Evergreen or semi-evergreen shrubs of Euphorbia in Euphorbiaceae.
The flowering period coincides with Christmas, so it is also called "Christmas red".
In poinsettia cultivation, we should pay attention to the following problems: variety selection, substrate configuration, cutting management, fertilizer and water management, dwarfing treatment, long sunshine treatment, short sunshine treatment and pest control.
1. Selection of cultivated varieties: At present, several varieties cultivated in the market include Peter Star, Angelica, Millennium, Peppered, Free, Juicy and so on. But the most important variety is Peter Star.
It is also rich in colors, including white, red, yellow and pink. Of course, red is the main color.
I suggest you choose Peter Star as the main variety show, and you can choose Millennium and Freedom appropriately.
2. Configuration of culture medium: Choosing a suitable culture medium is very important for the cultivation of poinsettia, which will not only affect the management of the cultivation process, but also be the most important key to the cultivation of poinsettia. No matter what kind of medium the cultivator uses, it should be light, porous, well ventilated and well drained. But in any case, the PH of the culture medium should be adjusted to 6.5-6.8.
In several years' cultivation, peat soil (produced in Heilongjiang and Gaoyao, Guangdong) is used as the main substrate, and Hainan coconut chaff, Nanhai perlite, imported coconut flakes (which can also be replaced by pine bark fragments), river sand, yellow mud and lime are added.
Among several proportions, 1 river sand: 2 yellow mud: 3 coconut flakes: 5 perlite: 7 coconut chaff: 15 peat soil: appropriate amount of lime is the best.
Third, propagation technology: Cutting is only the first step in the production of flowers and trees, and the quality of cutting technology directly affects the survival rate of cutting.
At present, cultivators generally use two methods to breed, one is to cut directly in the pot, and the other is to cut in the pot after survival. Of course, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, I think if the purpose is to sell seedlings, we should use pot cutting. If the purpose is to sell finished seedlings, we suggest to use pot cutting directly, because this link omits the step of pot cutting after survival, and it is in 1998.
Pay attention to the following questions when cutting: 1, preparation before cutting; 2. Master the cutting time; 3. Environmental sanitation of cutting bed; 4. Fertilizer and water management after cutting; 5. Cutting procedure
1. Preparation before cutting: In the cultivation and propagation of poinsettia, we adopt direct pot cutting, and the following preparations should be made:
(1) Preparation of cutting seedbed:
A, cleaning and disinfecting the cuttage seedbed: disinfecting with formaldehyde, and then spraying limewater;
B, hanging a sunshade net: hanging a sunshade net of about 80-90PA about 2m from the ground in a glass greenhouse or a plastic greenhouse;
C. Potting: When filling pots, pay attention to the fact that the medium should not be too full or too little. Usually it will be full in about 8 minutes. Generally, 6 pots are placed in flowerpots with a diameter of 260 and 8 pots are placed in flowerpots with a diameter of 220. When placing pots, they must be standardized and aligned horizontally and vertically, which is convenient for future management.
D. watering: water thoroughly. Watering method: cut off the thumb of cotton gloves and put them on a PVC hose about 1 m long, and put a watering hose on the other end. I think this method is very good. (2) Dwarfing the mother plant: Dwarfing the mother plant of the variety to be cut about one week before cutting to obtain a strong cutting seedling. Dwarfing is to operate according to the instructions of the dwarfing agent used. (3) Preparation of chemicals: rooting powder and disinfectant (imported from Yili or thiophanate-methyl or zineb). (4) Preparation of other tools: special blade or beard blade, seedling washing bucket, seedling box, cart, etc.
2. Mastery of cutting time: Generally, the best cutting time is from late April to early June. Of course, if there is a greenhouse or a plastic greenhouse, it can be from late March to early June. It's best to cut it on a cloudy morning (4: 00-8: 00) or after 4: 00 pm.
3. Environmental sanitation of seedbed: Environmental sanitation is particularly important in the process of cutting, because once pests and diseases invade, the consequences are unimaginable, so growers must pay attention to maintaining the environmental sanitation of seedbed. Generally, it should be disinfected with agricultural formaldehyde (about 3500 times) immediately after cutting, so as to enhance the firmness of soil, increase the contact area between incision and soil, and eliminate bacteria in culture medium. In addition, after heavy rain or rainstorm, thiophanate-methyl or zineb should be used for disinfection. Yellow leaves should be cleaned and removed at any time in the management process to avoid bacterial invasion, because yellow leaves are the main source of pests and diseases, which will consume water and nutrients and directly affect the survival rate of cuttings.
4. Fertilizer and water management after cutting: water spraying immediately after cutting. Automatic sprinkler can be used when conditions permit, and manual sprinkler can be used when conditions do not permit. When cutting, we use automatic sprinkler to spray water, and the interval between spraying water should not be too long. Generally, spray water after 10 minutes in foggy days, with coarse fog when the sun is large and fine fog in the morning or when the sun is small. Generally, callus can be formed in 6-8 days. In the process of spraying water, it is usually disinfected once every 3-5 days. After cutting 15 days, appropriate foliar fertilizer can be sprayed, secret fertilizer (imported long-acting fertilizer) can be released in about 20 days, and normal management can be carried out after one month.
5, cutting procedure:
(1) Prepare all tools and potions.
(2) Cutting seedlings: Generally, 9- 10 leaves are selected for cutting the mother plant, at least 4 leaves are cut at the cutting position, and the cut is leveled at 0.5 cm below the node, and the cut is put into a bucket filled with Yili or other disinfectants, and the milk flowing out of the cut is washed and put into a standby red bucket.
(3) Seedling washing: collect all cuttings, wash all cuttings with disinfectant, quickly put them into plastic boxes, and transport them to the cutting site.
(4) Cutting: Before cutting, use chopsticks to insert a small hole with a depth of about 2.5 cm in the middle of the flowerpot, so that the cuttings can be easily inserted into the culture medium. When cutting, stick a proper amount of rooting powder on the cut of the cutting and insert it directly into the substrate with a depth of 2.5 cm. After insertion, gently pinch the surrounding soil with your fingers, not too hard. 1999 Our facilities are advanced, and the survival rate of cutting is basically above 99%. In recent years, although the facilities are a little backward, our cutting survival rate is above 95%.
4. Fertilizer management: In order to achieve the best quality of poinsettia, fertilizer management is also very important. There is a great demand for fertilizer, and the composition of fertilizer needed in each growth period is also very different, especially in the vegetative growth period. As mentioned earlier, fertilization is indispensable during irrigation from the time when cuttings take root (about 15 days) to flowering and sales. The main nutrient elements needed by poinsettia plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, boron, molybdenum and other elements, and the lack of any one will lead to bad symptoms.
(1) The following briefly introduces some problems that should be paid attention to in the use of fertilizers in the process of planting Christmas red: 1. Fertilizer selection: In the process of cultivation, we suggest choosing the following four fertilizers: (1) Huaduoduo (variety P20- 10-20, P30- 10-60). P 10-30-30), (2) peanut bran, (3) secret fertilizer (long-acting fertilizer) and (4) foliar fertilizer 2. Principles and methods of fertilization:
(1), Fertilization principle: Choose the appropriate fertilizer according to the growth situation, fertilizer demand and growth cycle of each period, and master the principle of frequent fertilization and less fertilization. And we should know the role of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other components in each period of the whole cultivation cycle. Nitrogen fertilizer mainly promotes vegetative growth, promotes chlorophyll production and increases the number of flowers; Phosphate fertilizer mainly enhances the positive growth and development of root system, makes the stem develop tough, resists lodging and promotes flowering and fruiting; Potassium fertilizer can make plants strong, promote the expansion of roots and make flowers more colorful.
(2) the use of fertilizer:
A. Duohua: This kind of fertilizer can be bought in Dahan Horticulture Company, with different ingredients, different prices and different use periods. Generally speaking, in the process of cultivation, we pour liquid fertilizer once every 10 day in the early stage and once every 15 day in the later stage (generally 2500 -3000 times). In the early stage, Huaduoduo P30- 10- 10, foliar fertilizer or liquid fertilizer can be used for irrigation to promote nutritional growth. In the middle stage, Huaduoduo P30- 10- 10, P20-20-20, and P 10-30-20 were applied together and mixed. In the later stage, Huaduoduo P 15-20-25 and P 10-30-30 can be combined and used. Of course, domestic growers can also use domestic or imported compound fertilizers with a corresponding proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to reduce costs, such as Bathien compound fertilizer and Norwegian compound fertilizer. B. Application of peanut bran: Peanut bran can be used as base fertilizer or topdressing. The proportion of peanut bran components: 6 peanut bran: 3 peat soil (garden soil): 1 lime. The specific production method of peanut bran is as follows: firstly, peanut bran, peat soil and lime are mixed repeatedly according to the above ratio, watered while mixing, mixed evenly, piled into hills, sealed with film, fermented, turned over after about a week, spread for about a month, broken and dried, then put into snakeskin bags and stored in a dry place for later use. When applying peanut bran, we should pay special attention to the application amount. Generally speaking, each 6-inch pot should put15g, each 9-inch pot should put15g, and it should be placed at the edge of the flowerpot. Some leaves may be damaged to some extent when smeared, but the problem is not very big, just remove them. The application time is generally in the early stage, that is, about 2 months after cutting.
C, secret fertilizer: secret fertilizer is a long-term fertilizer, the fertilizer efficiency varies from 3 to 6 months, and the specification is 30kg/ bag. Each 6-inch pot is about 12- 15g, and each 9-inch pot is about 20g. The application time of secret fertilizer is generally twice, once after direct pot cutting and once after poinsettia turns red.
D. foliar fertilizer: foliar fertilizer is the most effective fertilizer among the above fertilizers. In the management process, foliar fertilizer is generally sprayed every 7- 10 days in the early and middle stages.
3. Water management: Water is the most important factor in plant growth, because fertilizers and nutrients are transported by water. Water management generally follows the principle of "dry thoroughly" according to the size, growth, weather and temperature of Christmas red. When the weather is hot in summer, it is usually watered once every two days and sprayed every morning and afternoon (after 4 o'clock). In other seasons, the watering frequency can be reduced or the watering cycle can be extended. 5. Plant height control: Poinsettia stems grow upright, and the plants are tall, some as high as 1-3m. If left to grow naturally, it will have no ornamental value. Therefore, it must be dwarfed and remolded in commercial cultivation to achieve plump and beautiful results. Its specific methods include dwarfing and enucleation.
(1) Dwarfing treatment: Dwarfing treatment is also a very important link in the process of poinsettia cultivation, and many growers are faced with the problem of how to control the plant height. I think to control the height of Christmas red, we must control the selection, dosage, spraying period, plant growth, temperature, luminosity and so on. Now there are various dwarfing agents on the market, such as CCC, B9, PP333 and paclobutrazol. I think the above varieties have their own advantages. We use B9 and paclobutrazol more. But no matter which dwarfing agent is selected, it should be used according to the instructions of the agent. If it is ineffective, the dosage can be increased appropriately. Let's talk about the use of dwarfing agents in the following periods: 1, the mother plant is dwarfed or the seedlings that survive after cutting with cutting pieces are mainly to cultivate strong main stems to prevent vain growth; 2. The main purpose of dwarfing the mother plant seedlings about one week before cutting is to cultivate strong cuttings and improve the survival rate of cutting; 3. The main purpose of dwarfing cutting seedlings about three weeks after cutting is to prevent the cutting seedlings from growing white; When it is found that the internodes of poinsettia plants are obviously increased, dwarfing agents should be sprayed in time; 5. Spraying dwarfing agent during short-day treatment to prevent excessive growth caused by high temperature; 6. Spraying dwarfing agent before the leaves of poinsettia turn red, because spraying dwarfing agent after turning red will affect the reproductive growth of poinsettia.
(2) Tapping: Tapping 1-2 times, if necessary, depending on the branching and growth of the seedlings in the growth period, promoting the growth of the lateral branches, topping when the plant height is 30cm, leaving 3-4 buds at the lower part of the primary lateral branches, and cutting off the upper part. Generally, the whole plant can retain 6- 10 buds, and all other new buds are erased. Sometimes, coring can be accompanied by cutting. Generally, when the cuttings grow to 15-20 cm after survival, the buds are cut off, and the cut plants may have different heights. At this time, we will cut off the high part and unify all the heights. If the formed plants need pruning, the pruned plants should be pruned again, leaving about 5-6 branches and erasing all buds, and the height should be controlled at about 20 cm.
6. Short-day treatment: Poinsettia is a short-day plant. In the case of short days and long nights, flower bud differentiation begins and enters the reproductive growth period. The purpose of short-day treatment is to make poinsettia blossom ahead of time and achieve the effect of economic income generation. Generally speaking, the treatment methods of short sunshine are similar. We use black cloth to shade the light during cultivation. We use bamboo to connect vertically and horizontally in the shade shed at a height of about 2 meters and cover it with black cloth. When shading with black cloth, pay attention to the following questions:
1. Know the processing time of black cloth: different varieties have different processing time. Generally speaking, it should be handled 60-70 days in advance. If it is to be sold during the National Day, it should be handled from July 5 to July 20. During processing, the height of seedlings should generally be 12 cm-15 cm, and the height should be less than 65438 cm.
2. Pay attention to the adjustment of temperature: because the temperature is relatively high in summer from July to September, and the temperature will rise sharply when the black cloth is covered. If it is not handled properly, the plants will grow in vain and the flowering period will be delayed. It is best to hang a thermometer in the greenhouse, with the early temperature controlled at 23℃~28℃ and the middle and late temperature controlled at 19℃~22℃. If the conditions do not allow, you can pass.
3. Pay attention to the adjustment of daily treatment time: the treatment time of black cloth should not be too long or too short. Generally, the daily treatment time should be controlled at 3~4 hours. The specific time of our operation is from 5: 00 am to 7: 00 am and from 5: 00 pm to 7: 00 pm, because the temperature is relatively low during this time, plants will not grow in vain.
4. Attention should be paid to dwarfing: when the plants grow excessively at high temperature, dwarfing agents should be used according to the plant growth, which can be treated once every 10~ 15 days, but the concentration should not be too high. It is appropriate to use dwarfing agents for 1000 ~2500 times, but after the leaves turn red.
5, pay attention to fertilizer and water management: watering should be based on the growth of plants, size, humidity and temperature of the medium, it is best to spray water once a day in the morning and evening. In the aspect of fertilizer management, it takes about 10~ 15 days to irrigate more (the choice of fertilizer depends on the plant size) and spray foliar fertilizer once a week. Practice has proved that the short sunshine treatment time of Peter Star is about 45 days, and the short sunshine treatment time of high light and dark red is about 38 days. "Millennium" has strong growth potential, high temperature resistance, short photoperiod and only 42 days of dark treatment.
Seven, long-day treatment: As mentioned earlier, poinsettia is a short-day plant. Under the condition of short sunshine, flower buds begin to differentiate and enter the reproductive growth period. Conversely, under the condition of long sunshine, plants will inhibit reproductive growth and promote vegetative growth. The daily long sunshine treatment time is 3~4 hours, which means that the daily sunshine time should be gradually adjusted from 3 hours to 4 hours with the passage of time. There are two situations for poinsettia to be treated with long sunshine: one is that when the cutting seedlings of that year are used as mother plants in the next year, they should be treated with long sunshine; The other is that the cuttings or mother plants of that year should be kept for long-term treatment when they are sold in the Spring Festival. Let's talk about several problems that should be paid attention to in the treatment of long sunshine:
1, we need to know the time of long-day processing: generally speaking, it can be sold within 60~75 days after the end of long-day processing, so we need to know the delivery time of this batch of goods before making a long-day processing plan. Of course, the long-day treatment time of different varieties is different. Generally, the long sunshine treatment time is around September 20 every year. Because the photoperiod was shortened after September 2 1, plants began to reproduce and grow in short sunlight.
2. It needs to be clear that the time for changing lamps is generally about 60~75 days before sales. For example, if the lamps are to be sold during the Spring Festival, they should all be replaced before1October 1 1. If it is sold at Christmas, some lamps can be changed without lighting, but they must be changed before 10 10/0 15. For example, Peter Star, the seedlings cut on August 26th every year, start to glow on September 24th, and1October 26th 10 will be ready for shipment during the Spring Festival after the core is picked. Then, before the end of 5438+00 in June, it is advisable to have 3 hours of long sunshine every day, with the mid-term adjustment of 3.5 hours and the late adjustment of 4 hours. The reason is that with the passage of time, the days are getting shorter and shorter, and the long-term sunshine treatment should be longer and longer.
Eight, pest control: the cultivation of poinsettia is often harmed by pests and diseases, which leads to the growth obstruction and greatly reduces the ornamental value of poinsettia. In several years of cultivation and management, it was found that whitefly was the most prone pest, and the diseases included root rot and stem rot. Let's briefly describe the prevention and control methods of these pests and diseases:
(1) Whitefly is the most common pest in poinsettia cultivation, which can occur all year round in greenhouse. When whitefly is harmful, the leaves will appear white patches or lose green. The prevention and control measures are as follows: ① do a good job in the surrounding environment: remove weeds and dead leaves around and block the source of insects; ② Yellow armyworm can be hung in the greenhouse to judge and monitor the activities of whitefly; ③ Pesticide control: The main pesticides used are Wanling, chlorpyrifos and quick culling.
(2) Root rot and stem rot are most likely to occur at seedling stage with low temperature and high humidity. Symptoms are brown rot of roots and stems, sometimes the epidermis of roots will fall off, and the leaves under plants will turn yellow and fall off. In severe cases, the whole plant will collapse and die. Preventive measures include: ① removing infected plants; (2) sterilizing the substrate; (3) Water or spray fungicides when planting. The main drugs are hymexazol and Genjunqing.
No matter when and where poinsettia is planted, the growers should attach great importance to environmental sanitation.
Managers should work hard on cutting, management and flowering control in order to cultivate first-class poinsettia.