Cultivation and management techniques of loquat trees. Climate and soil environment
Loquat needs high temperature, and the average annual temperature is above 65438 02℃ to grow normally. The flowering period of loquat tree is in late winter and early spring, and low temperature weather will affect its flowering and fruiting. If the temperature is -6℃, it will cause freezing damage to flowering and -3℃ to loquat young fruit; Loquat pollen began to germinate above 65438 00℃, and the most suitable temperature for pollen germination was about 20℃. However, when the air temperature or ground temperature is above 30℃, the growth of branches, leaves and roots is slow and poor. When the fruit meets the high temperature of 35℃ 7 ~ 15 days before picking, it is easy to cause sunburn injury and even lose its edible value.
Loquat has low requirements on soil and wide adaptability. Generally, soil can grow and bear fruit, but loose soil with more sand or gravel grows better.
Second, variety selection
Loquat varieties are generally divided into red sand loquat and white sand loquat. Red sand loquat has long life, strong tree vigor and high yield, but its quality is not as good as that of white sand loquat. The more common varieties are round seeds and egg red. The growth and yield of Baisha loquat is not as good as that of Hongsha loquat, but its quality is excellent. Famous varieties include round planting, breeding, egg white and so on.
Third, fertilization.
Loquat trees need fertilization three times a year. Generally, before loquat blossoms, farmyard manure is used as the main base fertilizer (organic fertilizer can be used instead), and the fertilization amount accounts for 70% of the total fertilization amount in the whole year; The spring fertilizer before the spring shoots of loquat trees begin to grow is mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, accounting for 20-30% of the annual fertilization; The summer fertilizer before or after loquat harvest is mainly decomposed organic fertilizer, accounting for 10% of the annual fertilization.
Fourth, dwarfing method.
The dwarf crown of loquat tree mainly changed into trunk-like and layered dwarf trees, and measures such as pruning and pruning were taken to restrain the top advantage and promote the transverse growth of the crown. Pruning of loquat trees is generally carried out in late September, and ends at 10.
Fifth, thinning flowers and fruits.
Early thinning of loquat trees can prolong flowering period and prevent freezing injury; Loquat trees are generally packed and bagged evenly in early April. The branches that are not damaged by freezing and grow healthily can keep 2-4 fruits per panicle (3-4 fruits per panicle for medium fruit variety White and 2-3 fruits for large fruit variety Guanyu), and 1 fruit for fragile branches.
Cultivation techniques of loquat trees. Apply fruit fertilizer
After loquat matures, the nutritional level of the tree is relatively low, so it is necessary to apply sufficient fertilizer in time after fruit picking, and it is required to apply organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, and the amount of fertilization should account for about 50% of the whole year. Especially in high-yield orchards, it is necessary to increase the amount of fertilization, and farmyard manure can be applied per mu 1000? 1500 kg, quick-acting compound fertilizer 50 kg, cake fertilizer 100 kg? 150 kg.
Fertilization should be applied in circular furrow with the crown dripping water as the boundary, and it must be completed one week after fruit picking, and irrigation should be done in time to facilitate the root system to absorb nutrients and promote the early germination of summer shoots.
Second, summer pruning
Summer pruning must be based on ventilation and light transmission to enhance the tree potential. Prune cross branches, overlapping branches, diseased branches and dead branches. The fruiting branches should be shortened: the weak fruiting branches should be updated, and the sprouting spring shoots should be kept at 1? 2 branches, thinning out too many weak branches: for long branches, according to the space size of the crown, thinning, cutting short or pulling out branches as appropriate; For the main branches with large wounds, the wounds should be smeared with sulfur mixture in time to prevent the wounds from being infected with germs and affecting the growth of trees.
Third, pest control.
The main pests and diseases are more common during the germination of summer shoots and the formation of fruiting mother branches.
The hazards include red spider, yellow spider, tail worm, yellow caterpillar, longicorn beetle, loquat gray butterfly, pear moth, branch rot, leaf spot and so on.
Leaf diseases should strengthen fertilizer and water management, improve irrigation and drainage facilities, and improve the disease resistance of trees. When it is hot and rainy in summer, spraying 30% Aimiao 3000 times solution +2% KaSu Ming 300 times solution on the leaves to control leaf spot and anthracnose, and using 2.5% force or 2000-3000 times solution to control pests. Use 1:2 crown fungus copper and green wind 95 to make paste, every 4? Apply the trunk 1 time for 5 days, and apply it continuously for 3 times to control branch rot. 4? May and August? 165438+ 10 is the peak of occurrence of red spider and yellow spider, and it should be controlled with 1.8% easy-to-cut EC or 40% Kulong 1500 times solution.
Tailworm occurs twice a year, and its larvae live in groups and can be killed artificially. Use 2.5% effort or attack 2000-3000 times of liquid to control yellow caterpillars. Mid-June? In August, longicorn beetles lay eggs on the basal surface of branch technology. What is the branch surface after spawning? Pass? In other words, the artificial thorn has just laid eggs. If the larvae have eaten into the branches, inject 80% dichlorvos EC 50 with a syringe. 100 times liquid, plug the hole with clay. Spray 2.5% kung fu or 2000-3000 times before bagging young fruits, or use brown sugar 1 serving, vinegar 2/serving and water1serving. 20 parts, adding a small amount of liquor and 90% trichlorfon crystals to make a sweet and sour solution to trap and kill the gray butterfly and pear fruit borer. Moths can use the phototaxis of adults to install frequency vibration or insecticidal lamps in parks to trap and kill adults.