Planting and management techniques of grape trees
First, the basic common sense:
1, grape growing period 150 days? About 160 days (about 30-40 days for seedling raising), the life span and economic cultivation period of grapes can generally reach 30 to 50 years.
2, the role of grapes: the grape fruit is bright in color and the juice is delicious;
Rich in nutrition: its sugar content 10 ~ 30%, organic acid 0.5 ~ 1.4%, protein 0. 15 ~ 0.9%, inorganic salt 0.3 ~ 0.5%, and contains many vitamins and amino acids needed by human body. Wine-making: grapes can be used for wine-making besides raisins and grape juice; Beautifying and shading: planting grapes on the platform at the top of the house can not only beautify the roof, but also shade it;
3. Rational allocation of horticultural grapes:
1) If it is a courtyard, the overall arrangement of planting or breeding grapes and other fruit trees, flowers and trees can be comprehensively considered according to its size, lighting conditions and environmental conditions, so as to make full use of the ground and space.
2) If there is a spacious roof platform, in addition to greening (beautification) and eating, its sunshade function accounts for a large proportion;
4. Planting season: the temperature in spring is between 15-25℃, such as early March to April; Stratification can begin in early April;
Second, the preparatory work:
1. Selection of improved varieties: There are many varieties of grapes, such as Kyoho, Fujiminori and Goldfinger. Early maturity, strong adaptability, can choose high-quality varieties according to local climate and fruit use.
2. Selection of soil layer: Sandy loam with deep soil layer and loose soil (good air permeability and quick ground temperature recovery) is the best soil.
3. Land preparation: land preparation in autumn and winter in the first year. Before soil preparation, apply about 1.500 kg of decomposed fertilizer per mu, then dig deeply about 30 cm, and finely knock the soil into a seedbed with a width of 80 cm and a height of 50 cm.
Three, grape management and planting skills:
Before planting, apply decomposed base fertilizer, cover the soil and compact it, then pour enough root-fixing water, cover the soil to the depth outside the long roots, and there are 3 ~ 4 buds on the ground.
1, fertilization:
1) (basal fertilizer can be supplemented in the middle and late March in the south, and basal fertilizer can be supplemented in the middle and late April in the north) Apply 50 kg of high-quality farmyard manure? 100kg, urea 0.3kg and calcium superphosphate 0.8kg. The applied base fertilizer should be mixed with soil and then covered with soil. Grapes need a lot of fertilizer, and base fertilizer should be applied before defoliation or germination in winter; Topdressing before flowering for the first time;
2) Top dressing: Top dressing: When the bud eye begins to expand and the temperature is stable at 65438 00℃, the depth is 30 cm near the root tip according to the plant size. In a shallow ditch with a width of 40 cm and 30 cm, bury the fertilizer mixed soil in the ditch, and water and cover the soil after application.
3) in the early stage of young fruit growth, nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and calcium superphosphate and plant ash are applied appropriately;
4) When the fruit begins to color, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are the main ingredients. After reasonable watering and basic fertilizer application, water 1 time to make the fertilizer penetrate into the lower layer, which is beneficial to the absorption of grape roots;
5) Fertilizer control and water control: Generally, it is not appropriate to water fruits within 65,438+0 weeks before and after flowering. After the fruit is set, it can be watered with big water and applied with large fertilizer to promote the growth of the fruit. The rainy season will cause the loss of fertility. According to the loss of fertility and the growth of grapes, the amount of fertilizer should be increased as appropriate. Eat less and eat more? Way, give less and give more.
6) loosen the soil in time to increase soil permeability;
After heavy rain, the surface of the vineyard will harden, resulting in hypoxia of the grape root system, decreased resistance and easy to get sick. Deep ploughing should be done once before the rainy season. In rainy season, we should pay close attention to intertillage between rainy days to increase soil permeability.
7) Clean the auxiliary tip to promote ventilation and light transmission:
Grapes are the easiest to grow in the rainy season, and the incidence of secondary branches is very high. Pick your heart in time and wipe off the vise tip. For plants with too many new branches, part of them should be thinned to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.
2. Fixed shoot: Erase the overgrown and underdeveloped branches as soon as possible, leaving strong branches, so as to grow big grapes. Pick more than 4 inflorescences? Eight leaves. Leave 3 after coring? Four blades were re-cored, and the remaining auxiliary tips were retained 1 blade for coring.
3, thinning flowers, thinning fruits: the new shoots of grapes have skills: the new shoots of grapes must be picked. By removing the core, a large number of nutrients needed for the growth of new shoots can be preserved, which can promote the thickening of leaves and the fullness of flower buds. This is very important to improve the fruit setting rate, yield and quality of grapes. Here is a brief introduction to the practice. Picking time. For the new branches that bear fruit, they are usually picked 3-5 days before full flowering, and at the latest at the early flowering stage. Varieties with serious flower and fruit drop, such as Kyoho and Purple Rose, can collect seeds 8- 10 days before flowering. After the first coring, the leaves can not reach the required number of new shoots until the secondary buds grow out;
4. Remove tendrils: Tendrils not only consume nutrients, but also bring many diseases: annual seedlings should be tied in time after removing tendrils to make the plants grow upright. Insert a thumb-thick bamboo pole on the ground 15 cm away from the root of the seedling and tie the new tip to it. When binding, the new tips should be evenly distributed, and the binding rope should be tied into a loose slipknot on the new tips, leaving a thickened space for the new tips, and the other end should be tied to the diagram. When the new shoots of biennial and perennial seedlings grow to about 60 cm, the new shoots are arched. That is, the new shoots are leveled, so that the ears are at the highest position of the new shoots, and the new shoots are tied to the frame surface in order and at a certain distance. This is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, and prevents fruit branches from being blown off by strong winds.
5. Intercropping: After the inflorescence appears, according to the load of the vines, the seedlings should be intercropped as soon as possible. Prolonged vines maintain 1 ~ 2 ears, all bearing branches maintain single ears, and weak branches do not maintain fruit ears. The second and third ears that grow again should be thinned out in time.
6. Key points of Fujiminori grape planting (planting in the same year, two-year income):
1) In winter, when its leaves are completely backward, the plant should be pruned, and each branch has about 3 buds. Weak branches, too dense branches, too prosperous branches and insect branches should be pruned to promote more branches and more fruits.
2) In early spring, deep ploughing and fertilization were carried out beside the grapes, and farmyard manure was the main fertilizer. After fertilization, cover the soil and water it, and loosen the soil once when the soil surface is slightly dry.
3) When several leaves grow, the weak buds should be erased and only the strong buds should be kept.
4) When tendrils grow in leaf axils, they must be pinched off manually to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption.
5) During the period, tie the branches tightly to prevent them from breaking at will, which will affect nutrient transportation.
6) The lower leaves should be removed during the ripening and swelling stages of grapes to avoid the light reaching the fruit and affecting the fruit color.
7) Don't apply fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, before flowering in spring to control the tree vigor, keep it moderate and avoid excessive growth.
8) Don't water or spray chemicals during flowering. Pinch the tip of the ear before flowering, generally pinching off the whole ear 1/5 and 1/4.
9) Before the grapes bloom, leave five leaves above the inflorescence. Peel 7 pieces of Ye Qiang, and wipe off all the other auxiliary buds except one at the top, so that the nutrients can be fully supplied to the fruit. Spraying PBO twice before and after flowering can greatly improve the fruit setting rate. After physiological fruit drop, leave 8 10 leaf coring combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization can obtain high-yield and large-spike high-quality Kyoho grapes.
Four, anti-freezing treatment of grapes:
When the ground temperature of grape roots drops to MINUS 6 degrees Celsius, their roots will be frozen to varying degrees. When it drops to MINUS 8 degrees Celsius, it will completely freeze. Therefore, the temperature of grape roots should be kept above MINUS 6 degrees Celsius during hibernation.
1, timely filling frozen water. Winter grapes should be watered with frozen water once every 0/0 day before being buried in cold-proof soil to prevent root freezing injury and drought in early spring.
2, pay attention to the soil location and soil sealing ditch. Cold-proof soil must be taken from the rows outside the two sides of the vine trunk, and it must not be too close to the roots to avoid damaging the roots and freezing them. After freezing, the soil ditch is filled with water and frozen into ice, which not only reduces the thickness of frozen soil, but also helps the roots to overwinter and prevent drought in the next spring. Where there is no irrigation condition, you can also cover the soil ditch with weeds and other items to prevent the grape from freezing injury.
When cracks are found on the cold-proof soil after winter, the cracks should be covered tightly with soil in time. From June+0, 5438 to February of the following year, especially when the weather is particularly cold, some cold-proof objects such as firewood or horse manure can be piled on the cold-proof soil to ensure that the grapes are not frozen. 6. Prevention of bird damage (when the grapes are about to ripen, birds will pick the ripe grapes and peck them): The bagging effect of grape newspapers is good, which not only reduces sunburn, prevents bacterial infection, prevents bird damage, but also facilitates bag making.
1, bag making: each newspaper can be made into 4 paper bags, the value is less than 1 min, the bag length is 27 cm, the width is 20 cm, and the value is 6? 8 cm thin wire for standby. Roll up the side of the bag with a sewing machine, and nail the lower mouth to the middle with a stapler, leaving 6 cm air holes on both sides. If it is used in an orchard with high temperature and humidity in summer, it can enhance the moisture discharge performance without sealing.
2. Bagging: Bagging soybeans when they are small. Before bagging, prune the ears, thin the seeds and spray fungicides, pesticides and available calcium. Bagging time should be from morning dew to evening, and attention should be paid to avoiding the highest temperature period and direct sunlight when bagging at noon.
3. Bag picking: The bag picking time is determined according to the variety and time to market. The variety with early maturity and easy coloring should be 7? 10 days to pick up the bag; Late-maturing variety, 10? /kloc-pick bags in 0/5 days. After picking the bag, you should pick the leaves and turn the fruit. Seven, disease prevention and treatment: grape bud eyes can be sprayed 50 times before germination? 100 times Soliba or 3 baume degrees? 5 Baume stone sulfur mixture (0.3% washing powder is better). For orchards with serious diseases such as fruit rot last year, lime should be sprinkled before the disease occurs; Or spray 50% carbendazim 500 times under the frame? Controlling the primary infection source of soil overwintering with 600 times solution.
1, in case of priority, spray in time:
The remaining period is 17? 2 1 day, sprayed every 15 days/time. If it rains halfway, shorten the next spraying days appropriately. If there is heavy rain after spraying, wait until it clears. If two adjacent drugs are alkaline or acidic respectively, the interval should be strictly controlled to prevent acid-base neutralization of the two drugs.
2, see the disease from the start, timely treatment:
Continuous rain, high temperature and high humidity are the most prone to illness, and should be observed every day and sprayed with drugs at the beginning. Downy mildew can be prevented by using 70% Cobo 600 times solution, 80% ethyl phosphate 300 times solution or L: 0.7: 1.80 times bordeaux solution;
3. Bordeaux mixture is the main drug, and other drugs are suitable. This method has a good preventive effect. Spray 1 time 1:0.5:240 times before flowering, 1 time 1:0.7:220 times after flowering, and 1 time 1:0.7:200 times during grape expansion. If white rot and anthracnose occur in the middle, it is necessary to spray the medicine. Most of these drugs are acidic, and the interval between them and Bordeaux mixture should be strictly controlled.
4. Clean up the garden in time to curb the spread of diseases;
If a disease occurs, it is most likely to spread because of high temperature and high humidity. Clean the garden at any time. Remove diseased leaves, branches and fruits from the garden, bury them deeply or burn them. Clear weeds in the garden in time. When cutting off diseased branches and fruits, always clean scissors and disinfect them to prevent cross-infection.
Grape transplantation technology
1. Before spring germination, dig a planting ditch with a depth of 1 m and a width of 1 m at the transplanting place.
2. First, pig manure, manure and other organic fertilizers are mixed with soil at the ratio of 1: 1, and then they are filled into the planting ditch with a thickness of about 0.5m, and then the soil with a thickness of 0,654,38+0m is filled in, and then watered.
3. When raising seedlings, the roots should be as many as possible, the thicker roots should be about 30cm, and the capillary roots should be as many as possible. Then, select the well-growing lateral branch at the lower part as the main vine, remove all its upward parts and other downward lateral branches, leave the well-growing 1-4 1 annual branch, and remove all other branches. Cut some wounds on the upper part of the root system of the main vine with a knife to make it take root, then fill the soil, only 1-4 branches are exposed, and the exposed branches are 1 annual branches or 1 annual branches and a part of their connected biennial branches, leaving 4-6 on 1 annual branches. Through observation, we found that 1 annual branches on the ground have the strongest growth potential, the thickest new shoots, the weak growth potential of 3-4 branches and the thinnest new shoots, so it is best to leave the annual branches on the ground 1-2.
In the growing season, we should pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. If the pests and diseases are not well controlled and the branches cannot mature well, all previous efforts will be wasted; When the buds are fixed in time, only 1-3 new shoots are left in each tree, leaving too many new shoots, and each new shoot can't grow well or even mature; In addition, if the new shoots have fruit ears, they should be picked off in time to reduce nutrient consumption, which is conducive to the growth of new shoots; Spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on leaves for 2-3 times in the late growth stage is beneficial to the maturity of branches. Don't fertilize before June to avoid burning roots. Apply a little compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer in early July and mid-August, and apply organic fertilizer once before defoliation. When pruning in winter, leave 1-3 annual branches per plant and 5-8 buds per annual branch for pruning. Ensure that the diameter of the incision is 0-8cm, and remove the annual branches that are too thin. If the annual branches are very thin, only 1-2 and 2-5 buds are left for pruning.
In practice, we also found that the vines planted in autumn grow better and the annual branches are thicker than those planted in spring, so the best season for transplanting larger vines is autumn. This is because vines planted in autumn have partially or completely healed their roots in spring, and some even grow a small number of new roots. The vines planted in spring need some time to heal the wounds and then grow new roots, which means it takes some time to slow down the seedling stage. However, it should be noted that after planting in autumn, it is necessary to do a good job of covering soil to prevent cold.
Grape planting conditions
illuminate
Solar energy is the only energy for grape photosynthesis. It is the driving force of energy and material circulation of grapes, and 90% ~ 95% of grape yield and quality comes from photosynthesis. In many cases, the real solar energy consumed by photosynthesis has not reached 1% of the total solar energy. In China, the solar energy utilization rate of general vineyards is only about 0.5%, and grapes are light-loving crops.
Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes. When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, when building a garden, it is required to choose a place with good light, pay attention to improving the wind and light conditions on the shelf surface, correctly design the row direction and row spacing, and adopt reasonable shaping and pruning techniques.
temperature
Temperature is the most important meteorological factor affecting the growth and fruiting of grapes. Grape is a warm temperate plant, which needs quite a lot of heat. During the grape growing period (from budding to fruiting), the monthly average temperature is above 1 0 degrees, which varies with different varieties. Temperature also has an important influence on the growth and fruiting process of grapes. High temperature will do harm to grapes, but the degree is far less than that of low temperature. The harm of low temperature to grapes is a common problem in grape cultivation in the world, and low temperature limits the cultivation area of grapes. Grapes are generally planted in the northern hemisphere between 20 degrees and 5 1 degree north latitude. The northern limit of European grape variety cultivation is the Rhine Valley in Germany, and the southern limit of cultivation extends to India. In the southern hemisphere, grapes are mainly planted between 20 and 40 degrees south latitude. The limiting factors for the expansion of grape planting range in Europe to the equator are high temperature, disease and lack of sufficient low temperature to induce grape dormancy. The main limiting factor for the expansion of European grapes to the poles is that the growing season is short, which is not enough to ensure the maturity of fruits and vines and to resist the low temperature in winter.
Different grape groups have different requirements for temperature at different growth stages. For example, when the average temperature in early spring reaches about 10℃ and the soil temperature in 30cm underground is 7 ~ 10℃, hybrids from Europe, Asia, Europe and America begin to germinate. Vitis amurensis and its hybrids can germinate when the soil temperature is 5 ~ 7℃. With the increase of temperature, the sprouted new shoots will accelerate their growth, and the most suitable temperature for the growth of new shoots and the meridional division of flower buds is 25 ~ 38℃. When the temperature is lower than 14℃, it is not conducive to flowering and pollination. The optimum temperature for berry ripening is 28 ~ 32℃. When the temperature is lower than 16℃ or higher than 38℃, it is not conducive to the development and maturity of berries and the quality is reduced. The temperature at which roots start to move is 7 ~ 10℃, and the fastest growth is at 25 ~ 30℃. Varieties with different maturity need effective accumulated temperature. For example, the early-maturing variety Saba Pearl needs an effective accumulated temperature of 2 1℃, the middle-maturing variety Vineyard Queen needs 25℃, and the late-maturing variety Longan needs 33℃ to fully mature.
Low temperature tolerance varies with species and organs, such as Eurasian species and European-American hybrids, which can tolerate low temperature of -3 ~-4℃ during germination; The tender leaves and young leaves were frozen at-65438 0℃, and the inflorescence was frozen at 0℃. During dormancy period, the winter buds of mature branches of Eurasian varieties can tolerate-16℃ ~- 17℃, and the perennial lianas are frozen at -20℃. The cold resistance of root system is weak. The roots of Longan, Rose Fragrant and Vineyard Queen in Eurasia were slightly damaged by freezing at -4℃ ~-5℃ and froze to death for about two days at -6℃. Using Vitis amurensis or Vitis amurensis as rootstock in northern China can improve the cold resistance of root system, and its root system can tolerate low temperatures of-16℃ and-1℃, and the critical lethal temperatures are-18℃ and-14℃ respectively, which can reduce the cold resistance in winter.
deposit
Precipitation and seasonal distribution strongly affect the growth and development of grapes and the yield and quality of grapes. In some areas, the seasonal variation of precipitation of some cultivated varieties is one of the most important climatic factors for grape variety zoning. Due to different climate types in the world, the seasonal variation of precipitation shows significant differences. The seasonal distribution of climate precipitation in the Mediterranean is characterized by drought in summer and autumn and rainy in winter and spring. However, the climate of the main grape producing areas in China is monsoon climate (except Xinjiang), which is hot and rainy in summer and rainy in the south in spring, making it difficult to cultivate grapes. Except Xinjiang, it is not good for grapes, and the phenomenon of grape water shortage is very obvious.
Water plays an important role in the life activities of grapes, and nutrients are transported to various organs after being dissolved in water, so water is the carrier of nutrients, which can regulate the body temperature of trees and promote the absorption of water and fertilizer through water transpiration. If the soil is too dry, it is difficult for the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and photosynthesis is weakened, which is easy to make old leaves turn yellow and fall off, and even plants wither and die.
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