit fertilizer: the first strong fruit fertilizer is applied after flowering, and the quick-acting compound fertilizer is mainly used to promote fruit development and improve fruit setting rate. The second time was applied after the first physiological fruit drop from late May to early June. According to the yield of 50 kg per plant, 2 kg of peanut bran powder, 2 kg of compound fertilizer (n: p: k =15:15:15), 0.6 kg of potassium chloride, 0.6 kg of urea and 0.5% of calcium magnesium phosphate were applied to each plant.
C. Topdressing outside the roots: In the fruiting period, spraying pesticides can be coordinated, and foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, urea or bran water can be sprayed on the crown for many times to protect the fruit.
(5) fruit thinning
A. Fruit thinning period: from late May to early June, when the fruit grows to the size of soybean, the fruit is thinned.
B. Fruit thinning objects: trees with too many fruits and weak trees.
C. fruit thinning method: thinning the whole ear, mainly diseased ear, weak ear, dense ear, crown top, middle and lower part, periphery, inner side, long ear and short and strong ear.
D after fruit thinning, the remaining ears should be evenly distributed in the crown in plum blossom shape. For trees with too many fruits, 1/2 ears should be sparse, and 1/3 branches should be kept as long as possible. I. Pest control
(1) If red spots appear on longan shells, spray 80% dichlorvos or 90% trichlorfon with 600-800 times of liquid, and spray Xingmianbao 1000- 1500 times of liquid.
(2) Apply 600-fold solution of 90% trichlorfon or 10% mirex 1500-fold solution or spray other pyrethroid pesticides 1 ~ 2-fold solution to control the scale of smelly bedbugs.
Second, disease control.
(1) Ghost Sweeping Disease of Longan: Select disease-free superior seedlings to control stinkbug scale of litchi and Lychee psyllid, cut off diseased branches in time and strengthen fertilizer and water management.
(2) Phytophthora longan
A. Do a good job in clearing the garden in winter and after fruit harvesting, remove dead leaves and rotten fruits, burn them centrally, and spray 0.3 Baume lime-sulfur mixture once.
B. control the humidity of the orchard and keep the canopy ventilated and transparent.
C) Spraying 600 times of 58% Daphne manganese zinc or 600 times of 64% antiviral alum wettable powder.
(3) Anthracnose of longan
A. strengthen fertilizer and water management.
B. Spraying 600 times of 30% copper oxychloride or 800 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder at the initial stage of onset.
Third, prevent fruit bats.
(1) Put the Lazar nylon net vertically around the orchard or within a certain distance, so that the fruit bat can't leave the net.
(2) Set off firecrackers in the garden at night to scare off the fruit bats.