1, solar greenhouse structure
The wall is built on three sides, east, west and north, with a thickness of 30cm, facing south and extending from east to west. The roof is 3.0-3.2m high, the front shoulder is 1.2- 1.5m high, the span is 7.0-8.0m, and the east-west length is about 80m, with operation rooms at both ends. Cover the mat with a non-dripping film to keep it warm. In order to improve the thermal insulation effect, a cold ditch with a width of 40-50 cm and a depth of 60-70 cm should be dug in front of the greenhouse.
2. Selection of varieties
Apricot trees cultivated in solar greenhouse should be early-maturing varieties with easy flowering, high yield, strong disease resistance, low chilling requirement, large fruit and good quality. There are mainly varieties such as Kaite apricot, Hongfeng and Goldsun apricot.
Step 3 plant and build gardens
3. 1 The choice of garden should be mainly sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose soil and good ventilation, avoiding low-lying and waterlogged land.
3.2 440 -666 plants were planted in the greenhouse, and the density was 1m× 1m or1m×1.5m,667 square meters.
3.3 Pollination tree configuration Choose varieties with the same flowering period, large pollen quantity, strong pollen affinity and high fruit commodity value as pollination trees, and the configuration ratio is 1: 1-4.
3.4 Selection and treatment of seedlings: Choose pure 2-year-old robust seedlings, the height of which is above 1.2m, and there are no pests and diseases. Soak in water for a day and a night before planting, and then lick the roots with rooting agent.
3.5 Before planting, dig a ditch with a width of 1m- 1.5m and a depth of 0.6m in autumn, mix the decomposed high-quality farmyard manure with soil, backfill it in the ditch, dig it line by line, dig it between rows, and apply 5000kg farmyard manure and 100kg phosphate fertilizer to 667m2 to make the trees sprout early.
4 cultivation management
4. 1 Fixed stem seedlings are fixed immediately after planting, and the stem height is 40-50cm, which is low in the south and high in the north, forming a certain height difference.
4.2 Fertilizer and water management Increase the amount of fertilization and watering before July of that year to accelerate the growth of trees, and control fertilizer and water to inhibit growth after July to form more flower buds. That is, topdressing should be done once in early May and early June, with 50g urea applied to each plant and 0.3% urea sprayed on the leaves once. Spraying trimer mineral potassium dihydrogen phosphate twice in July and August. Apply 50 kilograms of urea every 667 square meters before germination of fruit trees. The hard core stage is the key period for apricot trees to need fertilizer. 250kg of NPK compound fertilizer is topdressing every 667 square meters, and 0.3% urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed once every 10 day. In mid-September, farmyard manure was applied, 2000 kg of decomposed ring manure was applied every 667 square meters, and 50 kg of special fertilizer for fruit trees was mixed. It is necessary to water in time after each fertilization, but in order to promote fruit ripening, water should be controlled when the fruit is close to ripening.
4.3 The pruning tree is spindle-shaped. In the late April of the planting year, 6-8 new shoots with suitable directions, angles and growth conditions are selected as main branches for cultivation, and the rest are erased. When the new shoot grows to 40cm, it will pick the core and promote secondary branching. At the beginning of July, the main branches are pulled at an angle of 70 degrees, and 40cm is cut in winter to remove too many and too dense branches and branches with upright backs. Results Before the fruit was harvested, the over-dense branches, upright branches and weak branches were mainly removed. When the new shoots grow to 15-20 cm, pick the core in time and control the length. After the fruit is harvested, the backbone branches should be retracted in time, and too many and too dense branches and upright branches on the back should be removed to prevent the orchard from being closed and the fruiting parts from moving out. When cutting in winter, close-squeezed branches and upright branches on the back should be thinned.
4.4 Chemical control In order to inhibit vegetative growth and promote flower bud formation, spraying 300 times of 15% paclobutrazol once from July to July 20th in15, and spraying again 20 days later can effectively slow down the growth of new shoots.
4.5 Flower and Fruit Management
4.5. 1 Improve the fruit setting rate. The air humidity in the greenhouse is high, which is not conducive to pollination. So when flowering, put bees or wallbees in the greenhouse to pollinate, otherwise they must be pollinated artificially. In order to increase nutrition, 0.3% urea and 0.3% borax were sprayed at flowering stage.
4.5.2 Fruit thinning Due to the high proportion of incomplete flowers in apricot flowers, fruit thinning begins half a month after flowering and is completed within half a month. Remove pests and diseases, deformed fruits, over-dense fruits and small fruits. Leave 3-4 fruits for long branches, 2 fruits for middle branches and 1 fruit for short branches.
5. Control of temperature, humidity, light and gas in greenhouse.
5. 1 and temperature rise 165438+ 10/0. Close the shed in the middle of October, cover it in the daytime, and keep the indoor temperature at 0-5℃ to make it hibernate in advance. After it passed the physiological dormancy period at the end of 65438+February, it was uncovered and heated.
5.2 The initial temperature rise in the temperature control shed must be carried out gradually, and the temperature rise should not be too fast or too fast. 1. Cover the shed with plastic film 10- 15 days before the shed reform, so as to raise the ground temperature, ensure that the roots move early and supply water upwards. Secondly, it is forbidden to raise the temperature suddenly within the first week after the cover is uncovered. We should draft, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, The flowering temperature should be about 65438 08℃, the lowest should not be lower than 8℃, and the highest should not exceed 24℃. The temperature during fruit development should be controlled between 10-20℃, and the highest temperature is 25℃. The ripening temperature of fruit should not exceed 30℃. If the temperature is lower than 8℃ at night for a long time, it must be heated. If the temperature exceeds the maximum limit temperature during the day, it should be ventilated and cooled in time.
5.3 Humidity control The relative humidity at flowering stage should be controlled at 45-55%, and at young fruit stage and mature stage at 50-60%. If the humidity is too high, it can be controlled by releasing air to reduce the humidity and covering with plastic film to prevent soil moisture evaporation.
5.4 improve the light. Apricots like light, but the greenhouse light is poor. Various measures must be taken to increase the light. First, after germination, cover the grass early to extend the light time; Second, remove the dust on the shed film in time, keep the shed film clean and increase the light transmittance; Third, hanging reflective films on the back wall and under the tree to improve lighting conditions; Fourthly, the service life of the greenhouse film should not exceed 3 years because of its aging for more than 3 years and low light transmittance.
5.5 Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide content in the greenhouse is low, which is not conducive to photosynthesis. It must be adjusted manually, especially when the flowers are backward. There is a serious shortage of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse, which must be supplemented to improve photosynthesis. First, apply carbon dioxide gas fertilizer after sunrise and release it for about 2 hours; Second, increasing the application of organic fertilizer is beneficial to improve the concentration of carbon dioxide in greenhouse; The third is to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse through ventilation.
6. Management after fruit harvesting
After the fruit is harvested, apricot trees accumulate nutrients, laying the foundation for flowering and fruiting in the coming year. Therefore, the management after fruit harvesting must not be relaxed. 6. 1 Remove all coverings. Remove the plastic film in time after harvesting, so that the tree can get enough sunshine and promote flower bud differentiation.
6.2 Strengthen fertilizer and water management. After the fruit is harvested, the compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is applied again. At the beginning of August, sufficient organic fertilizer was applied, and the decomposed organic fertilizer was applied to 666.7㎡ and more than 6 cubic meters. At the same time, fertilizer was sprayed on the leaves to prevent early defoliation and promote the accumulation of sufficient nutrients in the trees.
7, pest control
Apricot in greenhouse grows early, avoiding the high incidence of pests and diseases, so the pests and diseases are relatively light. Generally, it is only necessary to spray a mixture of sulfur stone with 5 Baume before heating up, and spray a pyrethroid pesticide with 50% carbendazim 600 times after flowering. Pay attention to the prevention and control of red spider, and protect the leaves around July, which can basically ensure that it will not cause great harm.